Field In Egypt Research Articles

Research Field Development for Community and Heritage in Egypt

In the last years there has been a collapse in Research Field Our project contributes the development of the scientific research system in Egypt.Findings:there is a lack of organizations that aim to develop scientific research field in addition there is no awareness from community specially educated class of the value of scientific research field. The efficiency of scientific field in Egypt isn't suitable enough to contribute in conserve heritage and community restoration.Practical implications: our case study is located in ''Magra Al'' district which is considered a cultural heritage district where ''Magra Al Oyoon Wall'' is located, which is considered the main land mark of this district, it is facing many problems, it is partly dilapidated and surrounded with slums, this slums have a lot of issues such as population and health problems. Our basic design of study including; Historical study about 'Magra Al' heritage, Social, LegalUrban studies and SWOT analysis for the current situation. As a result of our analysis and studies in the context of the research topic, we found that the most suitable types of innovation centers are 'Medical Research Center' and 'Monument Restoration and Research Center'.

Classification of some strategic crops in Egypt using multi remotely sensing sensors and time series analysis

The agricultural fields in Egypt are commonly distributed with relatively small sizes parcels that usually reduce the reliability of Agricultural statistics in surveying cropland. The use of remote sensing help in an accurate crop inventory under complex landscape conditions based on the spectral characteristics differences of crops. The current study was carried out in Abu El Matamir district, Behira Governorate, located in western Nile delta Egypt. The main objective of the current study is using time series analysis of remote sensing data in crop discrimination. In this study, 160 locations of ground truth points collected during different growth stages of summer season crops. Two different sensors images used in this study represented by single date image of RapidEye and multi-date Landsat 8 OLI satellites. The acquired satellite images from both sensors atmospherically and geometrically corrected. Moreover different vegetation indices calculated such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) for cultivated crops in the study area during the whole growing season. Preliminary statistical analysis applied to the collected field data to show the distribution of the cultivated crops types. Moreover, unsupervised Iso-Data applied for multi-date Landsat 8 OLI images and calculated VI’s series for overall growth season. Results showed higher overall kappa accuracy with 0.82 and 0.79 respectively. NDVI showed the best representation of the crop phenological changes during the crop growth season and showed higher accuracy in strategic crops discrimination than the single date image with higher spatial resolution.

Present-Day Stress Field in Egypt Based on a Comprehensive and Updated Earthquake Focal Mechanisms Catalog

The present-day stress field in Egypt has been investigated on the basis of updated earthquake focal mechanism catalog covering the period from 1951 to 2017. Our catalog contains 234 focal mechanisms compiled from previous studies in addition to 22 new source mechanism solutions achieved in this study. According to the distribution of the recent earthquake epicentres, Egypt is divided into nine seismotectonic regions. The available fault plane solutions in Egypt demonstrate a spatial variability of source mechanisms, which categorize the study area into three groups. The first group includes Dahshour, Beni Suef, Cairo-Suez district, Northern-Central Gulf of Suez and Southern Gulf of Suez, which characterized by pure normal faulting mechanism to normal faulting with strike-slip component. Pure strike-slip faulting has clearly characterised Aswan and Gulf of Aqaba regions in the second group. However, the third group, which contains Abu Dabbab and the northern Egyptian continental margin, is characterized by thrust and strike-slip faulting. To calculate the orientation of the principle stress axes and the shape ratio we have applied the stress inversion technique. The present-day stress regime shows a variability of the tectonic stresses including extensional tectonic, transtensional and strike-slip. The transtensional stress regime with a maximum horizontal extensional NNE stress axis represents the dominant stress field pattern in Egypt. The results exhibit a good agreement with the tectonic settings and recent deformations in Egypt.

