Field Of Water Supply Research Articles

Evaluating a primary healthcare centre's preparedness for disasters using the hospital safety index: Lessons learned from the 2014 floods in Obrenovac, Serbia

Various organizations have endeavored to develop assessment methods for the identification and management of weaknesses in hospital disaster preparedness. Although the largest number of patients receive their regular care at the primary level, there is no internationally validated tool for the rapid safety assessment of primary health care centers (PHC). Flooding accounts for almost 50% of all disasters related to weather, and climate models consider these events as highly probable in the future. In May 2014, heavy rain caused floods affecting around 1.6 million people in Serbia, leaving the municipality of Obrenovac most severely impacted. This paper aims at assessing the safety of PHC Obrenovac using the Hospital Safety Index (HSI), evaluating the usefulness of HSI for safety assessment of PHCs, and drawing lessons from the 2014 floods. PHC Obrenovac had an overall safety index of 0.82, with structural, nonstructural safety, and disaster management indices of 0.95, 0.74, and 0.75, respectively, implying it is likely to function in disasters. A detailed analysis of individual HSI items underlined the necessary improvements in the field of emergency power and water supply, telecommunication, and emergency medical supplies, which rendered the PHC non-functional during the 2014 floods. Most items were considered of same relevance for primary healthcare centers as for hospitals, excluding some items in the medical equipment, patient care, and support services. Fine-tuning the HSI to primary healthcare settings, officially translating it into different languages, facilitating scoring and analysis could result in a valid safety evaluation tool of primary healthcare facilities.

Adaptation Strategies of Sitiarjo Villagers in Water Supply and Sanitation to Face The Health Impacts of Floods

One of the impacts of climate change is the increasing frequency of flood disaster in Sitiarjo Village, Malang Regency. In recent years, the impact of floods in the form of emerging and rising infectious diseases has been suppressed.. Adaptation strategies implemented in disaster management are thought to be influential factors in the success of disaster risk reduction.This study aims to examine in depth the pattern of adaptation applied in the cycle of disaster management in Sitiarjo Village. This study aims to examine in depth the adaptation strategy adopted in the cycle of disaster management in Sitiarjo Village. The research method is qualitative with case study approach. The subjects of research are the elements directly involved in disaster management consisting of Puskesmas Health Workforce, Village Government Officer, Disaster Volunteer, and Community.The results show that the community adaptation strategy has been running well in the context of disaster preparedness which includes: modification of house design, supply of drinking water and clean water, closet closure and air pit in latrines. While in the context of emergency response, each sector has taken the necessary tasks such as medical action and quality recovery of dug wells.The duties of disaster volunteers such as SIBAT and SBH are very important in empowering the community to create a resilient community.There is still a gap in access to information and tools for the recovery of dug wells in some areas.The conclusion that can be drawn is that most people have adopted a good adaptation strategy in the field of water supply and sanitation to face the health impact of flood disaster. To improve the quality of disaster management still needed additional materials and supporting equipment for Puskesmas and community, and capacity building for disaster volunteers.

Consumers’ Preferences and Derived Willingness-to-Pay for Water Supply Safety Improvement: The Analysis of Pricing and Incentive Strategies

With increasing water supply accidents and higher water demand, urban water supply safety (WSS) remains a crucial public policy issue in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) and their preferences to improve WSS in China, to support governments in water regulation policy design and water providers in investment-decisions. A discrete choice experiment method with the consideration of not only attributes of WSS but also attitudinal and demographic variables have been adopted to assess consumers’ WTP and preferences for WSS improvement. The results show that Chinese urban residents are willing to pay a significantly higher price for improved WSS. Demonstrated marginal mean WTP for the change of the attributes range from 0.18 RMB/m3 (0.03 USD/m3) (1 RMB was around 0.154 USD in 2016) for decreased water supply interruption to 2.33 Yuan RMB/m3 (0.35 USD/m3) for improved drinking water quality. Investments in water processing facilities and water distribution networks should come first. Cross-subsidy concerning different developing districts is the most efficient policy instrument. The study contributes to the recent literature not only by introducing attitudinal variables in choice experiment survey in water supply field, but also by revealing the correlation of choice modeling applications in WSS improvement programs.

