Results Of Field Survey Research Articles

Etiology of potato soft rot and blackleg diseases complex in Egypt

Recent observations of increasing incidences of potato plants showing blackleg symptoms have caused serious concern for potato growers and traders in Egypt. Potato plants showing blackleg and soft rot symptoms were sampled from main potato-growing areas in Egypt during three successive seasons. Dickeya spp., Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pectobacterium atrosepticum were successfully isolated and identified from symptomatic potato plants (tubers and stems). The identity of bacterial isolates was reviled by identification methods based on different biological principles: cultural, biochemical and molecular methods. Specific primers targeting different genomic loci were selected for molecular identification, utilizing either conventional or real-time PCR. Multiple species were isolated from some infected samples revealing complex infection, which confirm the complexity and interaction of soft rot and blackleg diseases. Given that no previous reports on Dickeya diseases in Egypt were confirmed since the recent revision of its taxonomy, the result of PCR with Dickeya spp. was furtherly confirmed using DNA sequencing assay. BLASTn analyses of 16S rDNA sequences showed similarity to several species of Dickeya, with 99% nucleotide similarity to strains of, D. chrysanthemi, D. dianthicola and D. solani, respectively. Furthermore, the most commonly identified bacterial pathogen in the tested samples was P. carotovorum followed by P. atrosepticum and Dickeya spp., while P. brasiliense was never detected in any of the collected samples confirmed by real-time PCR assay. The results of such field survey suggested to help the decision makers in Egypt to establish an action plan to face the increasing risk of potato diseases caused by Dickeya spp. for the benefit of Egyptian domestic production.

Mapping of the distribution and development of phytopathogens in wheat and barley by the NextGIS application

There have been carried out the route surveys to assess the development and distribution of the main pathogens of wheat and barley in 57 districts ofKrasnodar,StavropolTerritoriesand Rostov Region. The collection, organization and analysis of information on the damage degree of the production and breeding sowings of these grain crops by the main pathogens was conducted using a single spatial information environment designed by the Russian company “NextGIS”. During the field surveys, there have been included the data on the resistance to causative agents of yellow leaf spot of wheat, wheat Septoria leaf spot, powdery mildew on wheat and barley, rust diseases on wheat and barley, net spot of barley, and brown spot of barley into the program. In addition, while filling in the survey card, there were taken into account the date and time of the assessment, the phase of development of the grain crop, the variety; there was carried out a photographic fixation of the examined plants. In the field, there was used the freely distributed NextGIS Mobile software, installed on mobile digital devices (smartphones) running by the Android operating system. According to the results of field surveys using the NextGIS QGIS full-featured desktop geographic information system there were prepared thematic cartographic materials of the main wheat and barley pathogens in the southern region ofRussia. The collected long-term data of phytosanitary surveys will allow conducting a temporary analysis of the spatial distribution of pathogens in the studied area. This information can be useful for specialists dealing with plant protection, for employees of breeding institutions who develop varieties resistant to economically significant diseases of grain crops. The data can be used also by a wide range of specialists engaged in plant breeding who conduct field surveys and account any parameters of plant conditions, harmful facilities and the environment, as well as by the consumers of such information.

Материалы к фауне инвазивных насекомых Предкавказья

The paper presents results of field surveys conducted in 2015–2019 in the territory of 9 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region, Kabardino- Balkarian Republic, Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, Republic of Ingushetia, Chechen Republic, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Kalmykia within the Ciscaucasian region. 36 species of invasive insects from 6 orders (Mantodea, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera) were registered, of these 1 species ones was first recorded for the fauna of the Ciscaucasia, 15 ones were registered for the first time for North Ossetia, there was 12 such species in the Stavropol Territory, 9 ones in the Chechen Republic, 8 species were first listed for Ingushetia, 5 species first noted for each the Krasnodar Territory and Dagestan respectively, 4 ones – for Rostov Region and Kalmykia respectively, 3 ones – for Kabardino-Balkaria. An annotated list of identified species is given.

Inversion of soil salinity according to different salinization grades using multi-source remote sensing

Soil salt information from unified soil salinity content (SSC) inversion models based on all samples is insufficient for accurate regional SSC monitoring. Here, a method of building SSC inversion models for different salinization grades is proposed, combined with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and Sentinel-2A images. According to different salinization grades, three groups of samples (mild (M), medium-severe (S), and whole (W)) were obtained. Their SSC spectra characteristics, parameters, and quantitative inversion models were analysed, constructed, and compared, based on UAV images, and substituted into different salinization grade areas in Sentinel-2A. The UAV-based models for M and S outperformed those for W; the same trend occurred after substituted into Sentinel-2A images. The inversion results were closer to the field survey results. Models for different salinization grades achieved better regional inversion than those of the whole. UAV-based SSC models can be applied to satellite imagery to invert regional SSC.

