Field Of Family Planning Research Articles

Insights into Retrofitting Fellowships in Family Planning with Principles of Equality, Race, and Cultural Literacy

The Centering Equality, Race, and Cultural Literacy in Family Planning (CERCL-FP) program aims to break racial silence and dismantle structural racism in the field of family planning, by providing racial equity workshops and trainings. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to begin a multi-phased, rigorous evaluation to determine the impact and outcomes of the work of CERCL-FP. Study DesignA needs assessment with former graduates and current directors of fellowships in family planning was conducted using qualitative interviews. The focus of these interviews was to determine the ability, readiness, and willingness of the field of family planning to retrofit new curricula grounded in equity, race, and cultural literacy. ResultsNine (N=9) interviews were completed with seven board certified obstetrician-gynecologists and two board certified family medicine physicians. Three themes were identified: 1) Establishing the Distribution of Work; 2) The Push/Pull of Change from Inside and Outside: Curricula and Faculty Responsibilities; and 3) Reproductive Justice and Fellowships in Family Planning. Despite acknowledging the need to retrofit the field of family planning with content grounded in equity, race, and cultural literacy, there are structural, institutional, and individual level barriers that have limited the adoption of CERCL-FP curricula within family planning curriculum nationwide. ConclusionFindings from this study illuminate multiple barriers that should be considered when expanding foundational knowledge of clinicians and researchers.

Exploring Cultural Hindrances: A Thorough Examination of Men's Views on Family Planning, Decision-Making Authority, and Use of Contraception

The wellbeing of individuals and families is dependent on family planning, which is also necessary to promote reproductive health. Although women's viewpoints and experiences have received a lot of attention in the field of family planning, whereas men's views and perceptions have often been overlooked. The purpose of this study is to learn more about men's perceptions of family planning and its impact on reproductive health outcomes. In order to obtain more specific information, the study employs a qualitative research approach and conducts in-depth interviews with men for data collection. In order to capture a wide range of viewpoints and experiences about family planning, the research participants are drawn from a variety of different age groups, socio-economic backgrounds, and cultural settings. The results of the study show that a significant number of males think that different cultural barriers, like financial constraints, less awareness, religious limitations are leading causative barriers of family planning. However, findings of the study also revealed that men’s perceptions and practices about the utility of contraception heavily depends on family setup. Hence, a split among men was observed regarding these methods in religious families. Some males were against such practices while others preferred these practices because of its effectiveness to control birth rate and securing well-being of the individuals.

РЕПРОДУКТИВНЕ НАСИЛЬСТВО ЯК ФОРМА ДОМАШНЬОГО НАСИЛЬСТВА

The article covers the research of scientific-theoretical and applied aspects of reproductive violence as a form of domestic violence. The reproductive violence is noted to encroach on the private interests of individuals in the field of family planning, the ability to make decisions regarding reproductive and sexual health and their own bodies. The object of reproductive violence, as a form of domestic violence, is reproductive rights. In most cases, victims of reproductive violence are more often women, but in some cases, men too. The article emphasizes the systematization of manifestations and forms of domestic violence, a more detailed analysis of the manifestations of individual forms of reproductive violence. In particular, such as: 1) pregnancy control (control of a woman’s menstrual cycle and insistence on a visit to a gynecologist to control ovulation; moral pressure and coercion regarding the birth or non-birth of a child; insistence on sterilization and the use of contraceptives; women’s lack of access to contraceptives; coercion to have an abortion (in including selective) or banning it; intrusive questions about planning the birth of children); 2) sabotage of birth control (refusal of contraception without the partner’s knowledge); 3) the use of traditions and practices that harm reproductive health (female circumcision, child marriages, etc.); 4) sexual violence (sexual harassment; sexual cruelty; sexual abuse through manipulation, control, alcohol or drug intoxication). The article showed examples from the history of mankind, when states not only tolerated domestic violence in general and reproductive violence in general, but also committed acts of such violence. The issue of combating reproductive violence, as a form of domestic violence, by the state and its relevant institutions is separately characterized, because it is a sphere of private interests, which is especially regulated by the relevant norms, balancing on the border of private and public interests. Key words: reproductive violence, domestic violence, sexual violence, abortion, forced sterilization, reproductive rights, opposition, private interests, public interests.

