Field Operational Test Research Articles

Volunteered Geographic Information for Enhanced Marine Environment Monitoring

The ability to detect and monitor oil spills at sea is becoming increasingly important due to the high demand of oil-based products. Remote sensing frameworks have been proven to give accurate results in case of major events; nonetheless, also medium and micro oil spills have their own importance, especially in protected areas that deserve special attention. In this paper, we propose a monitoring framework based on the collection of in situ observations and on their integration with remote sensing in order to fill out existing observational gaps. In particular, besides the data collected by special monitoring devices, in situ observations include volunteered geographical information as an additional source of valuable data. Oil spill sights, notified by volunteers through a specially-designed app, are integrated in the monitoring system and therein processed together with remote sensing data in order to proactively detect anomalous events and produce alerts. Field operational tests in two areas demonstrate the technical validity of the approach, while users’ reception testifies to its potential in raising people’s awareness on marine pollution.

The effect of gender, occupation and experience on behavior while driving on a freeway deceleration lane based on field operational test data

Deceleration lanes improve traffic flow by reducing interference, increasing capacity and enhancing safety. However, accident rates are higher on these interchange segments than on other freeway segments. It is important to attempt to reduce traffic accidents on these interchange segments by further exploring the behavior of different types of drivers on a highway deceleration lane. In this study, with field operational test (FOT) data from 89 driving instances (derived from 46 participants driving the test road twice) on a typical freeway deceleration lane, section speed profiles, vehicle trajectories, lane position and other key parameters were obtained. The lane-change characteristics and speed profiles of drivers with different genders, occupations and experiences were analyzed. The significant disparities between them reflects the risk associated with different groups of drivers. The study shows that male drivers changed to the outside lane earlier; professional drivers and experienced drivers made the last lane change as early as possible to enter the deceleration lane; and the speed of the vehicles entering the exit ramp was significantly higher than the speed limit. This research work provides ground truth data for deceleration lane design, driver ability training and off-ramp traffic safety management.

Proposal of a new virtual evaluation approach of preventive safety applications and advanced driver assistance functions – application: AEB system

This study presents a new virtual evaluation approach of preventive safety applications and advanced driver assistance functions. The approach identifies the worst-case scenarios for a given advanced driver assistance function, AEB system in this study, based on field operational tests (FOT) [safety pilot model deployment (SPMD), in this study]. The authors begin with a description of the studied AEB system and a synthesis of the most relevant tests scenarios. Then, they model the distribution of each test parameter retrieved from the SPMD database by applying two estimation methods (kernel method and expectation-maximisation algorithm). A comparison was made between the two methods to choose the best one. These distributions are then sampled using the proposed sampling strategy based on Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Then, the idea is to take the samples of each parameter retrieved with this sampler, simulate them on a vehicular software simulator (PreScan) and to get their simulation results. For each test and in case of impact, a proportional score to the speed of impact reduction is attributed. Finally, a risk classification is done based on the scoring results which allows to recover high and very high-risk cases to build a set of worst-case scenarios.

Development of Independent Basic Training Model Based on Early Childhood Teacher Competency in Kubu Raya Regency

<p>In carrying out its duties and functions, early childhood teachers must meet the qualifications and competencies required in accordance with PERMENDIKBUD no. 137 of 2014 on the National Standards of Early Childhood Education. But in fact of early childhood teachers have varying variations in qualification and competence. Still found educators who are elementary education, but so many educators who have secondary education (high school or vocational school) and very few who have diploma and graduate education, although not relevant/appropriate with the field of education of early childhood. It is necessary to design a basic level tiered training that can be used by the organizers that are effective and efficient to overcome these problems. The purpose of this study is to develop the basic training model based on the competence of early childhood teachers in Kubu Raya. This study includes a type of research development with reference to the opinion of Borg & Gall. Products developed based on preliminary research are basic competency-based training and training. The test subject in this research is subject of expert, that is expert in the field of Early Childhood Education training, as well as subject of the basic training participants as potential users of the product. The determination of participant subjects for operational field test amounted to 19 teachers of Kubu Raya. Data collection techniques were conducted by questionnaire. The questionnaire is used to assess the training design that is developed in terms of needs analysis, the preparation of training programs, recruitment of participants, preparing training plans, trainers, training facilities, training schedules and administration. Data were analyzed descriptively, quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that, on field trial of basic education model based on the competence of early childhood teachers in Kubu Raya included in the effective category. The result of calculation of posttest result distribution shows the dominant calculation is effective as many as 10 people or 53%. Thus, the basic training model based on the competence of the development result is feasible to be used by the basic training provider for teachers.</p>

