Field Pea Research Articles

Response of field pea genotypes to the infestation of Adzuki bean beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) under different soil fertility regimes and locations in Ethiopia

Response of field pea genotypes to the infestation of Adzuki bean beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) under different soil fertility regimes and locations in Ethiopia

Symptomless turnip yellows virus infection causes grain yield loss in lentil and field pea: A three-year field study in south-eastern Australia.

Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) is a damaging virus that is persistently transmitted by aphids and infects a wide range of grain hosts including lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L., oilseed rape). Although information is available about the effects of TuYV infection on grain yield in canola, data about its impact on yield in pulses is lacking. In this study, field experiments quantifying the effects of TuYV infection on the grain yield of lentil and field pea were conducted over three consecutive years (2018-2020) with varying weather conditions. Plants artificially inoculated with TuYV using viruliferous green peach aphid (Myzus persicae, Sulzer) were grown under typical field conditions in south-eastern Australia. At maturity, grain yield, along with associated grain and plant growth parameters, were measured. Compared to the non-inoculated control treatment, early TuYV infection reduced grain yield by up to 36% in lentil and 45% in field pea, while late TuYV infection had no significant impact on yield. Despite a high incidence of TuYV infection and significant yield losses recorded in inoculated plots, no obvious symptoms of virus infection were observed in the inoculated plots in any of the six experiments; this lack of visible symptoms in lentil and field pea has significant implications for crop health assessments, demonstrating the importance of testing for virus instead of relying solely on the presence of visual symptoms, and may also be leading to an underestimation of the importance of TuYV in pulses in Australia.

Prediction of Protein Concentration in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Systems.

Breeding for increased protein concentration is a priority in field peas. Having a quick, accurate, and non-destructive protein quantification method is critical for screening breeding materials, which the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system can provide. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models to predict protein concentration were developed and compared for DA7250 and FT9700 NIRS systems. The reference protein data were accurate and exhibited a wider range of variation (15.3-29.8%). Spectral pre-treatments had no clear advantage over analyses based on raw spectral data. Due to the large number of samples used in this study, prediction accuracies remained similar across calibration sizes. The final PLSR models for the DA7250 and FT9700 systems required 10 and 13 latent variables, respectively, and performed well and were comparable (R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 1.22, and bias = 0.003 for DA7250; R2 = 0.79, RMSE = 1.23, and bias = 0.055 for FT9700). Considering three groupings for protein concentration (Low: <20%, Medium: ≥20%, but ≤25%, and High: >25%), none of the entries changed from low to high or vice versa between the observed and predicted values for the DA7250 system. Only a single entry moved from a low category in the observed data to a high category in the predicted data for the FT9700 system in the calibration set. Although the FT9700 system outperformed the DA7250 system by a small margin, both systems had the potential to predict protein concentration in pea seeds for breeding purposes. Wavelengths between 950 nm and 1650 nm accounted for most of the variation in pea protein concentration.

Zinc-Based Mineral (ZnSO4·7H2O) and Chelated (Zn-EDTA) Fertilizers improve the Productivity, Quality and Efficiency Indices of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) through Biofortification

BackgroundField pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an essential pulse crop which can offer highly nutritional food to human beings. But, the inadequate availability of nutrients such as Zn could pose a significant threat to public health. Thus, there is a need to improve the food quality parameters and nutrient levels of the crop using biofortification thus, making it beneficial for human consumption. MethodsThis study evaluated the influence of zinc (Zn) foliar application on food quality parameters, yield, Zn concentration and its uptake along with the economics of field pea cultivation. In the experiment, different concentrations of ZnSO4·7H2O and Zn-EDTA at the flowering and bud initiation stage were applied to the field pea. ResultsThe foliar application of ZnSO4·7H2O (1.0%) at the flowering and bud initiation stages (treatment T7) was highly efficient in increasing food quality parameters such as crude fibre, TSS, N, K and protein content with maximum values of 3.02, 20.5, 3.15, 3.41 and 14.97%, respectively. Also, the maximum yields of grain and straw in field pea for treatment T7 were 4840 kg ha−1 and 3275 kg ha−1, respectively. Similarly, the maximum Zn concentration in grain (54.8 mg kg−1) and straw (52.5 mg kg−1) of field pea was observed in treatment T7. Additionally, Zn uptake by grain (214 g ha−1) and straw (167 g ha−1) was the maximum for the treatment T7 involving ZnSO4·7H2O (1.0%). Whereas, grain Zn concentration and uptake decreased in the treatments involving the use of Zn-EDTA due to the formation of the complex resulting in the reduced availability of Zn to crop. ConclusionTherefore, the application of ZnSO4·7H2O (1.0%) at the flowering and bud initiation stage significantly improved the food quality parameters, grain and straw yield, concentration of Zn and uptake over control and could be used to alleviate the Zn deficiency in field pea.

