Fifth Year Of Life Research Articles

Ontogeny of Lobelia dortmanna genets in lake ecosystems

Lobelia dortmanna L. is one of the few rare, slowly growing relic plants occupying areas of the littoral zone of water bodies with low nutrient content and subject to wave action. Even in such difficult conditions, this plant successfully passes its entire life cycle, actively blossoms and fruits. That is why the peculiar features of the individual development of this plant in various geographical conditions is a matter of great interest. For the first time, this study considers in detail the ontogeny of the genet of L. dortmanna in oligotrophic lakes of Tver oblast. Detailed characteristics of the following age stages of individuals are given: resting seeds, seedlings, juvenile, young and adult vegetative, latent generative, middle-aged and old generative and quasisenile plants. It is shown that the transition to the juvenile age stage occurs at the end of the first year of life, the virginile age stage lasts two years, and the generative stage of development occurs in the fourth year of life. The change in the growth pattern of the rosette main shoot of Lobelia, from orthotropic to anisotropic, occurs in the second year of life. The establishment and further development of the generative organs of the plant and associated change in the growth of the main shoot from monopodial to simpodial occurs in the fourth year of life. At the same time, the branching of the main shoot begins by formation in the axils of the uppermost assimilating leaves (the last in front of the apical inflorescence) – 1–2 lateral rosette shoots. These are future ramets (vegetative diasporas), which ensure, in the future, the vegetative reproduction of the individual and spread to new territories. Taking into account that in lakes of Tver oblast, Lobelia groupings form dense aggregated clusters on the bottom, the transition of individuals to a quasisenile age state (in the fifth year of life) enables them to rejuvenate and survive after the death of the maternal shoot. The formation and further development of rosette lateral shoots allows the plant to re-occupy the territory via vegetative or seed propagation. Complete morphological disintegration (vegetative reproduction) occurs in the fifth year of life. The genets’ ontogeny is completed by the formation of a compact clone from the detached lateral rosette shoots.

Влияние числа укосов и сроков их проведения на продуктивное долголетие лядвенце-тимофеечных посевов на дерново-подзолистой сильнокислой почве

The research was conducted in 2011-2015 in Kirov region. Three-time cutting use of trefoil-timothy mix while harvesting at branching, bud formation and flowering stages of trefoil development had been planned. Possibility of durable (up to 5 years) growing of this grass mixture has been established. The productivity of lotus-timothy grass mixture depended largely on weather conditions. Under favorable weather conditions of 2012 the productivity of lotus-timothy grass mixture reached 115.4 GJ/ha; under dry conditions of 2013 it was lower than 41.8 GJ/ha. The best mode of grass mixture use is two-cutting at the first and the second hay cutting harvesting at lotus flowering stage when output of exchangeable energy equals to 65.3 GJ/ha in average for 2...5 years of life; as a variant - the first hay cutting - at flowering stage, the second one - at budding stage - 69.5 GJ/ha. Productivity of grass mixture was significantly lower at early harvesting of the first and the second hay cutting; the same is true for three-cutting use in some years. Meadow timothy as a moisture-loving crop fell out of the grass stand by the fourth year of life because of drought in all variants of the experiment. Infestation of crops with dandelion was marked since the fourth year of life in all variants of the experiment; its portion in the yield increased by the fifth year of life; the least infestation was noted in variants with two-cutting mode use.

Художественно-эстетическая деятельность как условие эмоционального благополучия детей пятого года жизни

Художественно-эстетическая деятельность как условие эмоционального благополучия детей пятого года жизни

Mapping and predicting literacy and reasoning skills from early to later primary school

This study explored the relations between early indicators of literacy, numeracy and reasoning with later school performance in these abilities. In pursuit of this aim, appropriate tests were administered to 1073 children at the start of school in England who were divided into four age groups (mean ages of groups: 4.12, 4.37, 4.62, and 4.88years old) and again during their third year of primary school when they were six to seven years of age. Analysis of variance revealed large improvement in all abilities throughout the fifth year of life. Girls outperformed boys only in language but differences diminished extensively at the end of this year. Structural equation modeling showed that all three abilities of language, mathematics and reasoning emerge as distinct factors strongly related to a general ability factor (g) at both testing waves. General ability at the start of school highly predicted G in the third year of primary school at age 6–7years. The reading ability of children in the second half of the fifth year was also directly related to g at age 6–7, especially for girls. Implications for developmental theory and education are discussed.