Pengembangan Buku Ajar Konsep Sains Berbasis Quantum Learning

Teaching books as one of the important components in the learning process, including in college. This study aims to produce feasibility and effective teaching books of science concept based on quantum learning for primary school students. This research uses R&D based on Borg & Gall with the steps: (1)research and information collecting; (2) planning; (3)develop preliminary form product; (4) preliminary field testing; (5) main product revision; (6) main field testing; (7) operationalproduct revision; (8) operational field testing; (9) final product revision; and (10) dissemination. Results show that teaching books of science concept based on quantum learning feasible from the material aspect of 89,16%, presentation aspect by 93,05%, and linguistic aspect of 91,67%. Textbooks of Quantum Learning-based Science Concepts are effective to improve activity and student learning outcomes. Learning activity of 88,57 % and classical completeness of 91,42%. This teaching book gives student opportunity chance to acquire many learning experiences needed as elementary school teacher’s candidate

Physics Module Design of Measurement Subject under Constructivism Approach

This aim of the research is to make valid, practical, and effective constructivism learning. The development of constructivism learning module applies Borg's research procedure theory, basically consisting of: (1) preliminary study and data collection, (2) planning, (3) developing initial product, (4) limited testing, (5) revising product (6) conducting field tests, (7) revising the operational product, (8) conducting operational field tests, (9) revising the final product, and (10) eliminating and implementing the product. This module is for class X students on the subject of measurement. Students will be able to learn independently by constructivist principles. The results of this study include (1) Creation of constructivism learning module from requirement analysis, module design, expert validation, small-scale module test revision, large-scale module test revision. (2) the feasibility of constructivism learning module that includes physics constructivism learning module on measurement material in the expert test included in the valid category and without revision with percentage level 76%. Student responses on the small-scale test as well as large-scale test get the positive response.

Evaluation of eco-driving systems: A European analysis with scenarios and micro simulation

In recent years, various field operational tests (FOTs) have been carried out in the EU to measure the real-world impacts of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). A challenge arising from these FOTs is to scale up from the very localised effects measured in the tests to a much wider set of socio-economic impacts, for the purposes of policy evaluation. This can involve: projecting future take-up of the systems; scaling up to a wider geographical area – in some cases the whole EU; and estimating a range of economic, social and environmental impacts into the future. This article describes the evaluation conducted in the European project ‘ecoDriver’, which developed and tested a range of driver support systems for cars and commercial vehicles. The systems aimed to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption by encouraging the adoption of green driving behaviour. A novel approach to evaluation was adopted, which used scenario-building and micro-simulation to help scale up the results from field tests to the EU-28 level over a 20 year period, leading to a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) from both a societal and a stakeholder perspective. This article describes the method developed and used for the evaluation, and the main results for eco-driving systems, focusing on novel aspects, lessons learned and implications for policy and research.