Influence of Different Intensities of Tillage on Physiological Characteristics and Productivity of Crop-Rotation Plants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different intensities of tillage on the physiological characteristics and productivity of plants in crop rotation. Five tillage practices (DP-deep ploughing (22-24 cm); SP-shallow ploughing (16-18 cm); SH-shallow harrowing (8-10 cm); DH-deep harrowing (14-16 cm); and DD-direct drilling) were investigated in a long-term experiment in Dotnuva. The crop rotation was as follows: winter oilseed rape → spring wheat → spring barley → field pea → winter wheat. The simplification of conventional tillage negatively affected the photosynthetic indices of the majority of the crop rotation plants. The most favorable conditions for the photosynthetic processes in the plants were identified in the deep-ploughing treatment. The photochemical activity was negatively influenced and leaf senescence was accelerated under direct drilling. Direct drilling significantly decreased the grain yield of winter oilseed rape, spring wheat, and spring barley by 10.5%, 12.8%, and 17.2%, respectively, compared to deep ploughing. The grain yield of winter wheat was similar under deep ploughing and direct drilling; conversely, under shallow ploughing, shallow harrowing, and deep harrowing, the yield tended to decrease compared to deep ploughing.

Screening of field pea germplasms against their major insect pests of field pea

Screening of field pea germplasms against their major insect pests of field pea

Integration of host resistance and fungicides reduced ascochyta blight pressure and minimised yield loss in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in southern Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Ascochyta blight complex causes substantial yield losses and deteriorates seed quality of field pea worldwide. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of an integrated approach consisting of host resistance and fungicides to reduce ascochyta blight progression and enhance yield performances of field pea for two seasons at Bonke and Chencha, Southern Ethiopia. Three field pea (Bursa, Burqitu and Tegegnech) varieties and three systemic (Carbonchlor, Matico and Othello-Top) fungicides, along with unsprayed controls, were arranged in a factorial randomised complete block design with three replications. Results showed that fungicide treated plots of each variety recorded the lowest progress rate, while control plots of Bursa, Burqitu and Tegegnech recorded the highest rate parameter (0.67, 0.60 and 0.451 units day−1), respectively at Bonke. Terminal mean severities were reduced by up to 24.6–43.7% and 20.1–43.7% due to fungicide applications over unsprayed plots at Chencha and Bonke, respectively. Moreover, triple applications of Othello-Top enhanced grain yield by 211% (Bursa), 204% (Burqitu) and 140% (Tegegnech) as compared to control plots at Bonke. A related pattern was noticed at Chencha areas. Economically, Burqitu with Othello-Top showed the highest net benefit and benefit–cost ratio of $2.35 × 103 ha−1 and 4.77 (Bonke) and 2.27 × 103 ha−1 and 3.76 (Chencha) in that order of presentation, followed by Matico, and found to be the most profitable management option due to monetary advantage; and it could be suggested for field pea growers.

Replacing fallow with field pea in wheat production systems across western Nebraska

AbstractIntegration of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (FP) into dryland cropping systems has increased due to ecological and economic benefits, paired with a growing market for pea‐derived products. Challenges exist in the High Plains that limit the integration of crop rotations to replace fallow periods with FP in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐based systems. This experiment compares chemical summer fallow to FP in a fallow–wheat rotation at two locations in western Nebraska. Soil water content, soil fertility, N mineralization, FP yield, and subsequent hard red winter wheat (HWW) yields were recorded. Subsequent HWW yields were not different between crop sequences (P = .42). The interaction of site‐year with crop sequence explained the HWW yield differences (P = .0005), mostly due to precipitation variability among site‐years. Most soil parameters tested only showed a main effect of date due to temporal changes in soil nutrient cycling. Replacing summer fallow with FP resulted in reduced soil water content, however, that did not result in long‐term moisture deficiency due to crop sequence type. System annualized gross revenue was equal to or greater for 2 site‐years for FP compared with fallow, with an average increase of US$113.15 ha–1. Pea–wheat reduced annualized net losses in 1 site‐year by $70 ha–1 compared with fallow–wheat in the "average" pricing model. Among 3 site‐years and three pricing models, pea–wheat resulted in greater net profit or reduced net losses compared with fallow–wheat in 5 site‐year comparisons.

