Field Of Earth Sciences Research Articles

Preface

The 2021 1st International Seminar on Earth Science and Technology (ISEST 2021) was hosted by the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia. The seminar was remotely organized by the Executive Committees from Bandung, Indonesia. ISEST 2021 was successfully held in the form of a virtual conference on December 8th – 9th, 2021 as an attempt to actively support the Prevention of COVID-19 for the health and safety of our participants.In the modern era, the interest of earth science and technology discipline has shifted following the urge in achieving a more sustainable future. The world is encouraging the future generation to take the present decision into consideration in the hope of maintaining the existence of natural resources, while combating the climate issue. ISEST 2021 served as an international forum, which continued disseminating innovative ideas, discussions, and academic exchanges among researchers. It aimed to integrate sustainability into the field of earth science and technology. The generous support for ISEST 2021 is provided by the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung.List of Executive Committee, Editorial Board, Steering Committee, Keynote Speakers and Invited Speakers are available in this pdf.

Digital Booklet about Natural Disasters with Graphic Animation Focused on Landslides

The main occurrences of natural disasters in Brazil occur, being in the biggest part constituted by floods and landslides. The use of digital models is very useful to assist in the understanding of those phenomena, mostly geological processes that are developed at subsurface as landslides and are not possible to be seen by humans. This way, a digital booklet about landslides was developed and evaluated with two studies. One, that evaluates the usability through the SUS scale and the other, that evaluates the booklet importance by the perception of Earth Sciences field professors. The results indicate that the booklet brings an important theme and easy utilization, helping to spread to the population how the landslides occur and what to do to avoid them.

Practice and Exploration of Think Tanks Construction in China "Double First Class" Universities with Industry Characteristics — A Case Study on China University of Geosciences, Beijing

Today's world is facing profound changes unseen in a century. New Think Tanks with Chinese characteristics are playing an important role in promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity, and the construction has achieved remarkable results. However, there is still more room for the development of Chinese university think tanks, especially those with industry characteristics. Education is an important cornerstone for national rejuvenation and social progress. The construction of world-class universities and first-class disciplines should meet the major strategic needs of the country, the main battlefield of the economy and society, and the frontiers of science and technology development. The connotation construction of colleges and universities should strengthen the close integration of academic exploration and serving the needs of the country. In the process of building new-type Think Tanks with Chinese characteristics, "Double First Class" Universities with industry characteristics should adhere to the principles of focusing on national needs, give play to their characteristics, innovate systems and mechanisms, and lead the development of the industry. China University of Geosciences, Beijing, is actively building the new-type university Think Tank with Chinese characteristics in the first round of "Double First Class" construction cycle. Relying on the two first-class disciplines of geology, geological resources and geological engineering, it takes the interdisciplinary integration as the starting point, and conducts Think Tank research in the field of natural resources around three centers, two forums, and one report. The construction of the Natural Resources Strategic Development Institute helps to explore how to achieve the goal of building a world-class university in the field of earth science while serving the major needs of the country and the industry.

SWIRRL. Managing Provenance-aware and Reproducible Workspaces

Abstract Modern interactive tools for data analysis and visualisation are designed to expose their functionalities as a service through the Web. We present in this paper a Web API (SWIRRL) that allows Virtual Research Environments (VREs) to easily integrate such tools in their websites and re-purpose them to their users. The API deals, on behalf of the clients, with the underlying complexity of allocating and managing resources within a target cloud platform. By combining storage and containerised services, offering analysis notebooks and other visualisation software, the API creates dedicated working sessions on-demand, which can be accessed collaboratively. Thanks to the API's support for workflow execution, SWIRRL workspaces can be automatically populated with data of interest collected from external data providers. The system keeps track of updates and changes affecting the data and the tools by adopting versioning and standard provenance technologies. Users are provided with interactive controls enabling traceability and recovery actions, including the possibility of creating executable snapshots of their environments. SWIRRL is built in cooperation with two research infrastructures in the field of solid earth science and climate data modeling. We report on the particular adoptions and use cases.