PEMBERDAYAAN KEMAMPUAN BERWIRAUSAHA KELOMPOK PENGANGGURAN PERKOTAAN

The purpose of this study was to make a device of the development of an entrepreneurship training, develop a model of theentrepreneurship training, and create the material ofentrepreneurship training for the employment of joblesstownspeople. The study employed research and development as themethod and used qualitative and quantitative approaches as themethods of analyses. After a series of try-outswere conducted, thereal field operational test was performed by using a pre-test andpost-test design. The data were collected through interviews,participative observations, intensive discussion, documentationstudy, and questionnaires. A mark-test was utilized for thedescriptiveand inferential statistical calculations. Findings of thestudy consisted of a design of the entrepreneurship training devicefor the applicant of the fresh entrepreneur group in the city, a modelof entrepreneurship training for the employment of joblesstownspeople, an entrepreneurship training material modulefor theemployment of joblesstownspeople, and an effective model ofentrepreneurship training and material for the employment ofjobless townspeople.

Cross‐regional driver–vehicle interaction design: an interview study on driving risk perceptions, decisions, and ADAS function preferences

A cross-regional study of driving behaviour and technological preferences in typical driving scenarios, especially dangerous pre-crash scenarios, is presented as a contribution to the user experience design of in-vehicle driver assistance functions. Data from 46 participants are collected by one-to-one interviews following viewing of 11 video clips previously obtained from naturalistic field operational tests and representative of typical real driving scenarios. Six questions relating to each driving scenario are asked to reveal the differences between Chinese drivers and Swedish drivers. The results show similarities and differences in driving risk perceptions, decisions, and preferences concerning the assistance and specifics of potential advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) functions of drivers in China and Sweden. The preferences for assistance and ADAS functions are found to be correlated with relative driving risk perceptions and decisions in typical driving scenarios for both country groups. Based on the results, some suggestions for the design of driver–vehicle interactions for Chinese drivers are presented.

Performance Assessment of IEEE 802.11p with an Open Source SDR-Based Prototype

We present a complete simulation and experimentation framework for IEEE 802.11p. The core of the framework is a Software Defined Radio (SDR)-based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transceiver that we validated extensively by means of simulations, interoperability tests, and, ultimately, by conducting a field test. Being SDR-based, the transceiver offers important benefits: It provides access to all data down to and including the physical layer, allowing for a better understanding of the system. Based on open and programmable hardware and software, the transceiver is completely transparent and all implementation details can be studied and, if needed, modified. Finally, it enables a seamless switch between simulations and experiments and, thus, helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Comparing the transceiver’s performance with independent results from simulations and experiments, we underline its potential to be used as a tool for further studies of IEEE 802.11p networks both in field operational tests as well as for simulation-based development of novel physical layer solutions. To make the framework accessible to fellow researchers and to allow reproduction of the results, we released it under an Open Source license.

Developing Computer-Assisted Instruction Multimedia For Educational Technology Course of Coastal Area Students

This research aims to a) identify instructional software (interactive multimedia CDs) by developing Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) multimedia that is eligible to be used in the instruction of the Educational Technology course; b) analysis the role of instructional software (interactive multimedia CDs) on the Educational Technology course through the development of Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) multimedia to improve the quality of education and instructional activities. This is Research and Development (R&D). It employed the descriptive procedural model of development, which outlines the steps to be taken to develop a product, which is instructional multimedia. The number of subjects of the research trial or respondents for each stage was 20 people. To maintain development quality, an expert in materials outside the materials under study, an expert in materials who is also a Educational Technology lecturer, a small groupof 3 students, a medium-sized group of 10 students, and 20 students to participate in the field testing took part in this research. Then, data collection instruments were developed in two stages, namely: a) developing the instruments; and b) trying out instruments. Data on students’ responses were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics with percentage and categorization techniques. Based on data analysis results, it is revealed that the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) multimedia developed and tried out among students during the preliminary field testing falls into the “Good” category, with the aspects of instruction, materials, and media falling into the “Good” category. Subsequently, results of the main field testing among students also suggest that it falls into the “Good” category, with the aspects of instruction, materials, and media falling into the “Good” category. Similarly, results of the operational field testing among students also suggest that it falls into the “Good” category. Thus, it can be concluded that quality of the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) multimedia developed in this research falls into the “Good” category viewed from the aspects of instruction, materials, and media. In other words, overall, the quality of this multimedia belongs to the “Good” category.