Modeling features of sustainable urban development in modern conditions of water supply

The purpose of this research is to show that the water supply of territories is the basic factor for the growth of modern cities. Analytical methods of scientific research were used in this study. Analysis of modern water supply was carried out to identify the problems in this area. Nowadays, there have been negative trends in water supply, affecting the growth of cities, which were indicated by the authors as the modern conditions for the sustainable urban development. The problems of modern water supply are: limited access of the population to guarantee sources of water supply, an increased level of environmental pollution, and an inadequate financing in the field of water supply, whose purpose is to provide qualitative water supply services for the consumers. These specific features in a field of water supply complicate the implementation of sustainable urban development concept. Providing sustainable development is impossible without integrated consideration of socio-ecological-economic and natural factors. The result of the study consists in the necessity of taking into account the potential of city development in terms of water availability per person during the modeling sustainable urban development.

Construction of water supply and drainage engineering

Construction of water supply and drainage engineering is one of the main special courses offered to students whose major is Water Supply and Drainage. Through learning of this course, the students should understand earth and rock works, water drainage in the process of construction, pipe slotting construction, non-pipe slotting construction, underwater construction, energy-saving and noise reduction in the design of water supply and drainage system, mechanical equipment installation, water structure, and maintenance and maintenance. Urban supply system and drainage system are major strong guarantee of development of cities and one of an important infrastructure projects. Therefore, it is required to culture graduate in the field of water supply and drainage engineering. The paper offers a construction plan for the course in the following aspects: revision of teaching content, improvement of teaching method, arrangement of test database and exercise database and ways to increasing teaching effect of this course, and result of construction.

Comparative study on phosphate adsorption by inorganic and organic adsorbents from a diluted solution

Technology of phosphate adsorption from a diluted solution is important in the field of water supply or waste water treatment. Although a number of adsorbent for phosphate is developed up to date, there have been little studies on the survey of their phosphate uptakes in the same criteria. Such approach enables us to clarify the factors that improve the phosphate selectivity.Phosphate uptakes from a diluted NaH2PO4 solution (CP=3 mg-P/L) were studied using 63 kinds of inorganic and organic adsorbents. Schwertmannite type hydrous iron oxide (Sch-1), Mg-Al type layered double hydroxide (MgAl-1), activated magnesium oxide (aMgO), Fe-Al type double hydroxide (FeAl-2), Ce2(CO3)3·8H2O, and La(OH)3 showed large phosphate uptakes above 20 mg-P/g. Sch-1 and MgAl-1 had high adsorption rates and large phosphate uptakes of 15 and 9 mg-P/g, respectively, even at CP=0.01 mg-P/L. The influence of excess bicarbonate ion (2mM NaHCO3) in the solution was small for the iron-containing adsorbents, while was marked for the other adsorbents. This difference could be partly explained by the difference in adsorption mechanism: ion exchange or dissolution-precipitation. The phosphate uptakes by different kinds of hydrous iron oxide showed that schwertmannite types had good phosphate adsorptivity independent of preparation method. Control of the state of sulfate ions in the adsorbent may be important for improving the phosphate adsorptivity by SO42−/phophate ion exchange. A future subject is to improve the reusability of adsorbent, since the 2nd adsorptions after phosphate desorption did not show satisfactory phosphate uptakes.

Water Supply in the Republic of Serbia – State and Perspectives

Abstract Water supply has pronounced priority, over other forms of water use. The term water supply includes the ensure of high quality water in general terms, for households, public needs and economic activities. The Republic of Serbia disposes with considerable underground and surface water resources, which are used for supplying, but it is required their rational utilization. The aim of this study is to show the current state of water supply on the territory of Serbia based on the analysis of the different indicators. One of the goal is to scan prevalent conditions and problems related to it and to propose optimal solutions. The survey includes an explanation of the long - term needs of the Republic of Serbia for fresh water (as well as share of different sources in the total water supply) and estimation of the possibility of satisfying that needs from available resources. On the base of that, there are adopted conclusions about basic directions of further development in the field of water management and water supply in Serbia.

