Field Of Human Rights Protection Research Articles

Dayton Peace Accords Two Decades After: Constitutional Settlement as Serisous Obstacle to the Creation of a Functional State

Twenty-one years after entering into force of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Dayton Agreement), it seems that the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina has not significantly changed. The basic achievements of the Dayton Agreement, such as stopping the war and country’s democratization and institution building processes are evident, however the agreement failed to create a politically stable functional state and the united nation accepted by all its citizens. On the contrary, the agreement significantly contributed to the creation of divided society (and political community) composed of three ‘constituent peoples’ and others. Neither social nor political community stood the test of time. The country could not meet the requirements and standards set by the European Union, especially the constitutional reform that is claimed to be the precondition to other reforms. Then, despite agreement’s significant accomplishments in the field of human rights protection it generated State political structure based on the principle of the three constituent peoples’ exclusive ethnic representation, all at the expense of rights of individual.

Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030): International Legal Dimension

Background/Objectives: In 2015 the international community adopted a new agenda for sustainable development for the period of 2016–2030- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the article, authors critically analyzed some of SDGs. Methods: The article used scientific methodological approach, which facilitates to determine the whole canvas of the research, identify the main aspects and concepts of the study. The research used scientific methods of cognition, i.e., dialectics, analysis, and synthesis, the method of generalization and system-structural method. The article also practiced special methods of science such as legal and technical, historical and forecasting methods. Findings: In this article, the authors critically analyze the SDGs with a view to determine problematic aspects of their implementation in the field of human rights protection, environmental protection, disaster risk reduction and management of migration and suggest ways to overcome these obstacles. Authors made many recommendations in these spheres. At the present stage, in the framework of global efforts aimed at the implementation of the SDGs, it is important to pay more attention to the mechanisms for monitoring the achievement of the goals. In this sense, a compliance review at the level of inter-regional, regional and sub-regional organizations can make a significant contribution and provide diversified, reliable and proven tools to assess progress in achieving the SDGs. Such reviews will identify regional trends, causes of problems, and similarities; they will facilitate the exchange of best practices, lessons learned and development of solutions and measures of mutual support at the global level, taking into account specific regional and sub-regional needs. Application/Improvements: The results could be used by UN bodies, inter-regional, regional and sub-regional organizations, ministers of States and other relevant stakeholders, which implements SDGs.

Актуальные проблемы соотношения универсальных и национальных правовых ценностей в условиях современных обществ

<p> В статье анализируется проблематика универсалистских и релятивистских концепций, а также соотношение универсальных и национальных правовых ценностей в условиях современного мира.</p><p>Концепция универсальных правовых ценностей получила развитие в ряде международно-правовых актов: Венской декларации и Программе действий 1993 г., Декларации о праве и обязанности отдельных лиц, групп и органов общества поощрять и защищать общепризнанные права человека и основные свободы 1998 г., Декларации тысячелетия ООН 2000 г. и др.</p><p>Отнесение норм и ценностей, содержащихся в международных документах, к числу универсальных, разделяется не всеми авторами. Концепция универсализма имеет своих противников — релятивистов, отрицающих существование ценностей всеобщего, универсального характера.</p><p>Существующие в современном мире процессы глобализации не привели к образованию универсального социума, основанного на универсальной системе ценностей, однако способствовали интенсификации процессов познания универсальных правовых ценностей. Тем не менее интенсивно развивающиеся интеграционные процессы начинают все более ощутимо оказывать влияние на неевропейские регионы, в том числе и в области прав человека. Универсальные представления о ценности человеческой жизни, равенстве, свободе, справедливости и т. д., так или иначе, присущи всем цивилизациям.</p><p>Между универсальными и национальными правовыми ценностями существует взаимосвязь, которая характеризуется наличием универсальной ценностной составляющей в национальном законодательстве.</p><p>Исследование показало, что, несмотря на неоднозначность восприятия универсальных правовых ценностей в различных цивилизациях, начался процесс регионализации, т. е. создания стандартов в области защиты прав человека в регионах, исходя из их культурных, исторических особенностей, но с опорой на международные документы.</p><p>Тем самым ряд правовых ценностей может быть отнесен к числу универсальных, даже при сохранении специфики, связанной с культурно-историческими особенностями того или иного общества. Среди общепризнанных правовых ценностей можно назвать ценности равенства, неприкосновенности человеческой личности, уважения его жизни, достоинства, права на свободу и личную неприкосновенность, права на собственность, судебную защиту и т. д.</p>