DEVELOPING TASK-BASED LEARNING MODEL FOR LANGUAGE TEACHING MEDIA COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

Language Teaching Media is one of the obligatory courses for the fifth semester students in the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. It provides the students with theories on language teaching media and opportunities to create innovative teaching media. This study aims to develop a learning model for Language Teaching Media course. Therefore, this study uses Research and Development method proposed by Borg Galls. There are ten steps in the Research and Development method, namely: (1) Research and Information Collecting, (2) Planning, (3) Developing Preliminary Form of Product, (4) Preliminary Field Testing, (5) Main Product Revision, (6) Main Field Testing, (7) Operational Product Revision, (8) Operational Field Testing, (9) Final Product Revision and (10) Dissemination and Implementation. Since the aim of this study is to develop the learning model for Language Teaching Media Course, only three out of ten steps of the RD model were employed, namely: Research and Information Collecting, Planning, and Developing Preliminary Form of Product. The developed learning model would be useful to enable the students to develop and utilize media to facilitate language teaching using their creativity and innovation.DOI:doi.org/10.24071/llt.2018.210104

I-invertebrata as an android-based learning media for molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms identification and its influence on students' motivation

In Zoology course, students often have difficulty to identify several invertebrates. Android-based learning media is currently an alternative way of solving some problems during the learning process. Therefore, android-based learning media that assist students to identify invertebrates was developed in this study. This research method used to research and development model (R&D) developed by Borg and Gall (1983) that consisting 10 steps, that are research and data collection; planning the educational product; developing the product's preliminary form; initial field testing; the first revision of main product; main field testing; operational product revision; operational field testing; final product revision; and dissemination. The validation results from the material expert I, material expert II, and media experts were 96.6%; 94.3%; and 94.7%, respectively. That results concluded I-Invertebrata was feasible for use in learning but requires minor revision. Furthermore, the results of quasi-experimental research that was analyzed by using analysis of covariance test showed the learning motivation of students who use I-Invertebrata is significantly higher than students who do not use I-Invertebrata.

A field operational test in China: Exploring the effect of an advanced driver assistance system on driving performance and braking behavior

Various advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have been developed to improve drivers’ behavior and perceptual ability; however, whether these ADAS have any measurable effect on driving performance needs to be verified by field operational tests. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ADAS on Chinese drivers as well as any possible influences of roadway type, gender and experience on driving performance, which can be measured by several variables, including longitudinal, lateral and braking behavior. The ADAS used in this study was a Mobileye M630 with forward collision warning (FCW) and lane departure warning (LDW) functions. Thirty-two participants were recruited to drive a vehicle equipped with Mobileye M630. Participants drove the same test route twice. The route consisted of a 12 km urban road, 34 km urban expressway and 45 km freeway as well as a 14 km adaption road. Vehicle dynamics, environmental information and driving operational data was recorded by CAN (Controller Area Network) bus and video cameras. The results show that ADAS significantly affects braking behavior. Braking time increased and relative speed decreased when drivers were exposed to ADAS. The ADAS also significantly affects several longitudinal behaviors, including the longitudinal deceleration and time headway (THW). The occurrence of critically low THW decreased in the experiment. However, there was no significant effect on lateral behavior. Furthermore, driver acceptance of the FCW function was much higher than the LDW function, and acceptance on the expressway and freeway was much higher than on the urban road. The results also reveal the significant influence of road type and experience on driving behaviors. These findings support policy development and technology improvements for future development of ADAS.