MOROCCAN WOMENS EMPOWERMENT THROUGH THE USE OFAN MHEALTH SOLUTION FOR FERTILITY MANAGEMENT AND CONTRACEPTION:

In developing countries, limited access to family planning services, results in high rates of unintendedpregnancies and unsafe abortions leading to many avoidable maternal deaths.Unmet need for family planning «UMN»is one of the United NationsMillennium Development Goals Indicators? it evaluates women who are fecund and sexually active but are not using any methods of contraception, while reporting not desiring any more children or wanting to delay the next child. According to the Moroccan national survey for family planning published in 2018,the unmet need for family planningwas 29.2% which is high.The advent of new technological solutions created for family planning has the potential to address unmet needs in low- and middle-income countries.In Morocco, research studies are scarce in the field of Family planning and sexual health.To improve the access to family planning methods and to lower the perceived barriers to contraception use in Morocco, our team in Maternity les Orangers collaborated with the software research team of the national school for computer science ENSIAS in a research project to create a new mHealth solution tailored to Moroccan women, to help empower them to achieve their reproductive goals and contraceptive needs.

EFEK MEDIASI MOTIVASI KERJA DALAM POLA HUBUNGAN KOMPENSASI PADA KINERJA KARYAWAN

Organizations operating in the public sector are required to improve their performance to provide optimal service to the public. Organizations can strive for work efficiency by improving employee performance. Because of this, organizations need to manage human resources optimally, especially those related to employee performance and the factors that influence it. This study aims to find empirical evidence regarding the mediating effect of work motivation in compensation relationship patterns on employee performance. The samples involved in this study were 105 family planning field officers or called PLKB. Samples were drawn using the total sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used research instrument tests consisting of validity and reliability tests, normality tests, outlier tests, and hypothesis testing. Meanwhile, to find out the significance of the mediating variable, the Sobel test was used. The results of this study are statistically proven that compensation contributes positively and significantly to employee performance mediated by work motivation.

"I Got What I Came for": A Qualitative Exploration into Family Planning Client Satisfaction in Dosso Region, Niger.

BackgroundClient satisfaction is recognized as an important construct for evaluating health service provision, yet the field of family planning (FP) lacks a standard approach to its measurement. Further, little is known about satisfaction with FP services in Niger, the site of this study. This study aims to understand what features of FP visits were satisfactory or dissatisfactory from a woman’s perspective and reflect on the conceptualization and measurement of satisfaction with FP services.MethodsBetween February and March 2020, 2720 FP clients (ages 15–49) were interviewed across 45 public health centers in Dosso region, Niger using a structured survey tool. The focus of this paper is on a random sub-sample of 100 clients who were additionally asked four open-ended questions regarding what they liked and disliked about their FP visit. Responses were audio-recorded, translated into French, transcribed, translated into English, coded, and analyzed thematically.ResultsFP clients described nine key visit attributes related to their satisfaction with the visit: treatment by the provider, content of the counseling, wait time, FP commodity availability, privacy, cleanliness/infrastructure, visit processes and procedures, cost, and opening hours. The reason for FP visit (start, continue, or change method) was an important driver of the dimensions which contributed to satisfaction. Pre-formed expectations about the visit played a critical role in shaping satisfaction, particularly if the client’s pre-visit expectations (or negative expectations) were met or not and if she obtained what she came for.ConclusionThis study makes a significant contribution by identifying visit attributes that are important to FP clients in Dosso region, Niger, and highlights that satisfaction with FP services is shaped by more than just what occurs on the day of service. We propose a conceptual framework to understand satisfaction with FP services that can be used for future FP programming in Niger.

Cost of providing family planning services & management of pregnancy outcomes at public health facilities in India.