Site-specific management of salt affected soils: A case study from Egypt

In Egypt all agricultural practices are generally applied uniformly without taking spatial variability into consideration, which is not efficient and may be more expensive than site-specific management approach. This is based on accurate assessment of within-field variation and on field delineation into homogeneous zones to be submitted to differential management. Multivariate geostatistics allows to assess and model the spatial variation of a set of soil attributes influencing management. The objective of this paper was to propose an approach for determining spatially variable rate application (VRA) of leaching water, to control soil salinity, and of fertilizer to improve productivity while reducing environmental impact. The research was conducted in an experimental 3.1-ha field in Egypt and the following soil attributes were measured: electrical conductivity (ECe), available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K) and organic matter content (OM). Ordinary cokriging was applied to produce thematic maps of soil attributes and the appropriateness of the linear model of coregionalization was evaluated with cross-validation. Spatial maps of the five soil variables were classified into three isofrequencies classes and the mean values were calculated for each class. These values were then compared with critical reference values to assess the local soil requirements for reducing soil salinity and/or improving soil fertility. The results showed that the estimations of soil attributes were unbiased and accurate. Only for ECe and available nitrogen site-specific management would be preferable because it would reduce the agricultural costs for both soil reclamation (saving water used to leach salts) and improvement of soil N fertility in comparison with the traditional uniform methods.The proposed approach, though producing encouraging results, would require improvements in the determination of the threshold values used to plan salt leaching and soil fertilization.

The decommissioning of oil and gas fields: Egyptian law and policy

Abstract Legal issues around the decommissioning of oil and gas fields have generally been given insufficient attention by energy lawyers in most jurisdictions worldwide. Oil and gas lawyers, and other stakeholders in Egypt, face the same challenge. This article discusses the topic of the decommissioning of oil and gas fields in the context of the legal aspects and the regulatory framework for decommissioning in Egypt, demonstrating the main challenges relating to the legal framework for decommissioning arrangements in the country. At the heart of the legal challenges associated with the decommissioning of oil and gas fields in Egypt lies the most important question: who should pay the associated costs, and when? This article also presents some recommendations to enhance the current regulatory framework for the decommissioning of oil and gas fields in Egypt, to maintain the balance of interests between international oil companies and national oil companies active in Egypt.

Autocorrelation Analysis of Gamma Ray Log of Ras Fanar Oil Field in Egypt

Autocorrelation Analysis of Gamma Ray Log of Ras Fanar Oil Field in Egypt

Pemikiran Pendidikan At-Tahthawi

Al-Thahthawi's educational thought was motivated by his existence as a reformer in Egypt at that time. Al-Thahthawi made updates on all fields in Egypt, and one of them was in the field of education. Education is carried out not only for men, but also for women. And this education is done not only to broaden knowledge, but also to instill personality and instill a spirit of patriotism. As for some of his thoughts. The purpose of education according to al-Thahthawi is for the formation of personality, not only, not only for intelligence. Thinking about the curriculum that in addition to religious studies should also include modern sciences so that they can adapt the Shari'a to the needs of their time.

Role of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens West., release and silica applications in controlling of the stem borer, Chilo agamemnon Bles. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in rice fields in Egypt

Rice, (Oryza sativa L.), is liable to infestation with several insect pests, from which is the rice stem borer, Chilo agamemnon Bles. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Field trials were conducted in Egypt during 2015 and 2016 rice seasons to evaluate the efficacy of releasing the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood and applying different silica materials to reduce the pest infestation. The most efficient borer control was achieved when the parasitoid was released twice (each at 30,000 wasps/feddan) at Sakha, Gemmiza, and Sirw Agricultural Research Stations in 2015 season, at the maximum tillering stage plus at panicle initiation, as the borer infestation was reduced by (84.77%). Similar results (79.32% borer control) were obtained when the parasitoid was released at panicle initiation and heading rice plant growth stages. The parasitoid release was as efficient as the application of the widely applied insecticide (carbofuran). A large-scale release (17–20 feddans) was performed at the same research stations in the 2016 season. The parasitoid was released twice (each at 30,000 parasitoids/feddan) at the maximum tillering stage, 30 days after transplanting (DAT) and at panicle initiation (45 DAT). Dead hearts (DH) averaged (1.80 and 3.67%) in release and non-release treatments, respectively, with a reduction in DH of (50.95%). The corresponding reduction in white heads averaged (70.64%). Potassium silicate (68% Si, 500 kg/feddan), as basal after last tillage or magnesium silicate (62% Si, 2 kg /feddan), as a spray 20 and 40 days after transplanting achieved (58.25 and 45.31%) white head reduction, respectively, due to borer infestation.