Juvenile Justice in Central Asia: Current Status and the Possibility of Using the European Model

The legal protection of minors has become one of the priorities in the field of human rights protection in developed democracies, since the second half of the XX century. Facts of troubled position of children are of particular public interest. That is why the attention of scientists, politicians, public figures and media on issues related to minors in society has increased in recent years in Central Asia. The relevance of the research on the legal status of minors at the present stage of social development is stipulated by several factors: - Integration of Central Asia into the world community requires bringing the current legislation in accordance with international instruments; - The democratization of social relations and formation of the rule of law stipulate the importance of public authorities and civil society consolidation; - Minors are one of the most vulnerable groups regarding socio-economic and moral-psychological relations. The urgency of the problems encountered in public relations, naturally affects the aim of the research, consisting in attempts to find a possible solution, clarify the reasons of the negative phenomena and to determine the mechanism of their elimination. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p139

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Legal Order of the Czech Republic

Drafting and subsequent integration of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union into the primary law of the EU meant a significant step in the field of human rights protection within Union law as it granted the Charter the same legal value as the Treaty on EU and the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU.The article mainly focuses on a rather specific issue concerning the legal status of the Charter on the national level, particularly within the legal order of the Czech Republic, as unlike other international human rights catalogues the Charter is primarily addressed to the institutions of the European Union and member states are obliged to enforce its provisions only when applying Union law. Regarding this, the article argues that the gateway for the application of the Charter within the legal order of the Czech Republic is enshrined directly in the Constitution of the Czech Republic, in its Articles 10 and 10a. However, it also argues that the essential role plays the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic as its case-law is embedded as a force which significantly shaped the domestic legal status of the Charter, in terms of the applicability and its limits.

Європейські структури та програми з питань молоді

У статті досліджується досвід діяльності європейських структур як фактор сприяння соціалізації молоді. Розгляд діяльності, яка здійснюється у цьому напрямі Європейським Союзом та Радою Європи, є надзвичайно актуальним та корисним для української держави в період перебудови її всіх суспільних інститутів, активного впровадження європейського досвіду врядування та самоврядування. У діяльності європейських структур (Європейський Союз, Рада Європи) стосовно молоді виокремлюється декілька основних напрямів, таких як освіта, свобода пересування, зайнятість і професійна підготовка, залучення молоді до добровільної діяльності (волонтерський рух), освоєння молодими людьми інформаційних технологій, культурний розвиток, зближення молоді країн-членів ЄС та інших держав, заохочення громадянської активності молоді, освіта в галузі захисту прав людини, сприяння міжкультурному діалогу тощо. Так, у статті більш ґрунтовно розглядається досвід діяльності Молодіжної Регіональної мережі, яка створена Асамблею Європейських Регіонів і є платформою для об’єднання регіональних молодіжних організацій, рад та парламентів по всій Європі. Ця платформа виступає в якості форуму, який дозволяє молодим людям мати вплив на регіональну та європейську політику шляхом застосування певних принципів, методів та інструментів у досягненні визначених цілей.

A comparison of wrongful convictions in death penalty cases between China and the United States

In recent years, both China and the United States (US) have discovered numerous wrongful convictions, including several cases in which innocent people have been sentenced to death. These discoveries have led both countries to reform the death penalty but the extent and nature of the reforms in each country have been greatly different. This article explores the similarities and differences between the nature of wrongful convictions in death penalty cases in China and the US. It will also compare the reforms undertaken in each country. On the whole, the US has made greater progress in the prevention and correction of wrongful convictions involving the death penalty, especially in the areas of evidentiary rules and post-conviction review. In order for China to match America's success, it is necessary that China adopt more substantive reforms. China should learn from America's experience and should continue to adopt international standards of criminal justice, such as due process rights, the presumption of innocence and the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence. In the interim, China should immediately suspend all executions until adequate reforms can be carried out. Ultimately, China should surpass the US in criminal-justice reform and in the field of human rights protection by completely abolishing the death penalty and creating a more effective mechanism for criminal punishment.