Создание травосмесей для повышения продуктивности и питательной ценности в полевом кормопроизводстве в условиях Республики Коми

The article presents the results of studies for 2010.2014 conducted under the conditions of the Republic of Komi on perennial grasses in single form and in grass mixtures, which included legume crops that are unconventional for the republic such as the horned lotus and hybrid clover. The rate of sowing seeds taking into account the emergence in single form was 10, in grass mixtures - 14.15 kg/ha. Seeding of grasses is uncovered. The plot area is 20 m 2 , the replication is fourfold. Annually early in the spring fertilizing with mineral fertilizers was introduced at the rate of N 30 P 45 K 45 kg of acting matter per hectare. Harvesting of perennial agrocenoses was carried out during the budding phase - at the beginning of flowering of legumes. In the fifth year of life the height of the horned lotus in its single form corresponded to 78.2 cm which is 1.3 times higher than in the three-component grass mixture with meadow clover Orpheus and timothy grass. Timothy meadow in grass mixtures gained high of 92.2.107.0 cm to the cut ripeness. The yield of dry matter on average for years of research is dependened on the composition of the mixture and the varied in samples from 4.8 to 8.0 t/ha. The highest productivity was recorded in the three-component grass-mixed horned lotus Solnyshko + meadow clover Orpheus + timothy grass Severnaya - 8.0 t/ha which is 1.7 times higher than in lotus in single form and 0.6 t/ha more than in the two-component grass mix of meadow clover Trio + timothy grass and hybrid clover + timothy grass. The maximal gathering of crude protein per 1 kg of dry matter (16.7%) was obtained in the variant of a horned lotus in single form.

Morbidité et mortalité du tétanos des nouveau-nés et des enfants dans les Centres hospitaliers universitaires d’Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (2001-2010)

The lack of data on neonatal tetanus and children in university hospitals (UH) in Abidjan for over a decade has motivated the realization of this study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the morbidity and mortality related to neonatal tetanus (NT) and child tetanus (CT) in Abidjan University Hospital from 2001 to 2010. It is a retrospective study, multicenter analysis with records of newborns and children suffering from tetanus in the three UH of Abidjan. The collection and analysis of data were made by the SPHINX 4.5 and EPI.INFO 6.0 software. In ten years, 242 cases of tetanus (53 NT cases and 189 CT cases) were collected with a predominance of cases after the fifth year of life (59.5%). The incidence rate of NT was less than 1 case per 1,000 live births. All mothers of the newborns were inhabiting the city of Abidjan. Their median age was 19 years [16-32] and 64% were teenagers. Gateways were dominated by umbilical wounds (77.3%) in the NTand skin wounds (59%) in CT. The cure rate was 30.2% in the NT and 60% in the CT. Lethality was 60% for NT and 22% for CT with a positive correlation with young age (neonates: p = 4.10-7, age <5 years: p = 0.01), lack of intraspinal injection of tetanus serum (p = 8.10-6), the absence of conventional antibiotic therapy (p = 0.023), the existence of metabolic complications (p = 2.10-5), the score of ≥ 4 Dakar (p = 0.005). Tetanus remains a real morbidly cause among children in Abidjan University Hospital with high lethality. However, the incidence of NT seems consistent with the incidence threshold desired by WHO.

Effect of the age on performance tests in Warmblood horses in Poland

Abstract The best age for testing and starting a career is not clear, and there are pros and cons with respect to conditioning and training of young horses. The aim of the study was to identify the best age for young horses to enter performance tests. The Federation Equestrian International rules allow young horses to start at the age at four. The proper age for young horses to start their performance life was analyzed on the basis of their level of performance in the young test for Warmblood horses on the basis of stallion (329 horses) and mare data (160 horses). An analysis of variance was conducted for fixed effects- year of the performance test and training center. The preferred age for performance tests was the fifth year of life (as calculated for mare performance tests), although basic training does not yield highly statistically significant differences in the performance of 3- and 4-year-old horses. It also seems that longer conditioning does not bring expected effects in performance tests, as horses older than 5 years do not achieve better results.