UNIQUE LARGE-SCALE RESEARCH FACILITIES "SEISMIC INFRASOUND ARRAY FOR MONITORING ARCTIC CRYOLITOZONE AND CONTINUOUS SEISMIC MONITORING OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, NEIGHBOURING TERRITORIES AND THE WORLD"

The description of the Unique Large-Scale Research Facilities "Seismic infrasound array for monitoring Arctic cryolithozone and continuous seismic monitoring of the Russian Federation, neighbouring territories and the world" (URF SIA MAC), its hardware and software components are presented. Methods and principle areas of research carried out using the URF are outlined. The URF SIA MAC includes 364 seismic stations throughout Russia and three infrasound arrays. The data obtained at the URF serve to provide domestic fundamental and applied research in the field of Earth Sciences (seismology, geophysics, geodynamics, geoecology) and to study catastrophic events of a natural induced nature. The modern URF data archive includes digital seismic records since 1993. In addition, there is a significant amount of analogue records (since 1904) available for further digitization. The URF SIA MAC provides seismological data to many Russian scientific, research and design organizations. The article presents the main results of the Federal Research Centre Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences obtained in recent years using the URF data.

UNIQUE LARGE-SCALE RESEARCH FACILITIES "SEISMIC INFRASOUND ARRAY FOR MONITORING ARCTIC CRYOLITOZONE AND CONTINUOUS SEISMIC MONITORING OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, NEIGHBOURING TERRITORIES AND THE WORLD"

The description of the Unique Large-Scale Research Facilities "Seismic infrasound array for monitoring Arctic cryolithozone and continuous seismic monitoring of the Russian Federation, neighbouring territories and the world" (URF SIA MAC), its hardware and software components are presented. Methods and principle areas of research carried out using the URF are outlined. The URF SIA MAC includes 364 seismic stations throughout Russia and three infrasound arrays. The data obtained at the URF serve to provide domestic fundamental and applied research in the field of Earth Sciences (seismology, geophysics, geodynamics, geoecology) and to study catastrophic events of a natural induced nature. The modern URF data archive includes digital seismic records since 1993. In addition, there is a significant amount of analogue records (since 1904) available for further digitization. The URF SIA MAC provides seismological data to many Russian scientific, research and design organizations. The article presents the main results of the Federal Research Centre Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences obtained in recent years using the URF data.

Implementation of the "free education" format within the framework of a branch university in the field of Earth sciences

The problems of the discussion on the implementation of "free education" in the university environment are also relevant for an branch university of various profiles. The definition of the optimal scope of applicability of this educational format in the conditions of branch universities in the field of Earth sciences is carried out on the basis of the method of analysis of a specific university as an object of management. There are three main formats of free education for undergraduate studies: the nuclear program, the open curriculum, and the system of distributive requirements. It is established that the system of distribution requirements is more suitable for the surveyed universities. For them, it seems legitimate to saturate disciplines in the field of Earth sciences, including land management, cadastre and land monitoring, with materials reflecting the author's concept of preserving and increasing the environmental potential of the territory as the fundamental basis of its spatial development. The success of the implementation of free education will really depend on the normalization of the process of fair competition for the place of employment.

Project-based inquiry-science: An innovative learning for thinking, teaching and assessing science-physics

Project-based Inquiry Science (PjBI-Science) is one of the embodiments of innovative learning designed for students to have abilities like scientists and to experience various investigative methodologies, which include experimentation, modelling, simulation, and data analysis in the fields of earth science, life science, and physical sciences. Not only beneficial for students, but PjBI-Science also facilitates teachers to be able to design detailed learning processes and conduct assessments according to students' thinking skills and abilities, both individually and in groups. This study aims to identify the characteristics and find the benefits of implementing PjBI-Science learning. The research method used is a systematic review with a meta-aggregation method that summarizes the results of research related to PjBI-Science qualitatively. Based on the literature review results to identify the characteristics of the implementation of PjBi-Science, conclusions were obtained regarding the benefits of implementing learning. For students, it can improve the quality of abilities in the natural science field and accommodate the learning needs to optimize thinking skills, while for teachers, it can holistically provide alternative teaching styles in an innovative way and conduct an effective assessment of the activities and cognitive abilities of students.