Choosing the Optimal Technology to Rehabilitate the Pipes in Water Distribution Systems Using the AHP Method

In this paper the authors intend to solve in a scientific way, using the AHP method, a problem faced by companies in the field of water supply in towns, and choosing the technology of pipe rehabilitation in water distribution systems. This paper presents a case study on the selection of the technology for the rehabilitation of domestic water distribution network in Cluj-Napoca. We used the AHP method in order to rank the priorities regarding the rehabilitation of water distribution network. Based on the study performed, we recommend using the Slipline method for the rehabilitation of water distribution pipes in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The method presented in this paper may be used for the feasibility studies elaborated for water distribution networks. Also, the AHP method may be correspondingly used for the selection of other types of installations for buildings.

Development the method of organizing a secure data channel in the water supply monitoring system

This article describes a method of securing data in water supply monitoring system. The main aim of the study is to information security that is transmitted in the system of monitoring of water supply process through wireless networks. It is necessary to find a system architecture that will provide stability to the interception of information. In this paper we propose to use the encryption algorithm based on an asymmetric public key to create a secure TCP-session between the client (data acquisition points) and the server. This method allows creating a secure data transmission channel on the Internet using only one static IP-address from the data acquisition server. Studies indicate that this method has advantages over the use of the existing operating system in the data acquisition device. The author proposes to use this method of constructing the water supply monitoring system for data exchange between the data acquisition points and the server. The research results can be used by designers of water supply systems, automation and remote control, engaged in the field of water supply.

Research and analysis of dynamics of pump unit control process

This article analyzes the dynamics of the water supply system and shows the results of author’s research in this field. The main aim of this research is evaluation of the effect of pipeline parameters on stability of water supply system. It is necessary to find a pipeline length at which the water supply system remains stable. This article discussed the stability research of water supply system with pipeline connection via the Nyquist frequency method. The obtained dependence allows getting the pipeline length at which the system remains stable under any perturbations. Researches show that the pipeline parameters directly affect the stability of the system that need to be considered in the design of water supply systems. The author proposes to use the results for design of water distribution networks in order to ensure the stability of the control system. The research results can be used by designers of water supply systems, automation and remote control, engaged in the field of water supply.

Disinfection of E. coli from Wastewater using a Non-contact type UV Photoreactor and Log Inactivation Index

Disinfection of microorganisms using UV light is widely used in the field of water supply and wastewater treatment plant, In spite of high germicidal effect and relatively clean by-product, UV disinfection has fundamental defeat that is accumulation of fouling materials at the interface of water and lamp sleeve. Non-contact type of UV photoreactor which can avoid this fouling generation was developed and the experimental performance evaluation of the system was carried out in this study. Log inactivation rate of E. coli was selected as a disinfection index. The concentration of E. coli of second clarifier effluent was colony per mL and was well inactivated by the non-contact type of UV photoreactor. Under the UV intensity condition of , E. coli removal rate was observed in the range of 54 - 95% when the HRT was increased from 10 to 52 seconds. Experimental results showed that log inactivation of E. coli was proportional to UV dosage and of UV dose is expected for the 2.0 log inactivation of E. coli from the second clarifier effluent. Between the two parameters of UV intensity and contact time which are consist of UV dose, UV intensity was 4 times more effective than contact time.