Persistent effects of early infant diet and associated microbiota on the juvenile immune system

Early infant diet has significant impacts on the gut microbiota and developing immune system. We previously showed that breast-fed and formula-fed rhesus macaques develop significantly different gut microbial communities, which in turn are associated with different immune systems in infancy. Breast-fed animals manifested greater T cell activation and proliferation and harbored robust pools of T helper 17 (TH17) cells. These differences were sustained throughout the first year of life. Here we examine groups of juvenile macaques (approximately 3 to 5 y old), which were breast-fed or formula-fed in infancy. We demonstrate that juveniles breast-fed in infancy maintain immunologic differences into the fifth year of life, principally in CD8+ memory T cell activation. Additionally, long-term correlation networks show that breast-fed animals maintain persistent relationships between immune subsets that are not seen in formula-fed animals. These findings demonstrate that infant feeding practices have continued influence on immunity for up to 3 to 5 y after birth and also reveal mechanisms for microbial modulation of the immune system.

Cost-effectiveness of norovirus vaccination in children in Peru

BackgroundWith candidate norovirus (NV) vaccines in a rapid phase of development, assessment of the potential economic value of vaccine implementation will be necessary to aid health officials in vaccine implementation decisions. To date, no evaluations have been performed to evaluate the benefit of adopting NV vaccines for use in the childhood immunization programs of low- and middle-income countries. MethodsWe used a Markov decision model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of adding a two-dose NV vaccine to Peru's routine childhood immunization schedule using two recent estimates of NV incidence, one for a peri-urban region and one for a jungle region of the country. ResultsUsing the peri-urban NV incidence estimate, the annual cost of vaccination would be $13.0 million, offset by $2.6 million in treatment savings. Overall, this would result in 473 total DALYs averted; 526,245 diarrhea cases averted;153,735 outpatient visits averted; and 414 hospitalizations averted between birth and the fifth year of life. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio would be $21,415 per DALY averted; $19.86 per diarrhea case; $68.23 per outpatient visit; and $26,298 per hospitalization. Using the higher jungle NV incidence rates provided a lower cost per DALY of $10,135. The incremental cost per DALY with per-urban NV incidence is greater than three times the 2012 GDP per capita of Peru but the estimate drops below this threshold using the incidence from the jungle setting. In addition to the impact of incidence, sensitivity analysis showed that vaccine price and efficacy play a strong role in determining the level of cost-effectiveness. ConclusionsThe introduction of a NV vaccine would prevent many healthcare outcomes in the Peru and potentially be cost-effective in scenarios with high NV incidence. The vaccine cost-effectiveness model could also be applied to the evaluation of NV vaccine cost-effectiveness in other countries in resource-poor settings, where NV incidence rates are expected to be higher.

The effect of childhood infection on hearing function at age 61 to 63 years in the newcastle thousand families study.

Objectives:It is known that childhood hearing function can become impaired after the occurrence of specific infections. However, evidence on the effect of common childhood infections on adult hearing function is limited. The objective of the study was to identify whether associations exist between the occurrence of common childhood infections in a UK birth cohort and hearing function across different frequencies at age 61 to 63 years.Design:The Newcastle Thousand Families study is a birth cohort of all individuals born in May and June 1947 to mothers resident in Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Of the original cohort members who had an audiometry test at age 61 to 63 years, 333 had data available on infections during their first year of life and 296 on infections up to their fifth year of life. These data were analyzed using linear regression in relation to adult hearing function across differing frequencies in isolation.Results:After adjustment for sex, overcrowding in the first year, having had an ear operation, and having worked in a loud environment, significant negative associations were identified between adult hearing and tonsillitis at 250 Hz (p = 0.013), 1 kHz (p = 0.018), 6 kHz (p = 0.012), and 8 kHz (p = 0.033); otorrhea at 4 kHz (p = 0.005), 6 kHz (p = 0.003), and 8 kHz (p = 0.002); bronchitis (two or more episodes) at 2 kHz (p = 0.001), 3 kHz (p = 0.005), 4 kHz (p = 0.009), 6 kHz (p < 0.001), and 8 kHz (p < 0.001); and the total number of severe respiratory infections in the first year at 2 kHz (p = 0.037), 3 kHz (p = 0.049), 4 kHz (p = 0.030), 6 kHz (p < 0.001), and 8 kHz (p = 0.006). That is, individuals who had tonsillitis, bronchitis (twice or more), otorrhea, or a severe respiratory infection (twice or more) in their first year of life were more likely to have impaired adult hearing function than those who did not have any infections in early life.Conclusion:The occurrence of some, but not all, childhood infections appears to have an effect on adult hearing function across different frequencies. Reducing the incidence of infectious diseases in early life may reduce subsequent incidence of hearing impairment among adults. However, further research in modern cohorts is needed to clarify the links between infectious childhood diseases and adult hearing function.

Atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor: mapa conceitual, definições, usos e limitações do termo

ObjectiveTo retrieve the origin of the term neuropsychomotor developmental delay” (NPMD), its conceptual evolution over time, and to build a conceptual map based on literature review. Data sourceA literature search was performed in the SciELO Brazil, Web of Science, Science Direct, OneFile (GALE), Pubmed (Medline), Whiley Online, and Springer databases, from January of 1940 to January of 2013, using the following keywords NPMD delay, NPMD retardation, developmental delay, and global developmental delay. A total of 71 articles were selected, which were used to build the conceptual map of the term. Data synthesisOf the 71 references, 55 were international and 16 national. The terms developmental delay and global developmental delay were the most frequently used in the international literature and, in Brazil, delayed NPMD was the most often used. The term developmental delay emerged in the mid 1940s, gaining momentum in the 1990s. In Brazil, the term delayed NPMD started to be used in the 1980s, and has been frequently cited and published in the literature. Delayed development was a characteristic of 13 morbidities described in 23 references. Regarding the type of use, 19 references were found, with seven forms of use. Among the references, 34 had definitions of the term, and 16 different concepts were identified. ConclusionsDevelopmental delay is addressed in the international and national literature under different names, various applications, and heterogeneous concepts. Internationally, ways to improve communication between professionals have been indicated, with standardized definition of the term and use in very specific situations up to the fifth year of life, which was not found in Brazilian publications.

Perfil de desarrollo morfosintáctico del español de Colombia: S-LARSP

This study aims to design a morphosyntactic profile of Spanish language development, following the methodology of The Language Assessment, Remediation, and Screening Procedure (LARSP).The study involved 105 participants, 54 girls and 51 Colombian Spanish monolinguals, ages ranged from 10 months to 6 years and 7 months old. All individuals were audio and videotaped during different sessions. All recordings were transcribed orthographically, and grammatical analysis were coded using the conventions of the Systematic Analysis Software SALT 2012 —Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts. A total of 11,212 utterances were analyzed using to profile the S-LARSP.The results were compiled into a single frame, showing seven stages of morphosyntactic development considering three functional categories: word, phrase and clause. This study, in addition to presenting the profile, shows important data regarding Spanish grammatical development, especially in the second and fifth year of life.

Effect of partner's gender on early pretend play: a preliminary study of Singapore Chinese preschoolers

This study examined the developmental trend of pretend play behaviour and the effect of partner's gender in Singaporean preschoolers. Peer dyadic play among 70 children, ranging in age from three to five years, was observed in a standardised toy play context. Videotaped recordings of the play were analysed using two scales – the Smilansky Scale for Evaluation of Dramatic and Socio-dramatic Play and the Symbolic Play Scale. The results indicated an age-related developmental trend for pretend play in general; no main effect for gender and gender composition of dyads was found. However, remarkably significant gender composition effects were identified in certain age groups, with children from same-gender dyads outperforming those from mixed-gender dyads. The period between ages three and four was identified as critical for pretend play development, and the fifth year of life was identified as critical for the development of gender segregation in play behaviours.