‘Abdallah Al-Nadim’s Political Program

This article examines ‘Abdallah al-Nadim’s political program in which he suggested a complete transformation in four major fields in Egypt: the political, economic, social, and educational. He thought that by adopting these reforms Egypt could face a mighty enemy like Europe and eventually become powerful and modernize itself. These reforms were inspired by European models, however they were to be Egyptianized before being adopted and employed. Al-Nadim believed that Egypt should not blindly imitate foreign models, it needed however to learn their secrets.

Management of Crown and Root Rot Diseases in Strawberry Commercial Fields in Egypt

Surveyed strawberry fields at three different districts (Abo Swar, EL-Kassasin and El-Manayef) in Ismailia Governorate during 2014 -2016 growing seasons showed that 13 fungal species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from infected roots, runners and crowns segments of strawberry plants. The most frequent isolated fungi were; Macrophomina phaseolina (53.33%) and Colletotrichum acutatum (33.33%). These two pathogenic fungi were used in this study. Biological and chemical control experiments were conducted and significant differences in diseases incidence (DI%) and disease severity (DS%) were found among treatments of bioagents and chemical fungicides compared with control treatments. DI and DS percentages reached 0% when Bacillus subtilis or Rizolex were applied in plots of artificial infested soil with M. phaseolina and C. acutatum. Trichoderma harzianum occupied the second rank after B. subtilis, Rizolex (15 and 7.4% for DI) for M. phaseolina , (10 and 6.5% for DS)for C. acutatum, T. viride (16 and 16% for DI), (26 and 11% for DS) and Streptomyces canescens (20 and 21% for DI), (25 and 26% for DS), respectively. Moreover; Rizolex gave best results in pathogens control more than Topsin-M fungicide. In field experiment; the effect of soil disinfection using three treatments; two fumigants (Methyl bromide and Agrocelhone) and solar heating solarization applied on two strawberry cultivars (Festival and N-70) during 2015 and 2016 seasons were studied. Soil fumigation with Agrocelhone™ compound and Methyl bromide (MB) led to the best results for soil disinfection on both Festival and N70Strawberry cultivars during two seasons. Percentage DI and DS of crown and root rot diseases occurred were (9.4, 9.0%) and (8.4, 7.5%) for both cultivars, respectively in 2015 it was very low (2.9, 3.0%) and (2.5 and 3.0%); respectively when applied again in 2016.

Simulation Study of Different Modes of Miscible Carbon Dioxide Flooding

Carbon dioxide flooding has been applied worldwide as a successful enhanced oil recovery. Carbon dioxide flooding may be applied as a continuous injection or as water-alternating-gas (WAG) process. Optimization of the injection mode of carbon dioxide is important for economical field application. This paper focuses on using a fully compositional simulation model for “AEB-3C” sandstone oil reservoir of one of the Western Desert oil fields in Egypt to predict the impact of CO2 miscible flooding on the reservoir oil recovery and net present value (NPV), to define the best mode of operation that is straight CO2 injection or water alternating gas (WAG) processes and to show the difference between pure and impure CO2. Moreover, several sensitivity runs were done on the oil price to show minimum profitable value of oil price when applying such a tertiary method in the subject field.The reservoir under study has been producing under a successful water flooding project since May-2010. The recovery factor by the end of water flooding project is predicted as 32%. CO2 flooding processes have started by the end of water flooding. A significant increase in the oil recovery factor was noticed due to applying this method; it reached up to 57%. Comparisons between different modes of operations were shown which showed better results when applying WAG process than that with straight CO2 injection. Moreover; sensitivities were done on the cycle periods in WAG processes and showed increase in the recovery factor with shortening the cycle periods. In addition to a comparison between pure and impure CO2 which showed very close results.