Strategi Dalam Memajukan Industri Kreatif Dan Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal (Studi Kasus Industri Kerajinan Seni Desa Tegallalang)

This study was aimed to determine strategies for solving capital and marketing problems, especially handicraft industries in Gianyar Regency. This research was a case study research using descriptive data analysis method, where this method was used to explain a phenomenon that occurs. The object of this research was the art craft industry in Tegallalang Village, Gianyar Regency. Based on the results of field surveys and literature studies, one of the factors that inhibits the empowerment of small craft industries in Bali and Indonesia in general is the lack of modern integrated management to support productivity and innovation in production. The situation that has occurred until now is that there has not been a comprehensive arrangement of the various components that drive small industries. The handicraft industry that mushroomed in Tegallang Village faced a variety of serious problems related to capital, marketing, and the innovations of the production of cepuk woven fabrics themselves. As a handicraft business, the absorption of labor is actually very large. Many rural residents still rely on this craft industry. But the problem of marketing this handicraft is still a problem that is not maximally developed. Based on these problems as for the strategy carried out is by implementing cooperation with partners, one of which is the Bali Partner Institute. Mitra Bali plays a strategic role as a facilitator in empowering craftsmen and developing their entrepreneurial spirit. Craftsmen are motivated to continue to produce designs for handicraft products, market their products overseas, and continually find ways to promote domestic and foreign promotions for their handicraft products. This condition is certainly very conducive for craftsmen to continue to develop their businesses. But for the future steps of the synergy of various parties (government, private sector, tourism actors, and craftsmen themselves) in empowering the handicraft industry, it is very important to develop.

Changes of soil organic carbon stocks from the 1980s to 2018 in northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone

Soil carbon sequestration and potential sequestration are key issues in global carbon research, as the size of the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and their changes over time are important for understanding their role in climate change. In northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone, we compared SOC data derived from 238 sampling sites during China’s National Soil Inventory in the 1980s with the results of field surveys at 644 sites in 2018 to calculate the changes in SOC stocks between the 1980s and 2018. We found that the mean SOC stock to a depth of 30 cm decreased significantly, from 4.48 kg C m−2 in the 1980s to 3.60 kg C m−2 in 2018, and the total SOC stock decreased from 2793.17 Tg to 2248.34 Tg. This amounted to an average decrease of 27.74 g C m−2 yr−1 over the 30-year study period. Furthermore, we used a land use and cover change transition matrix to quantify the amount of SOC change caused by these transitions; the SOC reduction could be mainly ascribed to overgrazing, grassland reclamation for agriculture, and grassland desertification. Large-scale ecological restoration projects have increased SOC reserves, but not enough to compensate for the loss of SOC caused by factors such as desertification and ecosystem degradation. We also performed regression analysis for the relationship between the change in the SOC stock and the rates of temperature and precipitation change. We found that increasing temperature non-significantly decreased SOC, whereas precipitation was significantly (P < 0.05) related to SOC change, but the R2 was very low (0.01). Our analysis suggests that humans have affected SOC in northern China’s agro-pastoral ecotone more strongly than climatic factors.

Land cover identification using Pleiades satellite imagery by comparison of NDVI and BI method in Jatinangor, West Java

Land cover monitoring is important to maintaining human needs and ecological function balance that will be able to observe, analyse, and present land use form. Some methods that can be implemented to this case are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Bare soil Index (BI). Land cover identification is using Pleiades images in 2018 for Jatinangor area, with land cover classes were built in five class, divided by producer’s and user’s accuracy and validated with field survey results. Accuracy of NDVI method is 69.56% with kappa 0.57 also producer’s accuracy is 73.94% water bodies, 84.88% built land, 67.37% open field, 98.79% crops field, and 98.79% vegetation. User’s accuracy in a row for each class are 26.86% 82.78%, 20.01%, 76.15%, and 75.37%. The Accuracy of BI method is 69.17% with kappa 0.52. Producer’s accuracy for each class is 73.28% water bodies, 70.71% land build, 52.83% open filed, 63,04% crop field, and vegetation with 81.29%. User’s accuracy in a row for each class is 17.05%, 81.29%, 21.44%, 65.13%, and 88.54%. Validation of NDVI more fit in the field than BI that can be concluded NDVI has a good result than BI.

