Fifth Of Adolescents Research Articles

Prevalence of anxiety disorders and its associated factors among adolescents in Arpookara Panchayat

Background: Adolescents (10 -19 years) constitute 1.3 billion in the world today. According to WHO mental health issues constitute 13% of the global burden of disease in adolescents of which anxiety disorders are the most common. Objective was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders among adolescents using SCARED tool, to find the association of selected factors with anxiety disorders. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 590 adolescents in Arpookara Panchayat. A semi-structured pretested questionnaire was used for collecting sociodemographic details. Anxiety disorder was assessed using Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED) tool. Data was coded and entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using IBM SPSS software version 20 Results: The mean age of the study participants was 15.04 with SD ±3.013. Prevalence of anxiety disorders using SCARED tool was found to be 21.4%. Factors found to have statistically significant association with anxiety on univariate analysis were female gender (p=0.001), mother’s education more than high school level (p=0.036), time spent with father (p=0.001), time spent with mother(p=0.001), inadequate sleep (p=0.001) and family history of mental illness(p=0.043). On binary logistic regression following factors with p<0.05 were found to be independent predictors of anxiety-female gender (OR=2.037), mother’s education more than high school level (OR=1.469) adequate time spent with father (OR=0.713), inadequate sleep (OR=14.726), family history of mental illness (OR=3.521) Conclusions: More than one fifth of adolescents are having anxiety disorders. There should be efforts for early diagnosis and prompt treatment of anxiety disorders among adolescents.

An immersive, ‘Faster Read’: a pilot, mixed-method study, developing whole-text reading comprehension and engagement with adolescent struggling readers

ABSTRACT Reading is fundamental to academic success, but international reading surveys indicate current pedagogy fails a fifth of adolescents, disproportionately from lower-socioeconomic groups. This UK, mixed-method study evaluated the impact of two whole-text reading approaches on comprehension, using standardised tests. Twenty teachers of English and 413 students (12–13 years) participated, 44% defined as ‘struggling readers’, in parallel classes per school, matched for reading ability. Both groups read two ‘challenging’ novels consecutively over 12 weeks. Ten teachers received no further treatment; ten teachers received training on reading-comprehension pedagogies. The mean comprehension for all students increased by 8.5 months with no significant differential effect of training condition. However, there was a significant differential effect between ‘struggling’ and ‘average+’ readers in both conditions: struggling readers’ mean comprehension improved by 16 months. Required to read whole texts, teachers in both groups altered practice, increasing print exposure, comprehension-strategies and supportive discourse-strategies, benefiting ‘struggling’ over ‘average+’ readers. This pilot study reframes understandings of ‘independent’ reading for struggling readers, indicating that the teaching of whole texts and extended reading must happen in classrooms, not outside.

Do children in India grow well into adolescents? Longitudinal analysis of growth transitions from Young Lives panel survey in India

ObjectivesStudies that examined the growth during late childhood and early adolescence beyond 8 years of age are very limited. Further, most studies have used dichotomized classification of stunting, thereby limiting the understanding of moderate stunting in childhood growth trajectory. We aimed to examine the course of stunting from childhood to adolescence by undertaking robust analyses of the Young Lives Survey (YLS) longitudinal data from India using multilevel categorization of stunting. Study designRetrospective cohort analysis was undertaken from YLS in India among 1827 children from the younger cohort born in 2001–02 with complete follow-up data in all five rounds of YLS collected in 2002, 2006, 2009, 2013, and 2016. MethodsA three-state multistate Markov model (not stunted, moderate, severe) was performed to estimate annual transition probabilities, mean sojourn-time, and transition-specific risk factors. ResultsBetween Round-one and Round-five, cross-sectional prevalence of severe stunting decreased from 10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.8%, 13.7%) to 5.3% (95% CI: 3.8%, 7.3%), while moderate stunting increased from 19.9% (95% CI: 16.3%,23.9%) to 21.7% (95% CI: 18.4%, 24.9%). Mean Sojourn time estimation indicated a relatively concise state for moderate stunting. The stunting trajectory had shown gender differential where more faltering to severe stunting and lower recovery to the normal state was observed among girls between 8 and 12 years and among boys between 12 and 15 years. Compared with boys, girls had 40% excess likelihood (Hazard Ratio: 1.40; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.95) for moderate-to-severe stunting transition and also had 19% excess likelihood (Hazard Ratio: 1.19; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.40) of favorable transition (moderate-to-non-stunted). ConclusionsThe transition trajectory highlights preadolescence, especially among girls, as an additional window of opportunity to ensure better nutrition in adolescent life. With a fifth of adolescents living in India, study findings call for coordinated, multisectoral, age-appropriate, and gender-responsive approach to take India closer to meeting SDG-2.