A Non-Parametric Approach for Change-Point Detection of Multi-Parameters in Time-Series Data

Change-point analysis of time-series data plays a vital role in various fields of earth sciences under changing environments. Most of the analysis approaches were usually designed to detect the change-point in the level of time-series mean. In this study, we aimed to propose a non-parametric approach to detect the change-point of different parameters of time-series data. In this approach, the Boot- strap method, coupling with Kernel density estimation, was first used to estimate the probability distribution function (pdf) of a parameter before and after any potential change-points. Second, the Ar-index based on the uncross area of the two pdfs was designed to quantify the difference of the parameter before and after each potential change-point. Finally, the potential change-point owning the largest Ar-index value was determined as the locations of the change-point of the parameter. The hydrological extreme series from four stations in the Hanjiang basin were used to demonstrate this approach. The Pettitt test method commonly used in hydrology was employed as a comparison to indirectly analyze the reliability of the proposed approach. The results show that change-point detected by the proposed approach in the four stations are identified with those detected by the Pettitt approach in the level of time-series mean. But in comparison with the Pettitt test, the proposed approach can provide more detection information for other parameters, such as coefficient of variation (Cv) and coefficient of skewness (Cs) of the series. The results also show that the degree of change in the series mean is greater than its Cv and Cs, while the degree of change in series Cv is greater than its Cs.

Availability of Next Generation Science Standards in The Field of Earth and Space Sciences: Case of Egypt Middle Schools Science Books

Availability of Next Generation Science Standards in The Field of Earth and Space Sciences: Case of Egypt Middle Schools Science Books

Expanding disciplinary and interdisciplinary core idea maps by students to promote perceived self-efficacy in learning science

BackgroundThe goal of this research was to determine students’ perceived self-efficacy in science classes through involving students in expanding disciplinary core idea (DCI) and interdisciplinary core idea (ICI) maps, as a method to visualize knowledge (utilizing mind mapping and concept mapping) to support students to integrate interdisciplinary learning. The research involved (a) creating (by science educators) eight curriculum-related, disciplinary core idea maps and two interdisciplinary core idea maps; (b) teachers guiding students in an experimental group, to make interdisciplinary connections so as to expand DCI and ICI maps in an intervention lasting a year and a half from grade 10 to 11; (c) providing feedback on students’ developed DCI and ICI maps; (d) administering questionnaires seeking students’ perceptions about their self-efficacy towards core ideas, both before and after the intervention and (e) interviewing science teachers (5) and selected students (25), after the intervention, about their perceptions towards the use and outcomes of their DCI and ICI maps. Besides the experimental group, a control group (no intervention) was involved.ResultsOutcomes showed that the intervention (guiding students in creating disciplinary and interdisciplinary core idea maps to visualize their learning) supported students significantly in their perceived self-efficacy in the fields of Life Science and Earth Science, plus in the use of Models and Systems. In Physics and Chemistry, the students’ perceived self-efficacy was not statistically significantly positive after the conducted intervention. This stemmed from disciplinary core ideas, related to Physics and Chemistry, being more abstract, with students making fewer connections and integrating less new knowledge into the related DCI and ICI maps. In the interviews, both teachers and students stated that the intervention (including expansion of DCI and ICI maps) supported students’ science learning.ConclusionsCreating and expanding disciplinary and interdisciplinary core ideas more clearly indicates students’ learning, through their ability to make meaningful connections, enabling students to raise their self-efficacy in preparing for their future. The results from this research demonstrate that students’ perceived self-efficacy can occur through knowledge visualization by expanding both DCI and ICI maps enabling the making of greater interdisciplinary connections.