Analysis of the Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance of a Thermal Chair for Open Plan Office

The aim of this work is to analyse the thermal comfort and energy performance of a thermal heating chair for open plan office using field experiments, thermal comfort survey and energy simulations. A comprehensive review on the development of thermal chairs was carried out to highlight the present research gaps. The study developed a thermal chair prototype with controllable heating pads, incorporated into the back of the seat and back rest fabric. The field test was carried out in an office building in the UK during the winter. The study showed that the users set the thermal chair temperature between 29-45 °C. The field survey results of the thermal satisfaction survey showed that 19 out of 44 participants felt satisfied before using the device. While after using the thermal chair, the number of satisfied respondents increased to 34. The work also utilised Building Energy Simulation to further assess the thermal comfort and energy performance of the thermal chair. Three cases were simulated: non heated office chair with the zone thermostat maintained at 22 °C, non heated office chair with the zone thermostat at 16-20 °C and thermal chair with the zone thermostat at 16-20 °C.

Construction of a plant spectral library based on an optimised feature selection method

Hyperspectral remote sensing data have great potential for plant classification, monitoring, and mapping due to their considerable spectral information. A spectral library can be used for the automatic interpretation of remote sensing data, which is an efficient tool for the classification of plant species. Given that similar spectral signatures are usually found among different plant species, it is critical to identify plant-sensitive spectral features when constructing a robust plant spectral library. This study proposed an approach to the establishment and application of a plant spectral library based on spectral data from ground objects. It included a spectral feature screening method for plant spectral response and a feature robustness analysis method suitable for monitoring, while unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral imaging data was used to validate mapping results. This study was divided into an urban scenario and an agricultural scenario based on plant composition, and a set of spectral feature sensitivity methods based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) and Jeffries–Matusita (JM) distance was proposed. At the same time, a robust spectral analysis method was developed based on illumination and noise disturbance. The performance of K-nearest neighbour algorithm (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine coupled with a Genetic Algorithm (GA-SVM) for plant classification modelling were compared. Results showed that the spectral indices obtained by sensitivity and robustness screening were effective for plant classification, and the GA-SVM model had the highest accuracy with overall accuracy (OAA) = 0.98, Kappa = 0.98 in the urban scenario, and OAA = 0.97, Kappa = 0.97 in the agricultural scenario. In addition, pixel-based crop classification validation based on UAV hyperspectral imaging also had high accuracy, and the plot level classification results were in good agreement with field survey results. Therefore, it is feasible to use a plant spectral library to assist in monitoring and mapping of plant species using hyperspectral remote sensing images at large scales. The effects of plant growth status, growth stage, and other changes on classification should be further studied. • A framework constructing and applying a plant spectral library was proposed. • Spectral feature screening method for sensitivity and robustness was proposed • The plant spectral library methodology was tested using in-situ and UAV-based data.

The Ancient Routes and New Lycian Inscriptions around Fethiye

The first part of this contribution contains the results of field surveys made in recent years exploring the ancient road network around Fethiye, including the routes between Pinara, Telmessos, Kalynda, Kadyanda, Araxa and Tlos. According to these results, there are two options for the road between Pinara and Telmessos, one through Kabaağaç and Gökben, one over Babadağ. In the article, the second option is suggested for the road recorded in Monumentum Patarense (MP). While the road between Tlos and Telmessos was at first expected to have passed through today’s Seydikemer, the field surveys identified a better option with a course through Çaltıözü, Bozyer ve Esenköy, crossing over an ancient bridge, only a footing-base of which has survived, in today’s Allıkavak. The ancient route between Telmessos and Kalynda mostly follows the modern road between Fethiye and Dalaman, and the localizations of İnlice/Daidala and Şerefler/Kalynda are discussed again. The road between Kadyanda and Telmessos probably led through Eldirek, and the road between Kadyanda and Araxa passed over the ancient bridge in Atlıdere. The route from Kadyanda to Tlos also passed over this bridge and reached Tlos following a course past Kıncılar, Girmeler and Güneşli. Similarly, the road between Araxa and Tlos followed the same route to the south of Atlıdere Bridge.In the second part of the contribution two new Lycian inscriptions are published. One was found at Asarcık (ancient Aloanda) located ca. 7,5 km to the north of Pinara, and the other on the road between Kadyanda and Araxa. The inscription from Aloanda reflects a religious and funerary content. The type of monument cannot be identified with certainty, because half of the stone is missing. The discussion of the inscription has contributions concerning the vocabulary and morphology of the Lycian language. The find spot of the inscription might have been a religious location, because there are no funerary remains from the Lycian period in the spot. It is less likely that inscription has a funerary character, as there was no rock-cut tomb or early sarcophagus at the find spot, though there are several later funerary monuments of these types nearby. The second inscription has the usual content of Inscribed Lycian rock-cut tombs, of which there are many examples. The tomb’s owner cannot be identified for certain, due to the natural erosion of the inscription surface, but the name may be conjectured as be Armazapimi. The owner built the tomb for himself, his wife, his household and for bis mother’s descendants. Besides the regulations for burials, the inscription ends with a closure stating that anyone who violated the burial regulations, should be considered criminally liable to punishment by several Lycian institutions and divinities.