EU Asylum Law and Human Rights Protection: Revisiting the Principle of Non-refoulement and the Prohibition of Torture and Other Forms of Ill-treatment

Abstract The principal objective of the article is to examine the EU legal framework and international law parameters of legal harmonisation processes in a specific field of human rights protection: asylum legislation. In particular, it is to provide an in-depth analysis of the compatibility of EU asylum legislation with existing international norms in relation to the principle of non-refoulement and the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. It also aims at exploring the correspondence and controversies of relevant legal principles and norms under international law. Similarly, it attempts to provide an analysis of the incomplete and inefficient implementation of these international norms and principles by EU asylum law as well.

The Globalization of Human Rights Law: Why Do Human Rights Need International Law?

This Essay examines the globalization of human rights law, a rather recent legal development which has occurred in two parallel ways: human rights have become part of most national constitutions and have been enshrined in widely accepted international treaties. The central question of this Essay is the utility of international law in the field of human rights protection. The conclusion is that ideally human rights protection should be a national matter, but in an imperfect world, with failing national protection, international human rights protection is a necessary alternative. This Essay examines how, in an imperfect world, international law can contribute to human rights protection, and also how it hinders this goal. It looks at the problems of immunity, self-determination, and non-intervention; monism versus dualism; ius cogens; international monitoring; and other ways in which international law can have a positive or negative impact on the protection of human rights.

The Rule of Prior Exhaustion of Local Remedies in the International Law Doctrine and its Application in the Specific Context of Human Rights Protection

This article analyses the so-called 'rule of exhaustion of local remedies' whereby a State must be given the opportunity to redress an alleged wrong within the framework of its own domestic legal system before its international responsibility can be called into question at the level of regional or international organs. With respect to the specific historical development of the rule, the paper portrays the transition of the principle from its original function in international law to its extended application in human rights law. At the centre of the analysis is the question of whether the rule of exhaustion of local remedies has simply been 'transplanted' into the field of human rights protection or whether it has undergone substantial transformation to the extent that it now qualifies as a self-contained rule under human rights law. After having analysed the application of the local remedies rule in the field of human rights, it is argued that - even though initially influenced by the original rule in the field of diplomatic protection - at present the local remedies rule in human rights law is an autonomous and self-contained rule with different functions and aims.

The Prospects of 21st Century Constitutionalism

The main aim of this article is not to define whether different levels or layers of governance, national or international, have a 'constitution', or amount to one, and what the minimal content of the normative concept of 'constitution' should be. Rather, the authors focus on the necessary relations and functions of different and existing layers of governance, whatever their nature and quality, considered as an overall complex. Allocating powers among and between these layers, establishing adequate safeguards on different levels of governance — whether or not termed a Constitution - and defining the relationship and interaction between these layers, for example in the field of human rights protection or market access rights, is one of the main tasks constitutionalism will have to achieve in this century.

Prawa człowieka. Ukraina

The subject of the article are international guarantees of human rights and cases of violation of these rights in Ukraine. The text of the Constitution of Ukraine, adopted in 1996, takes into account the norms of international law in the field of human rights protection. It is a developing country, so there are still many problems related to the protection of human rights. The basic problem is the lack of fair courts, one of the reasons being the high level of corruption. But the most difficult situation from the point of view of human rights protection is the war in the east of Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea by Russia. In the Crimea occupied by Russia, violent disappearances of people are repeated; Russian authorities persecute pro-Ukrainian activists and Crimean Tatars for peaceful resistance to the occupation of the peninsula. Diplomatic procedures are ineffective, and several dozen people are still in custody. Support is provided by organizations such as Amnesty International and cases of violations of human rights are publicized in order to arouse the reaction of international public opinion.