Replacing fallow with field pea in wheat production systems across western Nebraska

Replacing fallow with field pea in wheat production systems across western Nebraska

Effects of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivars for Mixed Cropping with Oats (Avena sativa L.) on Yield and Competition Indices in an Organic Production System.

The benefits of cereal-legume mixed cropping is a sustainable agricultural practice. However, knowledge of the genotypic differences of semi-leafless pea varieties is not enough to help them compete with cereals. In this study, the effects of Lithuania's newest Pisum sativum cultivars ('Egle DS' and 'Lina DS') and, for comparison, a control cultivar ('Jūra DS') established with Avena sativa in mixed cropping system were investigated. Three years of field trials (2018, 2019 and 2020) with four experiments involved three different mixtures of each field pea cultivar with oat. The aboveground biomass of mixed cropped new field pea cultivars was found to be significantly higher: biomass of cultivars 'Egle DS' increased by 17.0% and 'Lina DS' by 7.2% on average compared with the control cultivar 'Jūra DS'. For the mixed cropping system, statistically greater total aboveground biomass was observed with plant ratios of 50% pea + 50% oat and 60% pea + 40% oat compared to peas monocultures. Mixed cropped oat was the dominant species in all tested mixture compositions; however, the highest total grain yield of mixed crops was obtained when new pea 'Lina DS' and 'Egle DS' cultivars were included in the mixtures compared with the control cultivar. The new pea cultivar 'Egle DS' had a greater effect on protein content compared to other tested pea cultivars. In the new pea cultivars 'Lina DS' and 'Egle DS', the higher photosynthetic capacity and aboveground biomass of mixed cropped pea with oat showed mixture effects in the mixed cropped system and could increase total yield compared with pea monoculture. Generally, the new pea cultivars displayed a greater Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) value, resulting in the greatest yield among the mixtures on average for all three years and all four experiments. Future research could optimize the effects of pea cultivar mixtures with cereals to further improve the yield of organic mixed cropping systems.

Characterization of field pea (Pisum sativum) resistance against Peyronellaea pinodes and Didymella pinodella that cause ascochyta blight.

Ascochyta blight is one of the most destructive diseases in field pea and is caused by either individual or combined infections by the necrotrophic pathogens Peyronellaea pinodes, Didymella pinodella, Ascochyta pisi and Ascochyta koolunga. Knowledge of disease epidemiology will help in understanding the resistance mechanisms, which, in turn, is beneficial in breeding for disease resistance. A pool of breeding lines and cultivars were inoculated with P. pinodes and D. pinodella to study the resistance responses and to characterize the underlying resistance reactions. In general, phenotypic analysis of controlled environment disease assays showed clear differential responses among genotypes against the two pathogens. The released variety PBA Wharton and the breeding line 11HP302-12HO-1 showed high levels of resistance against both pathogens whereas PBA Twilight and 10HP249-11HO-7 showed differential responses between the two pathogens, showing higher resistance against D. pinodella as compared to P. pinodes. OZP1604 had high infection levels against both pathogens. Histochemical analysis of leaves using diamino benzidine (DAB) showed the more resistant genotypes had lower accumulation of hydrogen peroxide compared to susceptible genotypes. The digital images of DAB staining were analyzed using ImageJ, an image analysis software. The image analysis results showed that quantification of leaf disease infection through image analysis is a useful tool in estimating the level of cell death in biotic stress studies. The qRT-PCR analysis of defense related genes showed that partially resistant genotypes had significantly higher expression of PsOXII and Pshmm6 in the P. pinodes treated plants, whereas expression of PsOXII, PsAPX1, PsCHS3 and PsOPR1 increased in partially resistant plants inoculated with D. pinodella. The differential timing and intensity of expression of a range of genes between resistant lines challenged with the same pathogen, or challenged with different pathogens, suggests that there are multiple pathways that restrict infection in this complex pathogen-host interaction. The combination of phenotypic, histochemical and molecular approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the infection process and resistance mechanism of pea plants against these pathogens.