Exploring morphology, layering and formation history of linear terrestrial dunes from radar observations: Implications for Titan

Understanding the morphology and internal layering of large aeolian dune fields through radar observations can provide unique insights into the climatic and geophysical conditions that led to their formation. In this study, we perform a large-scale characterization of the morphology and internal layering of linear dunes in hyper-arid areas on Earth, through utilizing multiple complementary radar datasets (SIR-C imaging, SRTM interferometry-derived elevations and radar sounding or Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)). Linear dune fields in the Egyptian desert are of special interest, due to their significance as planetary analogs to dunes on Mars and Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Satellite radar imagery and elevation data of the region show significant variance in the geomorphology of different dune fields in Egypt. In addition, GPR probing of the first few meters suggests different inner settings in the layering of dunes of different ages in eastern and western Egypt, reflecting different paleo-climatic regimes that led to their formation. Furthermore, our radiometric analysis suggests that dunes with different inner layering arrangement also exhibit different radar backscatter returns as a function of their heights. For relatively younger dunes with a homogeneous inner structure, like the ones in eastern Egypt in the Qattaniya dune field, we observe that sigma0 does not change as a function of the dune height. For relatively older dunes in western Egypt like the Great Sand Sea (Northern (Siwa) and Southern dune fields), we observed a linear correlation between sigma0 and the dune height. Thus, surface properties of dunes like morphology and backscatter variation with height are related to inner characteristics like arrangement of internal layering, relative ages and can be used to infer their depositional history.Linear dunes discovered in the equatorial regions of Titan by the Cassini-Huygens mission are morphologically very similar to these linear dune fields in the Egyptian Sahara. Hence, assessing the variability of morphology and radar backscatter properties of Titan's dunes as a function of their heights can help constrain the ambiguities associated with their internal structure and formation history and provide insights into Titan's paleo-wind regimes.

Prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among natural gas field workers

Objectives This work aimed at studying the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among workers in natural gas fields and studying the relationship between the resultant health disorders and the working conditions. Background Workers at natural gas fields are continuously exposed to numerous hazardous materials and working conditions that place them at continuous risk of injury or death. Participants and methods A cross-sectional study carried out on 172 workers in one of the natural gas fields in Egypt. Results The prevalence of regional musculoskeletal pain was 47.7% in the studied workers. Low back pain was the most prevalent (30.5%), followed by knee pain (17.1%), wrist pain (12.2%), neck pain (11.0%), shoulder pain (8.5%), elbow pain (7.3%), hand pain (6.1%), foot pain (4.9%), and ankle pain (2.4%), respectively. The percentage of musculoskeletal pain was significantly higher in workers with over 9 years' work duration (P = 0.00). Conclusion Musculoskeletal manifestations were prevalent among natural gas field workers due to their exposure to multiple stressors in the workplace. With increasing duration of work, musculoskeletal manifestations become more prominent.

Occurrence of Diverse Recombinant Strains of Potato virus Y Circulating in Potato Fields in Egypt.

Potato is one of the staple crops in Egypt, grown under irrigation almost continuously year-round. Potato virus Y (PVY) has been reported as one of the main viruses affecting potatoes in Egypt, but limited information is available on PVY strains circulating in potato fields in the country. From 2014 to 2016, virus surveys were conducted in several potato-growing governorates of Egypt, and PVY-positive samples were found to represent at least five distinct recombinant PVY strains, including PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi. Whole genome sequences were determined for four isolates representing strains PVY-SYR-III (Egypt7), PVY-261-4 (Egypt11), PVYNTNa (Egypt35), and a novel recombinant named Egypt24 that combined molecular properties of strains PVY-261-4 and PVY-Wilga156var. At least three recombinants found in Egypt in potato were previously found associated with potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD). The identification of multiple recombinant types of PVY in potato in Egypt, including the novel recombinant Egypt24, suggests a wide presence of PTNRD-inducing virus strains in the country.