Prevalence of Key Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Urban Adolescents: The CRO-PALS Study.

The occurrence of chronic diseases in youth has become a serious global issue requiring early prevention. Due to the specific environment in large cities, urban youth are especially exposed to risky lifestyle patterns. Objective: This survey aimed to determine the prevalence of key modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the adolescent population of the Croatian capital Zagreb. Methods: A clustered two-stage random sample design was employed to select a representative group of 903 adolescents (girls n = 444; boys n = 459; age 15.6 ± 0.4) starting their secondary education. Participants were invited to fulfil an electronic questionnaire meant to collect data on daily physical activity, screen time and tobacco use. In addition, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken by medically trained personnel. Data that were not originally categorical were dichotomized based on internationally accepted cut-off values for each risk factor, summarized for females and males, and presented as percentages and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The outcomes suggest that that more than one half did not meet the recommended daily physical activity (girls 59.4%; boys 45.5%), while about one quarter exceeded 2 h of screen time per day and had high blood pressure (girls 26.6% and 21.6%; boys 27.0% and 27.0%, respectively). Moreover, the results indicated nearly one fifth of adolescents had excess weight (girls 16.1%; boys 22.2%) and a similar proportion smoked tobacco (girls 20.8%; boys 17.0%). Conclusions: Local and regional health stakeholders should make additional efforts to promote healthy lifestyles in urban teenagers. Special emphasis should be placed on promoting physical activity.

Impact of Selfitis on Psychosocial Health Viz; Body Image and Self-Esteem among Adolescents in a Selected School of New Delhi

Selfie is a modern phenomenon of the 21st century; the work of taking and sharing a selfie with friends/ others dominates the Internet. Selfies have become immensely popular and a new medium for self-expression and self-presentation following innovative applications in IOS and android devices. The study aimed to assess the point prevalence and the impact of selfitis on psychosocial health of adolescent and seek relationship of selfitis with selected demographic variables namely age, gender and religion. The descriptive survey included 250 adolescents aged 10-19 years studying in Mayo International School, New Delhi, using convenience sampling. A structured rating scale was used for data collection and the data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Point prevalence for borderline, acute selfitis, chronic selfitis in adolescents was found to be 36.92. One fifth of adolescents had low impact of selfitis on their self-esteem. Out of 250, more than three fourth adolescents had moderate impact of selfitis on their self-esteem. Rest of the adolescents had high impact of selfitis on their self-esteem. The data depicted that 227 (90.8%) adolescents had moderate impact of selfitis on their body image while 23 (9.2%) adolescents had low impact on them. The selfitis behaviour affects psychosocial health viz; body image and self-esteem of adolescents. Mental health screening and increased awareness among teachers & parents can reduce adverse effects. How to cite this article:George S, Sharma V. Impact of Selfitis on Psychosocial Health Viz; Body Image and Self-Esteem among Adolescents in a Selected School of New Delhi. Int J Nurs Midwif Res 2019; 6(2&3): 58-61.

Economic Burden of Autism and Autism-Related Spectrum Disorders (Asd) In EU5 Countries

A comprehensive review was conducted to report evidence from published studies evaluating the economic burden of autism and ASD in both children and adults in European Union (EU5) countries. A systematic search of literature databases (Embase and MEDLINE) was conducted to identify recent economic evidence for last 5 years (Jan-2011 to Mar-2017) on ASD in the EU5 (UK, Germany, Italy, Spain and France). All studies reporting cost burden of ASD in English were included, regardless of design and interventions. Two reviewers assessed trial eligibility, with discrepancies reconciled by a third independent reviewer. Of the 5,223 citations retrieved, 13 met the pre-defined inclusion criteria. For the UK, total costs for children with ASD were £500 per month. The largest cost components for children were special education services and parental productivity loss. The estimated number of ASD prescriptions per 10,000 children was the highest in Spain (100), followed by the UK (63) and Germany (11). Annual costs for children in the UK increased with age (2–3 years: £6,815; 4–17 years: £29,767; ≥18 years: £49,804). The cost of supporting an individual in the UK with an ASD and intellectual disability during his or her lifespan was £1.5 million, compared to £0.9 million for an individual with ASD without intellectual disability. During adulthood, residential care or supportive living accommodation contributed the highest costs. Respite care was used by a fifth of adolescents with ASD in UK. In one Spanish study, 1.5% of total hospitalisation in 2014 was reported as relating to ASD. The economic burden of ASD in Europe is substantial. Further research is needed to evaluate the financial burden on families caring for patients with ASD, which can help to ensure that adequate resources are in place to reduce the barriers to care for this population.