Background & objectives:Lack of costing data is a critical gap that exists in the field of family planning (FP) in India. The aim of this study was to estimate health system costs of FP in India for existing modern methods, and potential newer methods (etonorgestrel implant and levonorgestrel intrauterine device) and pregnancy-related services in India.Methods:A bottom-up micro-costing study was conducted in five public health facilities of an Indian State. Data of last one year were collected from existing hospital records and hospital staff was interviewed. Collected data were analyzed using standard costing methods.Results:Package costs of delivering FP services ranged from ₹ 807 (95% CI 685, 931) for condoms and ₹ 10,539 (8796, 12269) for tubal ligation. Estimates of etonorgestrel implant and levonorgestrel intrauterine system were ₹ 3,200 (2800, 3625) and 3,426 (3232, 3623). Cost of antenatal care along with vaginal delivery, caesarean and abortion were ₹ 10,916 (8744, 13078), 22,136 (17570, 26910) and 8,574 (6791, 10379), respectively. One way sensitivity analysis showed that the three most influential factors on the costs of FP services were prices of drugs and consumables, number of beneficiaries and health personnel cost.Interpretation & conclusions:The present study has generated package costs for FP and pregnancy-related services in India which could be used by publicly-funded insurance schemes, for budgeting, economic evaluations and improve resource allocation of services. The cost estimates from this study add to the limited literature in India on costs of FP.

The influence of incentives on community health worker motivation in the provision of family planning. A case of Msalala and Shinyanga Districts, Tanzania

Community health workers (CHWs) are essential in the provision of a wide range of services, including family planning. In Tanzania, deployment of CHWs has largely been supported by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who often determine their incentives. A mix of incentives is required to increase CHW motivation and, ultimately, performance. This qualitative study aimed to explore how incentives influence CHW motivation in the provision of family planning services in Msalala and Shinyanga districts. The study included focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with 21 CHWs, 12 supervisors and eight policy makers and NGO representatives. Transcripts were coded and narratives were written on types of incentives, motivating and demotivating factors. The study revealed that although CHW motivation was related to feelings of accomplishment and respect from the community, financial incentives were found equally important for motivation. While most CHWs received non-financial incentives, CHWs had unequal access to financial incentives. Key informants confirmed that there was no coordination on incentives at district level. Some CHWs reported demotivation because of misconceptions and unacceptance of family planning in the community and irregular supply of contraceptives. Results from this study show that motivation of voluntary CHWs in Msalala and Shinyanga districts is currently sub-optimal, because of inequity in access to (financial) incentives. There is a need for better coordination and standardization of CHW incentives. Advocacy is needed to increase funding for CHWs’ deployment and remuneration. This would increase CHW motivation and ultimately performance, also in the field of family planning.

“PerConcept” study: provider opinions about integrating preconception care into family planning services

The importance of preconception care for the mother and child health has long been demonstrated, but the practical realization of this prophylactic activity remains insignificant. Th e article presents the “PerConcept” study results – a survey on “Family Planning” concept perceptions among physicians, whose activity is related to reproductive health. Th e study was conducted based on a unified questionnaire in three cities from three countries: Chisinau (Republic of Moldova), Irkutsk (the Russian Federation) and Ciudad de Mexico (Mexico). Th e survey involved 1.012 family physicians, obstetricians gynecologists, urologists, andrologists, but also doctors of other specialties. A number of 991 questionnaires were validated and analyzed. About 79.5% of all respondents (788) reported that the term of “family” is associated with the birth of children. About 96.0% of respondents (951) believed that pregnancy should be planned by the couple/woman. From a professional perspective, 862 physicians (94.5%), consider that the concept of family planning should also really include a component of preconception care, simultaneous with contraception. Th e majority of participants – 91.1%, (831) had the opinion that strategies and programs in the field of family planning should be revised, in order to include preconception health services. Although the “PerConcept” study had some limitations, the authors consider that the results are interesting because doctors from 3 regions of the world: Europe, Asia, and North America had a similar opinion about the need to expand the family planning concept, which should really include the preconception care, with an equal approach as another component – contraception.