Field Evaluation of Three Commercial Polyvalent Clostradial Vaccines Used in Sheep

Clostridial diseases are important group of diseases that cause deleterious effects and threating productivity in sheep and goats. It responsible for high mortality and economic losses in small ruminants. The main method for protection against it by vaccination depending on polyvalent vaccines. This study was conducted to evaluate the immune response of three polyvalent vaccines used in veterinary field in Egypt, through measuring of antibodies titers. Twenty sheep were selected in this experiment and divided into 4 groups (A, B and C) plus control one. Each group injected with one vaccine with initial and booster dose. Collected sera were used for estimation of antibodies titers by using of indirect ELISA. The results concluded that vaccines of group A and B induced high immune response in vaccinated sheep in comparison with vaccine of group C.

Biochemical, Hematological and Pathological Effects of Bispyribac Sodium in Female Albino Rats

Bispyribac-sodium (nominee (used extensively as a herbicide in rice fields in Egypt. We investigate the cytotoxic effect of bispyribac-sodium in albino rats that intubated orally with 0, 16.47, 32.94, 65.88 mg/kg of bispyribac-sodium (equivalent to 1/160 1/80 and 1/40 of the LD50 of bispyribac-sodium) for three months twice per week. It was found that bispyribac-herbicide caused non-significant decrease in the body weight gain ratio of albino rats. Moreover, bispyribac-sodium elevated significance levels of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine and LDH. In contrast, bispyribac herbicide decreased significant levels of glucose, cholesterol, total protein and albumin. Bispyribac-sodium showed histopathological changes in liver, lungs, kidney and spleen, but had no significant effect on RBCs count while showing significant increases in leukocyte count. On the conclusions, bispyribac sodium had a toxic effect on liver, lungs and kidney of female albino rats.

Influence of temperature and storage conditions on the hatching behavior of cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae Wollenweber) from Egypt

The cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae has been reported in wheat fields in Egypt; however no information is available on the hatch of second-stage juveniles (J2) from such populations of H. avenae. The aim of this study was to subject five Egyptian populations of H. avenae that were obtained from different regions in the Ismailia Province to different temperatures and storage durations to determine the effects on J2 emergence. The Egyptian populations of H. avenae were compared to a population originating from a different climatic zone in Germany (Grafenreuth, Bavaria). Results showed that the J2 hatching pattern of the Egyptian H. avenae populations did not differ from each other. Although the Egyptian and the German populations of H. avenae hatched primarily between 5 and 20 °C, significant differences in J2 hatching have been observed among them. Highest emergence of J2 of the Egyptian populations was observed between 10 and 15 °C, whereas the highest level of J2 emergence of the German population was between 5 and 10 °C. Storing cysts to 5 °C before incubation at 10 °C stimulated the hatch of the German population of H. avenae significantly compared to the control. Whereas, storing cysts at 20 °C, before incubation at 10 °C, significantly stimulated J2 hatching of the Egyptian populations compared to the control. The J2 hatching behavior of the Egyptian populations of H. avenae was in agreement with reports for Mediterranean ecotypes which have winter activity, while the hatching pattern of the German population was similar to those of the Northern ecotypes with spring activity.

Establishing a Process for Handling Valuable Landscapes: A Comparative Analysis for Managing Historical Parks in Egypt

The preservation of Cultural Heritage in historically rich third world countries is a complex issue. Historical urban parks in particular face various challenges relating to management and evaluation. This paper tackles formulating a pragmatic process for managing historical urban parks in Egypt through a comparative analysis between distinguished foundations in the field. These are UNESCO's World Heritage Convention (Global), Med-O-Med (Intercultural, Mediterranean and ME countries), NPS (National, USA), TCLF (Non-governmental, USA) and Barcelona's City council (Local, Spain). The research is verified through survey among professionals in relevant fields in Egypt, to authenticate the applicability of the recommended proposal.