Practice Report of a Teacher Training Program to Promote Earth Science Field Research

Practice Report of a Teacher Training Program to Promote Earth Science Field Research

У ИСТОКОВ НОВОЙ НАУКИ ОБ ОКЕАНЕ. К СТОЛЕТИЮ СО ДНЯ РОЖДЕНИЯ АКАДЕМИКА А.С. МОНИНА (1921–2007 ГГ.)

July 2, 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of Andrei S. Monin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1972), Director of the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1965–1987, a world-famous outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist in the field of Earth and Ocean sciences. The article highlights the main fundamental scientific results obtained by this scientist as a result of his many years of research on a wide range of problems of hydromechanics, dynamics of the earth's interior, planetology, atmospheric physics, and first of all, gives a high assessment of his capital contribution to domestic and world oceanology.

Interoperability at the core strategic in the Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Service Aerophotogrammetric of the Air Force of Chile

Abstract. The Aerophotogrammetric Service (SAF) of the Chilean Air Force works permanently on the implementation of new methodologies and lines of research, fostering innovation in the field of earth sciences, remote sensing and geospatial information management. The above, with the aim of being at the technical and technological forefront in the country. Proof of this is the implementation of the SAF's Spatial Data Infrastructures, which has as one of its strategic axes the interoperability of geographic information, as it is considered a key factor in the correct exploitation of data, its access, availability and its potential use in decision making.

25 years of Scientific and Educational Cooperation between the Department of Natural Sciences at New Bulgarian University and the Space Research and Technology Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

The paper presents the results of the scientific and educational cooperation in the field of earth sciences and ecology between the Department of Natural Sciences at New Bulgarian University (NBU) and the Space Research and Technology Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS) for the period 1996-2021.

Multi-Criteria Studies and Assessment Supporting the Selection of Locations and Technologies Used in CO2-EGS Systems

The paper describes application of the cross-impact method in the process of selecting locations and technologies used in a geothermal system based on energy accumulated in a dry rock formation, where CO2 is used as the working medium. The survey is based on the opinion of a group of 20 experts representing different fields of earth and technical sciences. They represent Norway and Poland, where the location of such a system is considered. Based on experts’ experience and opinions, all factors that seem to be significant were classified into the following groups: targets, key factors, results, determiners, motor and brakes, regulating factors, external factors, auxiliary factors, and autonomous factors. Direct influences between variables were indicated. Due to major differences in geological conditions in Poland and Norway, the factor of on- or offshore technology was pointed out as the primary determiner. Among key factors, the system operation’s long-term safety and level of technological readiness were indicated. As a target factor, an interest of local authority was pointed out. Among the variables that are important when selecting locations for this type of system, nine are essential: (1) Formal constraints related to local nature protection areas—this variable is essential in the case of an onshore system; (2) Availability of CO2 sources; (3) Level of geological recognition; (4) The distance of the CO2-EGS from a thermal energy user and electricity grid; (5) Existing wells and other infrastructure; (6) Depth of the EGS system; (7) Water depth if offshore, this variable is only important when offshore systems are involved; (8) Physical parameters of reservoir rocks; (9) Reservoir temperature.

Semiparametric nonlinear log-periodogram regression estimation for perturbed stationary anisotropic long memory random fields

In recent years, spatial statistics has been widely used in many fields. The applications of two-dimensional random fields to describe data in image processing, environment and earth science, space econometrics and other fields are ubiquitous. Considering the complexity of two-dimensional spatial data, two kinds of semiparametric nonlinear log-periodogram regression (NLPR) estimations are proposed to estimate memory parameters of perturbed two-dimensional anisotropic stationary long memory random fields. The long memory parameters d 1 in the “vertical” and d 2 in the “horizontal” direction respectively, and The anisotropic stationary long memory random field is disturbed by an independent, additive, and stationary Gaussian short memory noise field. The performance of the NLPR estimators is examined and compared with the performance of the GPH (Geweke and Porter-Hudak) estimators by simulation.