Digestible and metabolizable energy values of faba beans and field peas fed to growing pigs

The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in faba beans (FB) and field peas (FP) fed to growing pigs were estimated by the difference procedure in two experiments using the total collection method. Twenty-four barrows with mean initial body weight (BW) of 20.0 kg (SD = 1.13) and 20.4 kg (SD = 0.56) in the first (Exp. 1) and second experiments (Exp. 2), respectively, were assigned to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. A reference diet was prepared using corn, soybean meal, and soybean oil as the energy-contributing ingredients. Organic FB and DS Admiral FP (FPD) in Exp. 1 and Hampton FP (FPH) and 4010 FP (FP4) in Exp. 2 were included at 30% in the reference diet. In Exp. 1, the determined DE and ME were 3772 and 3606 kcal·kg−1 dry matter (DM) in FB and 3683 and 3589 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, the respective DE and ME were 4164 and 4014 kcal·kg−1 DM in FPH and 3574 and 3467 kcal·kg−1 DM in FP4. In conclusion, the determined ME values for FB and FP were 77% to 90% of gross energy.

AAC Aberdeen field pea

AAC Aberdeen is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) cultivar developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 98 days, 1000-seed weight of 243 g, and a lodging score of 3.3 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC Aberdeen is 20.1%. AAC Aberdeen is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi D.C.) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.).

AAC Julius field pea

AAC Julius is a semi-leafless, yellow cotyledonary field pea ( Pisum sativum L.) variety developed at Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lacombe, AB, Canada. It has a maturity of 100 days, 1000-seed weight of 210 g, and a lodging score of 3.6 on the scale of 1–9. The seed crude protein content of AAC Julius is 24.8%. AAC Julius is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi D.C.) and moderately susceptible to mycosphaerella blight (caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes) and Fusarium root rot (caused by Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. and F. solani).

In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by yellow field pea (Pisum sativum) protein-derived peptides as revealed by kinetics and molecular docking.

Compounds with structural similarities to the neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) are mostly used to inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. However, the existing drugs only alleviate symptoms of moderate to mild conditions and come with side effects; hence, the search is still on for potent and safer options. In this study, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionations of AChE-inhibitory pea protein hydrolysates obtained from alcalase, flavourzyme and pepsin digestions were carried out followed by sequence identification of the most active fractions using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, 20 novel peptide sequences identified from the active fractions were synthesized and five peptides, QSQS, LQHNA, SQSRS, ETRSQ, PQDER (IC50 = 1.53 - 1.61 μg/mL) were selected and analyzed for ability to change AChE protein conformation (fluorescence emission and circular dichroism), kinetics of enzyme inhibition, and enzyme-ligand binding configurations using molecular docking. The kinetics studies revealed different inhibition modes by the peptides with relatively low (<0.02 mM and <0.1 mM) inhibition constant and Michaelis constant, respectively, while maximum velocity was reduced. Conformational changes were confirmed by losses in fluorescence intensity and reduced α-helix content of AChE after interactions with different peptides. Molecular docking revealed binding of the peptides to both the catalytic anionic site and the peripheral anionic site. The five analyzed peptides all contained glutamine (Q) but sequences with Q in the penultimate N-terminal position (LQHNA, SQSRS, and PQDER) had stronger binding affinity. Results from the different analysis in this study confirm that the peptides obtained from enzymatic digestion of pea protein possess the potential to be used as novel AChE-inhibitory agents in AD management.

Diversified crop sequences to reduce soil nitrogen mining in agroecosystems

Nitrogen (N) is the primary driver of increased global food supply, but has environmental consequences from both under- and over-fertilisation. While over-fertilisation and reactive nitrogen release onto the environment is widespread in North America and Europe, under-fertilisation and soil mining prevail in South American croplands, calling for novel nitrogen-balancing strategies. The encroachment of soybean-centric, over-simplified cropping systems has eroded ecosystem services in South America. Here we compare the current soybean-centric system in Argentina with seven crop sequences in two long-term experiments started in 2008. Our aim was to identify alternative, more diverse crop sequences to maintain productivity and profitability with a close to neutral apparent N balance of the agroecosystem in two contrasting soils, i.e., a Mollisol and a Vertisol. Crop sequences combined locally adapted crops – soybean, maize and wheat for grain, field pea as cover crop – in a range from monocultures to complex sequences including all four crops. Crop sequence returned a 2.2–3.1-fold variation in productivity (from 4.7 to 10.9 Mg ha-1 in the Mollisol and from 3.4 to 9.9 Mg ha-1 in the Vertisol), 1.5-fold variation in profitability (from 0.92 to 2.14), variation in nitrogen balance from soil mining at − 35 kg N ha-1 year-1 to excess at 17 kg N ha-1 year-1, and a variation in nitrogen use efficiency at crop sequence level (NUEs) from 0.7 to 1.2 in both soil types. High soybean proportion reduced the NUEs and grain productivity of crop sequences. More complex crop sequences, i.e. including three/four crops, showed an N surplus and a similar grain yield than maize monoculture in both soils. The inclusion of maize into crop sequences with high cropping intensity increased both yield and NUEs. We identify new crop sequences that meet three conditions: high productivity and profitability, a close-to-neutral nitrogen balance, and a high nitrogen-use efficiency. These insights allow for alternatives to the current, unsustainable trajectories of simplified soybean-based systems that also avoid the path of over-fertilisation followed by cropping systems elsewhere.