Germ cell and embryonal tumors

Germ cell tumors, which constitute approximately 3-5% of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), can be subdivided into germinomas, embryonal carcinomas, yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas, teratomas and mixed germ cell tumors. The diagnosis of intracranial germ cell tumor is based on the clinical symptoms, detection of tumor markers, such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, CSF cytology and histology. The diagnosis of a secreting germ cell tumor, i.e. a non-germinoma, can be made by the determination of AFP and hCG as tumor markers. Germinomas are radiosensitive but are equally as sensitive to chemotherapy. Teratomas of the CNS are mostly diagnosed in newborns and infants. The most decisive role in the treatment of teratomas is played by as complete a resection as possible. Chemotherapy and irradiation play a subordinate role.Embryonal tumors, which constitute approximately 15-20% of CNS tumors, include medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) of the CNS and the atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor of the CNS. Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood and adolescence. The incidence peak is the fifth year of life with a male predisposition in a ratio of 1.5:1. Medulloblastomas constitute 12-25% of all pediatric CNS tumors and 30-40% of pediatric tumors of the posterior cranial fossa. At the time of diagnosis evidence of dissemination in the CSF cavity is found in approximately 40% of patients. The extreme cell density makes medulloblastomas hyperdense in computed tomography (CT) and can therefore be differentiated from hypodense astrocytomas. The PNETs are histologically related to medulloblastomas, pineoblastomas, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors and peripheral neuroblastomas. They are relatively rare in children constituting less than 5% of supratentorial neoplasms. Patients are mostly clinically conspicuous due to macrocephalus and signs of brain pressure and/or seizures. In native CT the solid components of PNETs show a hyperdensity compared to the surrounding brain parenchyma probably due to the high cell density. Cysts and calcification are often detectable. The survival rate of children with CNS tumors has continuously increased in recent years. When corresponding clinical symptoms appear, such as headache, nausea or vomiting when fasting, all of which are evidence of increased intracranial pressure, MRI should be carried out as quickly as possible. Children should be treated in centers with departments of pediatric oncology and hematology and within the framework of studies.

On the Development of the Autobiographical Self and Autobiographical Memory—Implicit and Explicit Aspects

The autobiographical self and autobiographical memory are developed in a reciprocal process. Both have implicit aspects, inaccessible to consciousness, as well as explicit, conscious aspects. The latter are lost to infantile amnesia by about the fifth year of life, while the implicit aspects are retained. Implicit memory content strongly influences feeling, thinking, and acting, out of our awareness. Only a fraction of overall brain activity is accessible to consciousness. The individual stages of development are described in terms of their genetically programmed maturation steps, as well as their prerequisites in specific, individual, inter-subjective experience. In its particular significance for development, the verbalization of implicit knowledge (“internal-state talk”) in the form of narration will be explained and illustrated. Knowledge of normal development and possible aberrations facilitates, in psychotherapy as a “talking cure,” the alteration of “implicit relational knowledge” strived for through expression in language of the explicit conscious insights made possible by new experience gathered in the analytic relationship.

Distribution of invasive meningococcal B disease in Italian pediatric population: Implications for vaccination timing

Neisseria meningitidis group B (MenB) is a leading cause of meningitis and sepsis. A new vaccine has been recently licensed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiology of MenB disease in pediatric age and define the optimal age for vaccination. All patients aged 0–18 years admitted with a diagnosis of meningitis or sepsis to the 83 participating Italian pediatric hospitals were included in the study. Blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested by Realtime-PCR and/or culture. One hundred and thirty-six cases (mean age 5.0 years, median 2.7) of MenB disease were found. Among these, 96/136 (70.6%) were between 0 and 5 years, 61/136 (44.9%) were between 0 and 2 years. Among the latter, 39/61 (63.9%) occurred during the first year of life with highest incidence between 4 and 8 months. A case-fatality rate of 13.2% was found, with 27.8% cases below 12 months. Sepsis lethality was 24.4%. RT-PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture: 82 patients were tested at the same time by both methods, either in blood or in CSF; MenB was found by RT-PCR in blood or CSF in 81/82 cases (98.8%), culture identified 27/82 (32.9%) infections (Cohen's Kappa 0.3; McNemar's: p<10−5). The study shows that the highest incidence of disease occurs in the first year of age, with a peak between 4 and 8 months of life; 30% of deaths occur before 12 months. The results suggest that the greatest prevention could be obtained starting MenB vaccination in the first months of life; a catch-up strategy up to the fifth year of life could be considered. Our results also confirm that Realtime PCR is significantly more sensitive than culture. In those countries where only isolate positive infections are counted as cases, the incidence of MenB infection results highly underestimated.