Knowledge on integrated management of childhood illness among health and family planning field workers

Integrated Management of Childhood illness (IMCI) is a strategy for reducing mortality among children under the age of 5 years. This study was aim to assess the level of knowledge on IMCI among health and family planning field worker. Convenience sampling and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 237 respondents. Knowledge level was categorised as good, average and poor while association of categorical data were done by Chi squire test. The mean age of participants was 36.03±10.13 years where (82.3%) respondents were female. The mean duration of job was 11.27± 9.81 years where (71.7%) respondents did not have training on IMCI. Among the respondents, 42.6% didn’t know any of the objectives and 46.8% respondents knew that one of the components of IMCI, 51.5% respondents knew that IMCI to improve the health system and 35.3% respondents knew that IMCI is to improve family and community practice. Signs of diarrhoea in 0-2 month’s old baby was not known by 27.8% respondents. Majority of the respondents (72.2%) had knowledge about increased respiratory rate as a sign of pneumonia. Among the respondents, 42.6% respondents had poor knowledge regarding IMCI while 28.7% had well and (28.7%) had average knowledge. Level of knowledge was significantly associated with age (p<0.026), sex (p<0.001), place of job (p<0.001), designation (p<0.001), type of job (p<0.001), duration of Job (p<0.001), training status (p<0.002). There are many lacks in the knowledge of health and family planning field workers, they need training on IMCI to prevent the under-five mortality and morbidity.
 Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2021, 7(1): 56-63

Proses Komunikasi Informasi Edukasi pada Program Keluarga Berencana

Background: The contraceptive method that is most in demand by the public is the injection typecontraceptive method, even though the IUD and Implant are more effective. Cadres, Family PlanningField Officers, and Midwives are officers who directly carry out IEC on contraceptives for fertile agedcouples. The poor quality of IEC will affect the receipt of information about IUD contraceptives andimplants.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of IEC in the FamilyPlanning Program in improving IUD and implantsMethods: This study is a qualitative study with a case study design. The unit of analysis in this study is at the individual level. Research subjects for the qualitative study were 1 person from P3AP2KB Sleman Regency, namely the Head of IEC, 4 Family Planning Field Officers, 17 family planningcadres, and 4 PUS, 2 midwives in the Moyudan Health Center and Mlati Health Center. The samplingtechnique was done by using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed by usingexplanation techniques (explanation building)Results: Cadres and Family Planning Field Officers do not use the media optimally and materialpresented is limited. The obstacles experienced by cadres in the Information and EducationCommunication process were not mastering the material and not having the skills to do IEC, while theobstacles experienced by Family Planning Field Officers were a lack of Human Resources and adouble workload so they could not directly provide IEC to couples of childbearing age.Conclusion: The implementation of Information and Education Communication for Fertile Couples byCadres and Family Planning Field Officers generally does not work properly. The impact is that manyfertile aged couples do not use contraceptives.Keyword: Communication, Information, Education, Family Planning

P53 Contraceptive metrics for LARC removal: Findings from a contraceptive intervention

Objectives: The field of family planning is striving towards a more open dialogue between clinicians and patients about patient preferences. New research metrics are needed to capture relevant dimensions of care, beyond contraceptive use and continuation. Our objective was to measure potential shifts in provider notions about LARC removal.

ICT4D : Family Planning and Reproductive Health

There is an ever-increasing trend in the utilization of Information and Communiation Technologes (ICTs) around the globe. However, the diffusion of innovations is not even in developing nations, requiring the implementation of Information and Communiation Technologies for Development (ICT4D) policies to promote the reach of ICTs. In the field of family planning and reproductive health, ICTs, ranging from radio devices, television sets, wireless communication, mobile devices and computers play a significant enabling role in ensuring that reproductive health reaches many. In Kenya, there are several initiatives that this paper highlights as far as reproductive health is concerned. With the right policies, best practices as elucidated from past projects, and funding, ICTs have the capacity to increase access to reproductive health.

The road not taken: sexuality education and its associations with sexual knowledge and attitudes among senior high school students in rural areas of Western China

The poor performance and limited availability of sexuality education programs in rural areas of western China increase the danger of younger cohorts being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and engaging in risky sexual behaviors. A traditionally conservative culture, low levels of economic development and the relative lack of faculty resources all contribute to the weakness of sexuality education efforts. This study uses a sample of 164 boys and 195 girls who were senior high school students aged 15–19 in rural western China in 2017. The study aims to explore sexuality education, and sexual and reproductive behaviors, and to identify associations between sexuality education and sexual knowledge and attitudes among adolescents in rural western China. The results reveal a positive association between courses about reproductive health and lectures about STDs, and sexual knowledge; and a positive association between lectures about STDs and sexual attitudes. Our study also found that access to consulting services provided by governmental organization in the field of family planning and reproductive health helped rural adolescents enhance their sexual knowledge. Making such services available appears to offer a feasible method to develop a comprehensive sexuality education system in western China. The study concludes that an improved school-based sexuality education program strictly implemented as a part of the standard school curriculum is an effective way to increase sexual knowledge and promote de-stigmatized sexual attitudes among adolescents in rural western China.