The Implementation of Augmented Reality Technology in Teaching Natural Sciences to Improve Elementary Students’ Learning Achievement

In this research, the researcher developed new innovation in natural sciences learning of elementary school by implementing augmented reality technology. The method that used in this research was research and development method based on Borg and Gall theory which consists often stages: 1) research and information collecting, 2) planning, 3) develop preliminary for more product, 4) preliminary field testing, 5) main product revision, 6) main field testing, 7) operational product revision, 8) operational field testing, 9) final product revision, 10) dissemination and implementation. The result of this research is learning media of natural sciences learning in elementary school by utilizing augmented reality technology. Based on the implementation of experiment, it is obtained the data that learning process using augmented reality which is developed can improve the students’ learning achievement.

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR MENULIS CERPEN DENGAN MEDIA STORYBOARD PADA SISWA KELAS X SMA

ABSTRACT
 
 This study was conducted with the aims of (1) developing teaching materials to write short with storyboard media on high school students; (2) make a lesson plan of writing short story with storyboard media at grade X of high school students; (3) implementation of writing short story with storyboard media at rade X of high school students; (4) knowing the effectiveness of teaching materials in writing short story by using storyboard media at grade X of high school students. This study need a development research method adapted from the Borg and Gall development model with 10 stages beginning with needs analysis, planning, initial product development, initial product revision, product trial, product revision, small field trial, revision product, operational field test (large group), final product revision, and product dissemination and implementation. Based on the data analysis, it was concluded that the teaching materials to write a short story with the developed storyboard media was considered feasible and effective to be used as teaching materials for Bahasa Indonesia at Grade X of high school students.
 
 ABSTRAK
 
 Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan: (1) mengembangkan bahan ajar menulis cerpen dengan media storyboard pada siswa kelas X SMA, (2) membuat perencanaan pembelajaran menulis cerpen dengan media storyboard pada siswa kelas X SMA; (3) pelaksanaan pembelajaran menulis cerpen dengan media storyboard pada siswa kelas X SMA; (4) mengetahui keefektifan bahan ajar menulis cerpen dengan media storyboard pada siswa kelas X SMA. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian pengembangan yang diadaptasi dari model pengembangan Borg & Gall dengan 10 tahapan yang diawali dengan analisis kebutuhan, perencanaan, pengembangan produk awal, revisi produk awal, uji coba produk, revisi produk, uji coba lapangan utama (kelompok kecil), revisi produk, uji lapangan operasional (kelompok besar), revisi produk akhir, dan diseminasi dan implementasi produk. Berdasarkan analisis data, disimpulkan bahwa bahan ajar menulis cerpen dengan media storyboard yang dikembangkan dinyatakan layak dan efektif digunakan sebagai bahan ajar bahasa Indonesia kelas X SMA.

A synthetic approach to compare the large truck crash causation study and naturalistic driving data

Truck crashes represent a significant problem on our nation’s highways. There is a great opportunity to learn about crash causation by analyzing and comparing the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) and naturalistic driving (ND) data. These data sets provide in-depth information, but have contrasting strengths and weaknesses. The LTCCS contains information on high-severity crashes (crashes and fatal crashes), but relied on data collected during crash investigations. The LTCCS identified principal driver errors in the crash, such as the Critical Reason, but not detailed behaviors or scenario sequences. The ND data sets relate primarily to non-crashes that are detectable from dynamic vehicle events, such as hard braking, swerve, etc., provide direct video observations of the driver and the surrounding driving scene and precise information on driver inputs (kinematics) and captured events, and provide certain types of exposure data that cannot easily be obtained using crash reconstruction data. The ND data are collected continuously, thereby capturing both safety-critical events and normative driving (i.e., baseline). The current project evaluated large-truck crash data from the LTCCS and two large-truck ND data sets, the Naturalistic Truck Driving Study and the Drowsy Driver Warning System Field Operational Test. A synthetic risk ratio analysis on the associated factor, Following Too Closely, indicated that truck drivers in the LTCCS were 1.34 times more likely to be involved in a crash, than an ND crash-relevant conflict, if they were following too closely (i.e., tailgating). Given several caveats noted in the paper, this study suggests it’s possible to use the ND data set to calculate the exposure of a given behavior and use the LTCCS data set to calculate the crash exposure to the same behavior.