The influence of angled survey lines on 2D ERT surveys using the Wenner (α) array with implications for groundwater exploration in Karoo rocks

Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveying systems typically use standard protocols that assume straight survey lines and collinear electrodes. However, due to the presence of infrastructures and other surface constraints, it is not always possible to conduct 2D ERT surveys along straight lines. When survey lines are angled, the apparent resistivity data are affected for measurements where electrodes occur on either side of the position of the angle, since the assumed distances between some of the electrodes are larger than the true distances. This study investigates the impact of angled survey lines on 2D ERT data and inverse resistivity models for the Wenner (α) array. Theoretical considerations show that measurements along angled survey line are sensitive to resistivity changes at position laterally displaced from the survey line, while both the calculated apparent resistivities and the depths of investigation are affected when electrodes straddle the angle. The resulting errors are, however, small. Even for a large angle of 45°, the errors are smaller than 6.5% for the affected apparent resistivity measurements, and smaller than 3.8% for the median depths. Since the apparent resistivity data and the pseudo-depths are affected by angles in the survey lines, the inverse resistivity models are also affected. Numerical modelling shows that even small input errors may be propagated (both in magnitude and spatially) during inversion, thereby distorting the resulting resistivity models. The distorted inverse resistivity models could lead to the incorrect interpretation of the locations, geometries and orientations of subsurface structures, which could lead to poorly sited production boreholes. The results of field surveys show that apparent resistivity data sets recorded along angled lines may be partially corrected by calculating the true geometric factors and by adjusting the apparent resistivity data accordingly. Significantly improved inverse resistivity models are found for corrected data sets.

The role of waterlogging stress on the distribution of salt marsh plants in the Liao River estuary wetland

The degradation of salt marsh plants due to human activities has accelerated in recent years, and this has decreased the ecological service functions of estuary wetlands and contributed to global climate change. In the threatened Red Beach area within the Liao River Estuary Wetland (LREW) of China, the factors that dominantly affect the distribution of salt marsh plants at large scale are unknown. Here, we used field observations and numerical simulation to identify factors influencing waterlogging stress and its role in the distribution of salt marsh plants (Suaeda heteroptera) in the LREW. Remote sensing image interpretation was then used to validate the results of the numerical simulation. Based on our field observations, the density of salt marsh plant communities may be highly sensitive to waterlogging. A hydrodynamic model was then used to reproduce the waterlogging distribution of the LREW. The distribution of the salt marsh plants was indirectly simulated by referencing the relationship between plant density responses to waterlogging. The simulation method proved consistent with remote sensing results. Our results show that the plant communities investigated here exhibited clear differences in density and inhabited environments based on waterlogging and soil salinity characteristics. S. heteroptera in the LREW can grow with 1.56–2.87 h/d of waterlogging. Our numerical model again confirmed this range and was consistent with field survey results. Based on these observations, drought tolerance and inundation tolerance determined the upper and lower boundaries of S. heteroptera distribution, respectively. Differences in waterlogging regimes that are suitable for growth resulted in a strip-shaped distribution of the salt marsh plants. Given the diverse threats posed by changing estuaries and coasts, our study provides a methodological framework for evaluating the distributions of salt marsh plants, in addition to baseline data to inform the protection and restoration of wetland plants.