Genetic Variability in Quantitative Traits of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes at Bekoji District, Ethiopia

For resource-poor Ethiopian farmers, field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the main source of protein. To increase the productivity of the crop and support farmers, the development of yield and disease-resistant varieties is an important activity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine genetic variability and associated agronomic traits among field pea genotypes. A total of 49 field pea genotypes were evaluated at Bekoji in 2020 using a simple lattice design. Analyses of variance were performed on the morpho-agronomic data collected. Most traits were significantly different among genotypes, except pod per plant, pod length, and seed per pod. Variations in genotypes for grain yield ranged from 412 to 4498 kg ha-1. EH 010011-3, EH 05048-5, and EK 08017-3 were the genotypes with the most yield advantage over Bursa (3714.0 kg ha -1), with yield advantages of 21.11, 1.13, and 1.19%, respectively, over the highest yielding check variety. Genotype EH 010011-3 showed the highest mean grain yield of 4498 kg/ha. Phenotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 2.33% for days to maturity to 29.40% for thousand seed weights, whereas genotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 2.20% to 24.31% for days to maturity. In general, the estimated broad sense heritability ranged from 63.85% for harvest index to 89.21% for days to maturity. The genetic advance as a percentage of mean ranged from 4.28% for days to maturity to 42.16% for grain yield. The study showed that field pea genotypes exhibit reasonable genetic variation, which could be used to develop breeding programs.

Variation in Root Nutrient Content in Different Field Pea Germplasms Infected with Root Knot Nematode

This study was conducted in the Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture, OUAT. The experiment was designed using completely randomized completely randomized design (CRD) with different combinations of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and leguminosarum strain of rhizobium in the three field pea germplasms, which are resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible against the root knot nematode infection. Different combination of interaction between root knot nematode and rhizobium affect the nutrient content likely nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of the roots of field pea germplasms. Different combination of interaction between root knot nematode and rhizobium shows the decreased trend of nutrient uptake than that of only rhizobium treated plants

Pulse-included diverse crop rotations improved the systems economic profitability: evidenced in two 4-year cycles of rotation experiments

In the recent past, pulse crops have become increasingly important to agricultural producers as they contribute significantly to the economy. However, the research surrounding the economics of pulse crops is limited. This study determined the net returns and risks of 14 different rotations with various frequencies and sequences of pulse crops and quantified the long-term economic effects. An 8-year field experiment (two 4-year rotation cycles) was carried out at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and Brooks, Alberta, Canada, during 2010–2019. The crops in the rotation included spring and durum wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (W), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) (P), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (C), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) (L), and Oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.) (M). Net revenue was estimated and a simulation model was used to conduct the risk-return analysis. Net revenue was significantly different among the 14 rotations, where rotations with either high frequencies of lentil or diverse crops generated the highest net income. More diverse rotations such as P-M-L-W or L-C-P-W provided net income that were statistically comparable to the L-L-L-W rotation and were significantly greater than wheat monoculture systems. Risk analysis suggested that neutral or slightly risk averse producers may select rotations with higher frequencies of lentils, whereas more risk averse producers may prefer more diverse rotations. Inclusion of pulses in a rotation as preceding crops had a positive economic impact on the following non-pulse crops and reduced nitrogen cost by 37%, which can lead to a low carbon footprint. Long-term studies with comprehensive datasets are rare and here for the first time we had two full 4-year cycles of experimental data for 14 diverse rotations at three sites, enabling us to make sound conclusions—adopting diverse cropping rotations that include pulses, especially lentil, can reduce economic risks and improve farm profitability.

Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Quality of Field Pea During Ambient Storage

Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Seed Quality of Field Pea During Ambient Storage