Developing inquiry-based lectora multimedia in order to increase the logical ability and the creative thinking

The study aimed at: (1) developing inquiry-based lectora multimedia which is eligible to increase the logical ability and the creative thinking of the fifth-grade students; and (2) measuring the effectiveness of the inquiry-based lectora multimedia development in increasing the logical ability and the creative thinking of the fifth-grade students. The study was a research and development (R & D) effort. The developmental design of the study was adopted from the procedures proposed by Borg & Gall. In the preliminary field testing, the researcher involved three fifth-grade students from SD Jetis, Bantul. Then, in the main field testing the researcher involved eight fifth-grade students who were not involved in the preliminary field testing. Finally, in the operational field testing the researcher involved 33 students from Grade VA. The product of this study will be an inquiry-based lectora multimedia. Based on the research and development that had been conducted, 117 material experts and 87 learning experts declared that the inquiry-based lectora multimedia development is feasible with “Highly Valid” assessment category. The inquiry-based lectora multimedia development is effective to increase the logical ability and the creative thinking of the fifth-grade students. From the operational field testing, the researcher found that p = 0.003 < 0.050 and this finding implies that there is an increase in the logical ability and the creative thinking of the fifth-grade students who had been taught using the inquiry-based lectora multimedia in comparison to the students who were not taught using the inquiry-based lectora multimedia.

Heterogeneity in the effectiveness of cooperative crossing collision prevention systems

The adoption of a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) cooperative crossing collision prevention system (CCPS) has been recognized as an option for reducing accident risk at intersections. However, the effects of driver characteristics on the general design of CCPSs have remained relatively unexamined. This study was conducted based on a field operational test (FOT) conducted in 2014 that included 64 monitored drivers receiving input from a CCPS and a driving style questionnaire (DSQ) that was administered to all 64 monitored drivers. To provide a better understanding of the various reactions of each driver with different driving styles, we employed both a logistic regression model and a time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors (PCSEs). The impacts of the driver characteristics and driving styles on a surrogate safety measure, namely, time-to-collision (TTC) risk, were modeled. The results revealed that both CCPS information displays and alarms significantly affect the TTC, whereas limited differences were observed when the serial correlations were removed during the FOT. For drivers younger than 65, only drivers who exhibited a natural worrier driving style (one of the eight DSQ classifications) did not benefit from the CCPS; thus, safety at intersections can be improved in practice with a higher CCPS penetration ratio. However, the evaluated CCPS had a limited effect on elderly drivers due to the significant negative effects of most driving styles on the TTC risk; thus, CCPSs should be specifically designed for elderly drivers with various driving styles.

Exploring GLOSA systems in the field: Technical evaluation and results

Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) systems are believed to be able to lower CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, and travel times by avoiding unnecessary stopping at intersections. Approaching vehicles are given speed recommendations based on current and future traffic light signal phase timings. These systems have been widely evaluated by means of simulation and, while most research focuses on the impact assessment of GLOSA along with environmental influences, minor attention was drawn to the holistic technical evaluation of included sub-modules and implementations.In this extended version of our IEEE VNC 2016 publication, we present a holistic concept for the technical evaluation of IEEE 802.11p-based GLOSA systems. We first give a comprehensive survey on GLOSA systems and studies all around the world and identify remaining problems. We introduce metrics to cover the whole spectrum of GLOSA operations and particularly focus on (modeling) problems we encountered in the field that are often not taken into consideration in simulation studies. We demonstrate how this concept can be used to evaluate the real-world GLOSA system tested in the European Commission co-funded field trial DRIVE C2X. Results derived from Field Operational Test (FOT) data show that our metrics are well-suited to assess the performance of the GLOSA system, and also to identify sources of potential problems or bottlenecks.Based on our findings, we argue that most GLOSA simulation studies are too optimistic in terms of communication performance. Lastly, we give recommendations on how real-world GLOSA systems can be further improved to support a sufficient level of performance.