Modelagem numérica do uso do ground penetrating radar na investigação de defeitos em pavimentos flexíveis

Em geral os defeitos em pavimento são identificados quando tornam-se visíveis a olho nu, sendo diagnosticados por meio de métodos destrutivos e de modo amostral. O ground penetrating radar (GPR) é um método de investigação não destrutiva (IND), utilizado no pavimento desde a década de 1970. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a importância da modelagem numérica ao se trabalhar com GPR para a investigação de defeitos em pavimentos e suas gêneses utilizando o método das diferenças finitas no domínio do tempo no simulador numérico gprMax. Foram modelados levantamentos em três cenários: ausência de defeitos aparentes; afundamento por consolidação em trilha de roda e presença de tapa-buraco. As respostas obtidas por modelagem foram comparadas aos resultados dos levantamentos de campo. Como contribuição do artigo pode-se demonstrar a importância da modelagem como ferramenta na formação de profissionais; no planejamento dos serviços de campo, além de facilitar a interpretação dos dados.

Noninvasive survey technology for LNAPL-contaminated site investigation

Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) usually move through the vadose zone not in a homogeneous spread manner but in the form of disconnected blobs, and they remain in the pores of porous media. A major challenge in remediating an NAPL-contaminated site is to detect and delineate the distribution of NAPLs. Geophysical technologies could act as investigating methods for sites with limited resources and time constraints. Based on the principle of magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method, in this study, we applied an electric current flow pattern and its resulting magnetic field to develop a new application for contaminated site investigation. The physical phenomena about the magnetic distribution, the flow pattern of electric current, and the influence of different media in packed sand were observed via sandbox experiments. A field test was performed at a light NAPL (LNAPL)-contaminated site by combining the magnetic field survey and a soil sample analysis. Two potential contaminated zones were determined according to the specific characteristics of the contour image plotted according to the magnetic field intensity collected on the ground. The quantitative results of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) of 18 soil samples were used to verify the results of the magnetic field survey. The comparison results revealed that we obtained a high accuracy of 92.9% in the field test, which indicated that this technology could be used to investigate LNAPL-contaminated sites. Moreover, two phenomena, the scale effect led to poor resolution and the behavior of flow pattern disturbance distorted the survey images, were observed in both the sandbox experiment and the field test.

Studies on the threshold density of Phragmites australis plant concentration as a factor of hydraulic interactions in the riverbed

The paper features the results of numerical analyses and field survey concerning the density threshold for concentration of Phragmites australis plants in the aspect of its impact on hydraulical flow conditions in the river. Simulations were performed for a typical vegetation concentration mapped from representative natural rivebed of Sleza River (Lower Silesia/Poland). The numerical model was constructed, which was calibrated on the basis of field survey conducted with use of hydrometric current meter and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). For given fixed spatial configuration (of the area) of analysed riparian plant community, in numerical model, the community density was altered by i.a increase of stems distribution density. Such boundary measure of plant concentration (density) was sought, that after it is exceeded, the flow through the plant community is negligibly small in comparison to dominant stream circumfluenting the plant „obstacle”. The analysis was also conducted on variable and dependent on vegetation density hydraulic interactions between the vegetation zone and water stream in river. Knowledge of boundary density for particular vegetation species in riparian zones can be used in ecological engineering, especially in proecological river regulation. The conservation practices can be performed in the riverbed that allow to keep vegetation communities, interfering only its density and by that there is an opportunity to control the riverbed processes.

Holocene activity and seismic hazard analysis of faults in Damxung, Tibet

Based on interpretation of remote sensing and geological field survey result, three secondary faults are distributed in parallel in Damxung of the southeastern piedmont fault of Nyainqentanglha mountain, which form landform profile across normal faults of graben due to cut platform margin of grade I terrace scarp formation. Through researching the displacements and the collected sediments dates, it is obtained that the horizontal slip rate is about 0.6 mm/a (millimeter per year), and the vertical slip rate is about 1.7 mm/a since 4 ka B.P. (kilo years before present). The northern margin of Damxung basin is a seismic gap, which continuously accumulated strain energy is not released in the M7.5 Damxung earthquake and the M8.0 Yangbajain earthquake. The fracture length of the seismic space can be regarded as the minimum length of potential surface rupture. The maximum moment magnitude of potential earthquakes is at least M6.8.in northern margin of Damxung basin the normal fault magnitude estimation formulas from Wells and Coppersmith (Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(4):974–1002, 1994).