Effects on Career Development From Sharing One's Story: Young Professionals' Experiences With Family Planning Voices.

Supporting the development of young family planning professionals is key to fostering communities of practitioners that can help countries achieve family planning goals. The Family Planning Voices (FP Voices) storytelling initiative, created by The Knowledge for Health Project and Family Planning 2020, documents stories from people around the world who are passionate about family planning. This qualitative evaluation used in-depth interviews (n = 11) with young professionals (ages 18-30) to uncover the effects of sharing their story with FP Voices. Participants came from 10 countries in one of three regions, Latin America (n = 2), South Asia (n = 2), and Africa (n = 7). Findings highlight that sharing one's story with FP Voices served as a professional development opportunity and instilled confidence and pride among young professionals. Additionally, participants linked access to a professional headshot and the experience of participating in an interview to their professional development. Participants often discussed the recognition they gained from sharing their story and the resulting increase in professional connections and opportunities. Participants hoped that their stories would inspire and encourage others and support recognition of the value of young professionals to the larger family planning field. In sum, storytelling initiatives like FP Voices can motivate and create community and opportunity among young professionals.

Assessing research impact: A framework and an evaluation of the Society of Family Planning Research Fund’s grantmaking (2007–2017)

The Society of Family Planning Research Fund (SFPRF) provides grants for research on abortion and contraception. In 2017, SFPRF conducted a retrospective evaluation of its investment in family planning research. Using a developmental evaluation approach, we created a framework for assessing research impact in family planning and applied it to an analysis of our grantmaking between 2007 and 2017. Our framework consists of 30 indicators of research impact, which span nine impact categories from building researchers’ capacity to influencing individuals, communities, and systems. Through application of this framework to our grantmaking, we learned that our grantmaking has helped build the research capacity of emerging and established family planning scholars and advance the field of family planning by supporting the creation of a robust scholarly evidence base. At the same time, we identified less evidence of impact on policy and practice. The results of this analysis directed SFPRF to move towards more focused funding opportunities, including longer-term and larger investments, and to prioritize partnerships between researchers and knowledge brokers.

Trajnost i promena. Abortusna kultura, liberalizacija propisa i pokušaji seksualne edukacije stanovništva Jugoslavije (1918–1991)

Prispevek preučuje ureditev in prakso načrtovanja družin v Jugoslaviji v 20. stoletju. Čeprav so se družbeno-gospodarske razmere v državi spreminjale, dvigal se je življenjski standard in kontracepcija je postala širše dostopna, je za večino parov v celotnem dvajsetem stoletju splav, najprej nezakonit, nato zakonit, ostal eden od osnovnih "metod" spontanega in nepremišljenega načrtovanja starševstva. Paradoksalno je, da je bil, kljub svobodnejši spolnosti in seksualni revoluciji, ki sta se zgodili po vojni, ter prizadevanjem za odpiranje svetovalnih centrov, širjenju kontracepcije in t. i. "humanizaciji odnosov med spoloma", eden temeljnih uspehov državne politike na področju načrtovanja družine dekriminaliziranje splava in njegova "selitev" v bolnišnice in ambulante. Na podlagi virov iz Arhiva Jugoslavije in relevantnih periodičnih publikacij ter literature bo avtorica skušala odgovoriti na vprašanje, zakaj je imela državna politika pri tem skromne rezultate, pa tudi, kakšni motivi so vplivali na pare, da so se odločali za družine z enim ali dvema otrokoma.