Is there such a thing as sustainable physical activity?

There is a global need to diminish climate gas emissions, and a simultaneous call for enhanced levels of physical activity. Increased physical activity entails reduced risk for overweight and chronic diseases, as well as a potential to reduce transport's major contribution to global CO2 emissions. However, increased physical activity level also implies increased energy expenditure. Therefore, we aim to introduce the concept of sustainable physical activity, and to suggest certain physical activity habits due to their potentially sustainable properties. Worldwide, a third of adults and four fifths of adolescents ought to be more physically active in order to comply with current physical activity recommendations. Yet, considering upcoming resource challenges, types of physical activity should be taken into account. Active transportation represents carbon-friendly means of transportation as well as an opportunity for enhanced physical activity. Physical activity conducted in the local community is likely to favor sustainability through less use of fossil fuel, as it makes transportation redundant. Moreover, going "back to basic", using less equipment and appliances for everyday tasks could contribute toward energy balance through increased physical activity, and could decrease resource use. Finally, balancing food intake and energy expenditure would require less food production with accompanying energy savings.

`I went to a language unit': Adolescents' views on specialist educational provision and their language difficulties

The opinions of adolescents about their earlier specialist educational provision in the UK, i.e. language units, have received little attention in the literature. This study examines the views of young people and their parents on language units and also evaluates opinions concerning the young people's language difficulties. One hundred and thirty-nine adolescents with specific language impairment (SLI) aged approximately 16 years, who had all attended a language unit at 7 years of age, were interviewed along with their parents and teachers. A broadly positive experience of language unit attendance was reported by young people and their parents. However, a fifth of adolescents and nearly a third of parents thought there had been too little educational support during schooling. In addition, a fifth of the adolescents felt there were lots of ways in which they could not do things currently due to language difficulties. It was also found that nearly a third of the young people had tried to hide their language difficulties in the past year. Within the context of an overall positive picture of results, young people with SLI may require support during adolescence with regard to their continued language difficulties, their confidence and self-esteem.

Social phobia in Finnish general adolescent population: prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use

Few studies have investigated the epidemiology of social phobia (SP) among early to middle adolescents, at the time of suggested mean onset of the disorder. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, comorbidity, individual and familial correlates, and service use associated with SP among Finnish 12-17-year-old adolescents in general population. A sample of 784 adolescents was screened with the Social Phobia Inventory, and a sub-sample (n=350) was interviewed with a semi-structured clinical interview to identify SP, sub-clinical SP (SSP), and a range of other axis I DSM-IV disorders. Individual and familial correlates, and service use associated with SP were also inquired. We found a 12-month prevalence of 3.2% for SP, and 4.6% for SSP. The prevalence rose and the gender ratio shifted to female preponderance as age increased. SP was frequently comorbid with other anxiety disorders (41%) and depressive disorders (41%). Adolescents with SP/SSP were impaired in their academic and global functioning, and reported more parental psychiatric treatment contacts. Two thirds (68%) of adolescents with SP reported having been bullied by peers. Only one fifth of adolescents with non-comorbid SP had been in contact with a mental health professional. We conclude that adolescent SP is a relatively frequent, undertreated and highly comorbid condition, associated with educational impairment, depression and anxiety in parents, and peer victimization.

Evidence-based treatment of adolescent major depression

Adolescent depression is a serious and debilitating disorder (see box). Up to one in 20 adolescents suffer from major depression at any point in time, and 20% of adolescents have...

Young people’s satisfaction of transitional care in adolescent rheumatology in the UK

To examine the quality of transitional health care from the perspectives of young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and their parents. Adolescents with JIA and their parents were recruited from 10 major UK rheumatology centres. Satisfaction with health-care delivery was measured prior to, and 12 months after, the implementation of a structured and co-ordinated programme of transitional care using self-completed questionnaires designed for this study. Of 359 families invited to participate, 308 (86%) adolescents with JIA and 303 (84%) parents/guardians accepted. A fifth of adolescents had persistent oligoarthritis. Median age was 14.2 (11-18) years with median disease duration of 5.7 (0-16) years. Young people and their parents rated provider characteristics more important than aspects of the physical environment or process issues. Staff honesty and knowledge were rated as the most essential aspects of best practice. Prior to implementing the programme of transitional care, parents rated service delivery for all items significantly worse than best practice. Overall satisfaction improved 12 months after entering the programme. However, while parent satisfaction improved for 70.4% of items, significant improvements were only observed for three (13.6%) items rated by adolescents. The perceived quality of health care for young people with JIA and their parents was significantly lower than what they would like. Satisfaction with many aspects of care during transition from paediatric to adult services can be improved through the implementation of a structured, co-ordinated programme of transitional care.