Investigation of Longitudinal Cracking in Widened Concrete Pavements

Widened slabs, widely employed in many US states in concrete pavements, have suffered from unexpected longitudinal cracks. These cracks suddenly appeared within 0.60 m to 1.20 m from widened slab edges and could be detrimental to the long-term pavement performance. The primary objective of this study was to identify possible causes for such longitudinal cracking observed on widened concrete pavements. Both field investigation and Finite Element Analysis were performed. Degrees of curling and warping were measured using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner. Concrete cores were also extracted to achieve a better understanding of how the cracking had developed. Field survey and numerical simulation results indicate that such longitudinal cracks could be primarily caused by a combination of excessive traffic loads, a high degree of curling and warping, inadequate support from underlying layers, pavement ageing, and skewed joints. It was also found that 4.30 m widened slabs coupled with tied Portland Cement Concrete shoulders outperformed others in terms of producing less cracking, even when they had experienced higher levels of truck traffic. The sites constructed in late afternoons also showed significantly less longitudinal cracks.

Landslide Susceptibility Zone using Frequency Ratio Method in Karangkobar Catchment, Merawu Watershed, Banjarnegara District, Central Java Province

Karangkobar catchment is located in the upstream area of Merawu watershed, classified as one of the most critical watershed in Indonesia. Land use change from forested area to agricultural land has changed the hydrological process in the catchment. A huge landslide disaster has occurred at the end of 2014 and causing 95 people deaths. It is important to have a landslide susceptibility map for disaster risk mitigation in this area. The purpose of this study is to apply the frequency ratio method to analysis the landslide susceptibility in Karangkobar catchment. Actual landslide data is obtained from the results of field survey. Frequency ratio method is used to assess the landslide susceptibility using 70% of total landslides data while 30% is used for model validation. The results shown that the highest FR value is found in the distance from the road at range of 0-25 m, distance from the river at range of 100-125 m, flat curvature and garden land use. The broad percentage of low landslide susceptibility is 38%. moderate susceptibility is 48% and high susceptibility is 14%. The results of validation for landslide susceptibility showed that the resulting susceptibility model is very effective for assessing the landslide susceptibility.

Mapping Forest Vertical Structure in Gong-ju, Korea Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Images and Artificial Neural Networks

As global warming accelerates in recent years, the frequency of droughts has increased and water management at the national level has become very important. In particular, accurate understanding and management of the forest is essential as the water storage capacity of forest is determined by forest structure. Typically, data on forest vertical structure have been constructed from field surveys that are both costly and time-consuming. In addition, machine learning techniques could be applied to analyze, classify, and predict the uncertainties of internal structures in forest. Therefore, this study aims to map the forest vertical structure for estimating forest water storage capacity from multi-seasonal optical satellite image and topographic data using artificial neural network (ANN) in Gongju-si, South Korea. For this purpose, the 14 input neurons of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), two types of normalized difference water index (NDWI), two types of Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDre), principal component analysis (PCA) texture, and canopy height average and standard deviation maps were generated from Sentinel-2 optical images obtained in spring and fall season and topographic height maps such as digital terrain models (DTM) and digital surface models (DSM). The training/validation and test datasets for the ANN model were derived from forest vertical structures based on field surveys. Finally, the forest vertical classification map, the result of ANN application, was evaluated by creating an error matrix compared with the field survey results. The result showed an overall test accuracy of ~65.7% based on the number of pixels. The result shows that forest vertical structure in Gong-ju, Korea can be efficiently classified by using multi-seasonal Sentinel-2 satellite images and the ANN approach.

Mapping and Development Strategy of Small and Medium Food Industry in the Province of Jakarta

The growth of small and medium industries in Indonesia has generally been predicted to be decreased. Almost all the Small and Medium Industry sector as well as the SME’s Food in the DKI Jakarta Province. However, the SME’s Food development program still seems to be not optimal, the competitiveness of SME’s Food in DKI Jakarta is still relatively weak if it is to be compared to SME’s Food in other Regions or Countries. One of the problems is the lack of mapping and strategies that still exists in the development of the food SME’s in DKI Jakarta. This mapping must be done internally and externally so that it can describe the right strategy to develop food SME’s in DKI Jakarta. The purpose of this study was to carry out mapping and strategy for the development of SME’s Food in DKI Jakarta. The data used includes primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from the results of field surveys through interviews, observations, questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Both of the Central and DKI Jakarta Provinces were both at the Central and DKI Jakarta. The strategy for developing SME’s Food in DKI Jakarta was developed using the SWOT method. The results of the analysis show that supporting the aggressive growth policy (Strength Oriented Strategy) where Strengths are the scale of the business of SME’s with the support of capital access for the Food Industry in DKI Jakarta.