Attitudes of couples towards withdrawal method in birth control

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of couples towards withdrawal method.Materials and Methods: 245 couples (490 individuals) between the ages 15-49 who use the withdrawal method took part in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the Withdrawal Method Attitude Scale were used for data collection..Results: The study shows that average scores and positive attitudes towards the withdrawal method was higher in women than men, higher in people with lower levels of education than high levels of education and higher in couples who spoke the Kurdish native language than the Turkish native language. The differences in all cases were statistically significant. Women also recorded higher scores and more positive attitudes than men when it came to the five sub dimensions of the withdrawal method attitude scale and the differences between them were statically significant.Conclusion: This study provides important information for health professionals, due to the positive attitudes of couples towards the withdrawal method. It is recommended that the withdrawal method should be integrated into the education and consultancy services provided in the field of family planning.

Poverty Alleviation Studies Through Woman Empowerment

The community poverty condition shows that there are still many women who do not work and less maximum of the effort to increase the income of prosperous families program (UPPKS) in Semarang Regency, which is only 30% active. In this process, the integration of women in development, especially women from the weak economic group, those with low income needs to be encouraged through increasing the ability and skills to carry out productive economic activities, in order to expand employment opportunities and create businesses for themselves through business groups that then develop in the form of cooperation. The study was conducted using qualitative method that sought to explore the problems directly from the participants so that the factors that could foster the interest and motivation of women to become entrepreneurs were obtained, the hope for prosperity and the establishment of business groups related to poverty alleviation efforts through women empowerment. The research participants were women entrepreneurs who joined the group (UPPKS) and family planning field officers in Semarang Regency. Data collection techniques were carried out by conducting interviews, observation / surveillance and documentation. Data validity used triangulation technique. The results of the field research were recorded, interpreted, extracted, analyzed to form categories, patterns and then formed as a mini theory. The final results of this study are the creation of prosition and mini theory on women empowerment studies in relation to poverty alleviation through social entrepreneurship which is expected to be guidance for business.

The eToolkit for Field Workers: A digital library of SBCC materials to support integrated counseling

Introduction : Rapid digital transformation in Bangladesh opens up great opportunity to strengthen Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) for health, population and nutrition (HPN) programs. One of the challenges is that health and family planning field workers in Bangladesh often lack up-to-date information, effective tools and resources to counsel effectively. In some cases, the materials are outdated; in other cases, materials aren’t available. Additionally, field workers have limited opportunities for refresher trainings after their basic training at the start of their career. Short description : The USAID-funded Bangladesh Knowledge Management Initiative (BKMI) worked closely with the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) to develop a HPN Behavior Change Communication (BCC) eToolkit for Field Workers. The eToolkit http://etoolkits.dghs.gov.bd/bangladesh-toolkits is a digital library containing high-quality print and audio-visual BCC materials. Aim : The eToolkit was designed to be simple to navigate, that field workers and other service providers can use as aids for integrated counseling. BCC materials are organized into categories and sub-categories, and are cross-posted so that information is easy to find. Targeted population : It is intended for use by field workers as a tool to support their household-, community-, and clinic-based counseling. Timeline : The eToolkit was field tested in 2013, scaled up in mainstream program of MoHFW started since 2014. Highlights : The pilot of eToolkit was held in 12 sub-districts of Bangladesh with three hundred and four field workers. The pilot measured changes in field workers’ knowledge and counseling skills, as well as their clients’ intention to adopt healthier behaviors. The results were very positive. Field workers and clients appreciated the use of technology during counseling. Field workers were more confident in their ability to deliver accurate and integrated HPN information. Clients asked more questions when field workers used the eToolkit, and reported more confidence that the answers they received were complete and accurate. After successfully piloting, MoHFW is proceeding with promoting the installation and use of the eToolkit for field workers. Sustainability : Following successful piloting MoHFW, are being involved to scale up the use of eToolkit nationwide, by both field workers as well as clinic-based service providers. The eToolkit is available online, offline, and as an App for Android-based mobile devices. Transferability : The eToolkit is transferred to MoHFW website since July 2016, link is posted in other websites too. Both content and technology are now managed and maintained by MoHFW. Conclusions : The MoHFW is proceeding with promoting the installation and use of the eToolkit for field workers. Discussions : eToolkit become an effective job aid for the field workers for integrated HPN counselling. It made available in different formats, so that they are more easily available to largest number of people. Lessons learned : Scale-up happens at a pace that the system can accommodate. A suitable environment for scale-up is not yet fully in place.