Tunnel disturbance events monitoring and recognition with distributed acoustic sensing (DAS)

Accurately identifying disturbance events along tunnels is essential for their safe operation, which constitutes an important part of tunnel health monitoring and abnormity warning. In recent years, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), a state-of-the-art fiber-optic sensing technology, has developed rapidly in the field of earth science and engineering. Based on the principle of phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry, DAS allows detecting acoustic/vibration signals along a common fiber-optic cable up to tens of kilometers. This brings new opportunities for monitoring of long perimeters such as underground tunnels. In this paper, we propose a DAS-based method for the recognition of disturbance events along tunnels. The EMD denoising algorithm is employed to optimize vibration signals to better extract the time–frequency domain features of monitored events. Different events are then recognized via a machine learning-based multi-class classification approach. The Random Forest algorithm is applied to analyze the DAS data acquired with fiber-optic cables deployed along the tunnel lining, successfully recognizing a variety of vibration events during the construction of the tunnel including unexpected disasters such as rockfalls, with a recognition accuracy of 92.31%. This DAS-based disturbance identification method may provide a new opportunity for unmanned, real-time monitoring of tunnel abnormal events.

Ultrasonic S-wave responses of single rock joints filled with wet bentonite clay

Clay minerals are prevalent in rock discontinuities and have significant effects on mechanical, hydraulic and seismic properties of rock masses. Understanding seismic behaviours across individual clay-rich rock joints is of great importance in the fields of geology and earth sciences. However, the wave responses of individual clay-rich rock joints have not been well understood until now. This paper reports a laboratory investigation of ultrasonic S-wave propagation and attenuation across single rock joints filled with bentonite clays with varying degree of water saturation. In this study, a series of acoustic measurements were conducted on specimens of the bentonite clay-filled rock joint using a self-developed ultrasonic pulse-transmission test system that equipped with a S-wave transducer pair with a dominant frequency of 250 kHz. Based on the obtained laboratory data, the wave velocity, transmission ratio and the time-frequency-energy distribution of the S-waves transmitted through the bentonite clay-filled joint were calculated and evaluated. The experimental results show that the degree of water saturation of the bentonite clay greatly affects S-wave responses of the filled rock joint. In particular, an increase in the degree of saturation causes a nonlinear decrease in S-wave velocity. In addition, as the water saturation of the bentonite clay increases, the wave attenuation decreases; the minimum wave attenuation is reached at a saturation degree of 71.4% and then the attenuation increases slightly. Additionally, with the increase of the water saturation, the magnitudes of the S-wave energy transmitted across the bentonite clay-filled joint firstly increases and then decreases. The S-wave energy is mostly stored in the frequency range of 150 - 300 kHz regardless of the degree of water saturation of the bentonite clay. This finding indicates that the frequency partition of the transmitted S-waves rarely changes with the changing water saturation. The present work could not only compensate for the lack of laboratory-based research on wave behaviours across clay-rich rock joints but also provides insights into the interpretation of acoustic data from field tests for detecting, characterizing and monitoring rock discontinuities.

Investigating the thermal conductivity of materials by analyzing the temperature distribution in diamond anvils cell under high pressure

Investigating the thermal transport properties of materials is of great importance in the field of earth science and for the development of materials under extremely high temperatures and pressures. However, it is an enormous challenge to characterize the thermal and physical properties of materials using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) platform. In the present study, a steady-state method is used with a DAC and a combination of thermocouple temperature measurement and numerical analysis is performed to calculate the thermal conductivity of the material. To this end, temperature distributions in the DAC under high pressure are analyzed. We propose a three-dimensional radiative–conductive coupled heat transfer model to simulate the temperature field in the main components of the DAC and calculate in situ thermal conductivity under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The proposed model is based on the finite volume method. The obtained results show that heat radiation has a great impact on the temperature field of the DAC, so that ignoring the radiation effect leads to large errors in calculating the heat transport properties of materials. Furthermore, the feasibility of studying the thermal conductivity of different materials is discussed through a numerical model combined with locally measured temperature in the DAC. This article is expected to become a reference for accurate measurement of in situ thermal conductivity in DACs at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.