Long-term survival in adolescent and adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Among 164 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (age greater than 11 years) induced into complete remission at four hospitals in Italy and The Netherlands between 1971-1977, 49 survived for more than three years in continuous complete remission. Features at diagnosis of the 49 long-term survivors were compared with those of the parent group. The long-term survivors presented with significantly lower leukocyte counts and were slightly younger. Late relapses occurred in nine patients after 37-91 months from remission. Of the 45 patients who had all treatment stopped after 24-60 months of continuous remission, seven have relapsed. Relapses, mainly in the marrow, occurred 4-32 months after cessation of therapy, the risk of relapse being greatest in the first year and dropping to zero by the fourth year. ALL appears curable in approximately one fifth of adolescents and adults entering complete remission with adequate chemotherapy.

Persistence of psychological problems in adolescence: a one year follow-up study.

To examine the prevalence and persistence of psychological problems in older adolescents. This study is a one year follow-up of 110 adolescents, 64 girls and 46 boys attending three secondary schools in Ireland. All were 16 at initial testing. The Youth Self Report (YSR) was the measure used. Over a fifth of adolescents have problems in the clinical range. These problems persisted from 16 to 17. Females reported more problems than males at both ages. Some females showed a slight reduction in internalising problems at 17. Both males and females showed an increase in externalising problems at 17. Odds ratios indicate that those in the clinical ranges of the YSR at 16, had increased risk of being in the clinical range at 17 compared to those in the no problem range at 16. In comparison to those with no suicidal feeling, those with suicidal feelings at 16 were at an increased risk of still feeling suicidal at 17. More males remained psychologically healthy than girls. A large proportion of adolescents in this sample have psychological problems and these appear to persist over a one year period. These problems impact substantially on the adolescents themselves, their families and society. Given the increasing suicide rate in young people and the persistence of suicidal feelings in this cohort, the inadequacy of mental health services in Ireland for adolescents, particularly those ages 16-18 is highlighted. The challenge of developing and providing adolescent friendly services is addressed.

Life-events and post-traumatic stress in a sample of English adolescents

The aim of the present study was to investigate the lifetime prevalence of negative life-events and their association with post-traumatic stress in English adolescents. Of the 427 adolescents surveyed, 360 (84%) endorsed at least one negative event. Respondents were asked to complete the Impact of Event Scale (IES: Horowitz, Wilner and Alvarez, 1979) for each event that they endorsed. For boys, highest levels of post-traumatic stress were found in those who had experience of a ‘family member with a drink or drugs problem’, followed by ‘parental separation or divorce’, ‘life threat to family member’, and ‘life-threat to self ’. For girls, highest levels of post-traumatic stress were found in those who had experienced ‘attack or physical assault to self ’, followed by ‘family member with drink or drugs problem’, ‘parental separation or divorce’, and ‘life threat to family member’. These data suggest that moderate levels of post-traumatic stress are present in around one fifth of adolescents who have experienced one of these events and that community levels of post-traumatic stress in adolescents may be higher than previously thought. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Traumas and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Community Population of Older Adolescents

The prevalence of DSM-III-R traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their impact on psychosocial functioning were examined in a community population of older adolescents. Subjects were 384 adolescents participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. When subjects were aged 18 years, the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version IIIR, was used to identify lifetime traumatic events and diagnoses of PTSD, major depression, phobias, and substance dependence. Behavioral, emotional, and academic functioning in later adolescence was evaluated through self-report measures and school records. More than two fifths of adolescents experienced at least one DSM-III-R trauma by age 18 years; PTSD developed in 14.5% of these affected youths or 6.3% of the total sample. Youths with PTSD demonstrated widespread impairment at age 18, including more overall behavioral-emotional problems, interpersonal problems, academic failure, suicidal behavior, and health problems, as well as an increased risk for additional disorders. An equally striking finding was that youths who experienced traumas but did not develop PTSD also showed deficits in many of these areas when compared with their peers who had not experienced traumas. The substantial risk faced by youths in community settings for experiencing traumas and PTSD, along with associated impairments in later adolescence, underscores the need for programs of prompt intervention.