Designing of Hydraulically Balanced Water Distribution Network Based on GIS and EPANET

The main objectives of this paper are, designing and balancing of Water Distribution Network (WDN) based on loops hydraulically balanced method as well as using Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology with the contribution of EPANET. GIS methodology is used to ensure WDN’s integrity and skeletonized a proper and functional WDN by using Network Analyst utilizing the geometric network and topology network by hierarchical geo-databases. The problem is to make WDN hydraulically balanced by applying WDN balancing method. For that reason, we have analyzed water flows in each pipe and performed the iterations process on loops in order to make the algebraic summation of head loss“h_f” around any closed loop zero. In case, the summation of pipe flows must be equal to the flow amount entering or leaving the system through each node. At each iteration, reasonable changes occurred at pipes flow until the head loss has become very small or fixed zero as (optimizes correction) by using excel sheet solver. Since this method is confirmed to be effective, simulations were done by using GIS and EPANET water distribution platform. As a result, we accomplished hydraulically balanced WDN. Finally, we have analyzed and simulated hydraulics parameters for the targeted area in Kabul city. Thus, determined successfully the hydraulics state of parameters around the network as a positive result. It is worth mentioning that, Hardy-cross method is being used for approaching more precise optimized correction and consequences concerning hydraulically-balanced and optimal WDN. This method can be done for complex loops WDN as well; the advantage of the method is simple math and self-correction. Managers and engineers who work in the field of water supply this methodology has been recommended as the more advantageous workflow in planning water distribution pattern.

Municipal Water and Wastewater Services Reform in the Russian Federation

Russia is going through a complicated period of transforming its economy with a focus on the expansion of private sector activity. This includes reforms in the field of municipal water supply and wastewater disposal. This report presents an analysis of the condition of the municipal water supply and wastewater systems in Russia in the early part of the 21st Century and tries to provide answers to the eternal questions: what are the causes of problems faced and what needs to be done to solve them? The objectives of the reform of Russia's Vodokanals are described, along with the regulatory framework governing the sector, including the way tariffs are regulated. The current condition of water and wastewater infrastructure is assessed. The most prominent examples of private sector involvement to date are examined. The report concludes with a short-range forecase of developments. The report will be of interest to those wanting to understand the transformation processes taking place in Russia in the field of municipal water supply and wastewater disposal. It will also be of value to potential investors who are looking to take advantage of the favourable investment climate created recently in the country and who are considering possible long-term investment in the management, reconstruction and development of municipal water-related infrastructure. This title belongs to Water21 Market Briefing Series ISBN: 9781843391357 (Print) ISBN: 9781780401997 (eBook)

Risiko Kontaminasi Bakteriologis Pada Sarana Air Bersih Di Desa Baruh Tabing Kecamatan Banjang

Abstract: The bacteriological contamination risk of clean water facilities in Desa Baruh Tabing, Banjang Sub district. The Indonesian government as part of the population of the world is committed to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), particularly in the field of Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) which lowers the number of people who do not have access to drinking water and basic sanitation by 50% in 2015. However, drinking water coverage in 2010 amounted to 48.8% for the physical. This study aims to determined differences in the bacteriological quality of water is based on the type of water supply system in the Desa Baruh Tabing at Banjang’s Puskesmas working area. Using a cross sectional study design. A sample of 9 pieces of SAB with the sampling method performed Saturation Sampling. The sampling period was done three (3) times in one month on each of clean water facilities to be checked, so the total number of water samples of 27 samples. Analysis used ANOVA test. The results showed no significant difference between the numbers of clean water facilities with p = 0.010 at α = 0.05; bacteriological quality (number of coliform) the highest number is 1,898, while the lowest is zero. For the average value of the highest coliform number 1,898 on Dug wells. While the risk of coliform contamination in water supply facilities in the high category as much as 44.4% and 11.1% very high category. To keep the risk of coliform contamination of the water supply facilities, monitoring is done periodically by the authorities. Keywords: the risk of contamination; bacteriological; clean water facilities

Economic Risks to a Regional Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Romania

Abstract This paper resumes some of the issues and outcomes raised by the research theme “Economic and financial risk management of environmental projects financed from European funds; impact of the crisis”. Although some of the economic and financial risks that arise in the field of water supply and sanitation (WSS) have been already presented and analysed in one of our previous papers, here we aim to assess and analyse the main economic risks to a specific regional WSS project in Romania. Based on the data analysis for the case-study and on some previous own research outcomes, we shall employ the qualitative risk assessment matrix by applying risk matrix scores that reflect our opinion on the impact of the crisis as well as of other specific factors, on a major WSS regional project. The main economic risk to such projects is currently the risk of demand (risk of non-payment). In the end, we shall highlight some conclusions, prospects and recommendations of mitigating the demand risk for more effective economic and financial management in the water sector.