Losses Assessment in some Egyptian Wheat Cultivars caused by Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis)

Seven Egyptian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars wereevaluated at Kafr El-Hamam Agricultural Research Station,Sharkyia Governorate, Egypt, to stripe rust disease during2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons under artificialinoculation. The evaluation included epidemiological parameters, i.e.final rust severity (%), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC),relative area under disease progress curve (r-AUDPC) and rate ofdisease increase (r-value) as well as yield components, i.e. estimatedand actual percentage loss of 1000 kernel weight and grainyield/feddan. All tested cultivars Gemmeiza-7, Gemmeiza-9,Gemmeiza-10, Gemmeiza-11, Sids-1, Sids-12 and Sids-13 showedsignificant differences in disease parameters and yield components.Fast disease development was observed with Sids-12, Gemmeiza-11and Gemmeiza-7 cultivars. Furthermore, they gave the highest valuesof estimated and actual percentage loss of 1000 kernel weight andgrain yield/feddan compared to the other tested cultivars. On the otherhand, stripe rust development was slow with Gemmeiza-10 andGemmeiza-9 cultivars. They gave the lowest values of estimated andactual percentage loss of the 1000 kernel weight and the grainyield/feddan. Accordingly, there were strong positive relationsbetween epidemiological parameters and yield components during thetwo seasons. The relation between FRS (%) and estimated loss (%) of1000 kernel weight and grain yield/feddan was more stable thanAUDPC, rAUDPC and r-value. Therefore, it can be concluded that theloss (%) of yield/feddan can be predicted from FRS (%). Moreover,the obtained results gave evidence to the importance of chemicalcontrol application in all cultivars against stripe rust diseaseparticularly with Sids-12, Gemmeiza-11 and Gemmeiza-7. It seemsthat these results are reasonable for the explanation of economicthreshold obtained from fungicide applications against stripe rustdisease in wheat fields in Egypt.

THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL COST LEADERSHIP STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The significance of environmental cost leadership strategies emerges as being an approach and a method for resolving the environment's problem within the Arabian aviation companies and how they affect the economics of air transportation in Egypt, and so the Egyptian economy and the society as a whole, leading finally to sustainable development and optimal utilization of potential resources, and keeping at the same time the future coming generations' rights. The study is to be applied on Egyptair Company. For the previous, this research problem is crystallized in that: Arabic airline companies are suffering from ignoring adoption of environmental cost strategies; in particular, cost leadership strategies, which lead into a mystery and non-transparency adoption of the concept of sustainable development for financial and administrative performance; causing consequently several problems and difficulties in the objective measurement of environmental costs and so in turn pricing, operations, marketing etc Research Objectives: This research purpose is to enrich the real life and the scientific research library with the significance of environmental cost strategies as one of the followed environmental strategies for resolving the environment's problem within the Arab airline companies and how they affect the economics of air transportation in Egypt, and so the Egyptian economy and the society as a whole which finally leads to the sustainable development and optimal utilization of potential resources, keeping at the same time the future coming generations' rights, in application on Egyptair Company. This research significance outflows from its handling of one of the important and modern problems encounters presently organizations and business institutions (industrial, service, or commercial) is how to conciliate between reducing environmental pollution rates and attaining a unique excellent level of environmental quality; and in return, reducing environmental costs in terms of the intensifying levels of competition that establishments face currently which leads finally to sustainable development. Research method: First, the Inductive (Librarian – Theoretical)Method: It is counting on a mixture of referential data using the inductive approach and some scientific references that tackle with environmental costs. Second, the Deductive Method: It is used through application on Egyptair Cargo Company and other airline companies; counting on measurement approach, personal interviews, analyzing and deduces results from basic data (primary data) using an investigation form to be distributed on employees to explore the environmental strategies used in Egyptair company and its relation to sustainable development. Research sample: it consists of (32) individuals working in air flight sector, particularly in Egyptair Company, without neglecting other companies working in air flight field in Egypt. The sample is represented in Yemen airline, Turkey Airline, and Jordan Airline. Study Instruments: the researcher has designed an investigation form suits the research purposes and assists testing validity of hypotheses. Study results: That There are significant differences between the financial performance in airlines companies adopting strategy of environmental cost leadership and those didn't adopt that policy. Adopting an environmental costing leadership strategy leads to increase of revenues and profits of the airline companies, reflecting in turn on achieving sustainable development for those companies. Moreover, fostering an environmental costing leadership strategy leads to improvement of the entity's image within community, being reflected also on sustainable development.