Persistent recurring wheezing in the fifth year of life after laboratory-confirmed, medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy

BackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infancy is associated with subsequent recurrent wheezing.MethodsA retrospective cohort study examined children born at ≥32 weeks gestation between 1996–2004. All children were enrolled in an integrated health care delivery system in Northern California and were followed through the fifth year of life. The primary endpoint was recurrent wheezing in the fifth year of life and its association with laboratory-confirmed, medically-attended RSV infection during the first year, prematurity, and supplemental oxygen during birth hospitalization. Other outcomes measured were recurrent wheezing quantified through outpatient visits, inpatient hospital stays, and asthma prescriptions.ResultsThe study sample included 72,602 children. The rate of recurrent wheezing in the second year was 5.6% and fell to 4.7% by the fifth year. Recurrent wheezing rates varied by risk status: the rate was 12.5% among infants with RSV hospitalization, 8% among infants 32–33 weeks gestation, and 18% in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In multivariate analyses, increasing severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection was significantly associated with recurrent wheezing in year 5; compared with children without RSV infection in infancy, children who only had an outpatient RSV encounter had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.38 (95% CI,1.03–1.85), while children with a prolonged RSV hospitalization had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.59 (95% CI, 1.49–4.50).ConclusionsLaboratory-confirmed, medically attended RSV infection, prematurity, and neonatal exposure to supplemental oxygen have independent associations with development of recurrent wheezing in the fifth year of life.

Concentration and High Avidity of Pneumococcal Antibodies Persist at Least 4 Years after Immunization with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infancy

To provide more extensive evidence of long-term effects of vaccination on immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a follow-up study of the Finnish Otitis Media (FinOM) Vaccine Trial was conducted. One of the objectives was to assess the persistence and avidity of pneumococcal antibodies 4 years after pneumococcal vaccination given in infancy. Children with complete follow-up in the FinOM trial up to 24 months of age were invited to a single visit in their fifth year of life. A blood sample was taken from all children for determination of anticapsular antibody concentrations to vaccine serotypes and avidity of antibodies to three serotypes. Children had been vaccinated at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of age with 7-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide, CRM197 conjugate vaccine (PCV7), or a control vaccine. Serum IgG antibody concentrations to vaccine serotypes remained significantly higher in children who had received PCV7 than in control children for 4 years after the fourth PCV7 dose. Concentrations of antibodies to frequently carried serotypes (6B and 19F) declined less than those of antibodies to a rarely carried serotype (4), suggesting that natural boosting contributed to antibody persistence. Furthermore, antibody avidity was significantly higher in PCV7 than control vaccine recipients. Four doses of PCV7 given in infancy elicit long-lasting antibody responses with high avidity. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00378417.).

Life History Characteristics of the Elk River Crayfish

Abstract Cambarus elkensis (Elk River crayfish) was seined and dip-netted monthly during June through August and October through November 2003, and March through May 2004 from Left Fork Holly River in the Elk River drainage, West Virginia, U.S.A. Crayfish reproductive form was classified, and then individuals measured and returned to the stream. Carapace-length (CL) frequency analysis identified five overlapping year classes with growth progressing over a 5-year life span. Ovigerous females were collected in summer (June) and an individual with attached young in October, but young-of-the-year (Y-O-Y) crayfish did not appear in the collections until late winter (March). Juveniles and Y-O-Y dominated the collections and grew rapidly, reaching sexual maturity (≥ 29 mm CL) in 30-36 months. Growth continued but slowed in the older mature crayfish with the largest individuals (> 50 mm CL) disappearing from the collections sometime between fall and spring in the fifth year of life. Fastest growing individuals co...

Early Language Learning and Literacy: Neuroscience Implications for Education

The last decade has produced an explosion in neuroscience research examining young children's early processing of language that has implications for education. Noninvasive, safe functional brain measurements have now been proven feasible for use with children starting at birth. In the arena of language, the neural signatures of learning can be documented at a remarkably early point in development, and these early measures predict performance in children's language and pre-reading abilities in the second, third, and fifth year of life, a finding with theoretical and educational import. There is evidence that children's early mastery of language requires learning in a social context, and this finding also has important implications for education. Evidence relating socio-economic status (SES) to brain function for language suggests that SES should be considered a proxy for the opportunity to learn and that the complexity of language input is a significant factor in developing brain areas related to language. The data indicate that the opportunity to learn from complex stimuli and events are vital early in life, and that success in school begins in infancy.