Water Done Right … at the Source

If we do a proper job with source protection, we not only save a lot of money on treatment but we also enhance public health protection and sustainability. Everyone who has worked in the water supply field knows that protecting the source pays huge dividends. One dollar spent preventing a contamination problem saves hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars on cleaning up the problem. This month, six feature articles deal with the source water and supply topic.

Financial and Economic Risks to Public Projects

This paperis a summary ofresearch activityconductedwithin Sustainable Economic Developmentsectorof Instituteof National Economyin 2013, activitycentered aroundthe research theme“Economic and financialrisk managementof environmentalprojectsfinanced from European funds; impact of the crisis”.The general objectiveistheoretical and methodologicalsubstantiation of the most important economic and financialrisksspecific to environmentalinvestments, with particular emphasis onthepublicdomain, i.e. waste management, water supply andsewagemanagement.A number of matrix were executed in order to evaluate the risks that occur in waste managementprojectsand also an analysisof the risk probabilityandrisk allocation on bothcollection, sortingandwaste transferconcessionas well asin compliance storagewasteconcession.The second part of the paper presented the economic and financial risks that arise in the field of water supply and sanitation (WSS), classified as commercial and institutional risks. To analyze the major economic and financial risks in the sector, especially in the Romanian situation, ataxonomy table of the main financial and economic risks was proposed, as well as a qualitative risk assessment matrix by applying the risk matrix scores.

Experimental Setup to Examine Leakage Outflow in a Scaled Water Distribution Network

Abstract Leakages in water distribution systems are one of the most emerging topics in the field of water supply. Therefore, understanding leak hydraulics is of high interest. This paper outlines an experimental laboratory network. The main purpose of this experimental water distribution system is to gain knowledge and experience for two tasks. First, the verification of the hydraulic modeling approaches concerning leakage outflow. Second, the practically performance evaluation of algorithms for leakage localization developed at our institute. The chosen laboratory setup allows multiple leakages, flow measurements at every position as well as pressure measurements on defined locations.

INDONESIAN COUNTRY PAPER MECHANISMS USED TO STRENGTHEN INFORMATION LINKAGES

ENSICNET-Indonesia provides dissemination of information on the field of water supply and sanitation to potential users by using different methods which depend on their own function and duty. Linkage mechanisms are developed to make users aware of the sources, to identify and define user n~eds and to make the contact 'between the user need and the information sources. Several forms of communication which can link information resources to an individual or groups are disscussed.

Arsenicosis in Cambodia: Case studies and policy response

Naturally occurring As found in groundwaters has been identified to be a problem in at least 10 provinces of Cambodia with Kandal being one of the most heavily impacted. Estimates, using groundwater quality and population data for Kandal Province of Cambodia, suggest that over 100,000 people are at high risk of chronic As exposure. Levels in some areas approach 3500 μg/L, against the Cambodian Standard of 50 μg/L. Considerable work remains to adequately characterize the extent of As hazard and its possible health effects in Cambodia and the region. It is likely that additional populations will develop health problems attributed to As, of particular concern is arsenicosis. The symptoms of arsenicosis have been generally assumed to develop after 8–10 years of consumption of water with elevated As levels, however, new cases discovered in Cambodia have been identified with exposure times as short as 3 years. The rapid onset of arsenicosis may be attributed to contributing risk factors related to socioeconomic status, including malnutrition. It is thus imperative to develop strategies to rapidly identify possible regions of enrichment, to minimize exposure to As-rich waters, and to educate affected populations. To date the response to the As hazard has been led by the Ministry of Rural Development in cooperation with international organizations and NGOs, to identify at risk areas, and educate communities of the risk of As-rich water. However better coordination between government bodies, NGOs and donor agencies active in the field of water supply and treatment is essential to minimize future As exposure.