Field Of Heritage Preservation Research Articles

APOYOnline: A Sustainable Approach to Heritage Preservation Across the Americas

ABSTRACT For 35 years, APOYOnline – Association for Heritage Preservation of the Americas has been building bridges of communication and promoting professional development in the field of heritage preservation, strengthening, empowering, and transforming our community, increasing inclusion and access, and reducing social inequalities in the Americas and in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries. As a grassroots, volunteer-based, non-profit organization, we listen to the community and work to address needs caused by widely recognized discrepancies in working conditions, adverse climate conditions, social inequalities in training, and other factors that directly impact heritage preservation and to provide access to specialized technical resources. This paper presents the voices of APOYOnline and the impact of the organization’s catalyzing work in improving resource accessibility and connecting people. This work has mobilized regional and global networks, providing equal opportunities through translation of reference materials in multiple languages, professional development grants for students and emerging professionals, and training and regional networking events in underserved territories in the region. It also addresses our special community-based initiative Manos a la Obra, which strengthens long-term community engagement as a collaborative knowledge-sharing process, based on learning through participation and dialogue. The program improves access to technical information and fosters the long-term sustainability of local and regional cultural heritage preservation efforts, and has served as a model for similar activities in other countries. APOYOnline pursues sustainability through volunteer-based networking showing that communication and horizontal interaction with local communities creates awareness and better opportunities for our professionals and positively impacts heritage preservation in the region.

Indonesian Government Regulation on Heritage Registration

In January 2022, Indonesian Government Regulation No. 1 of 2022 (GR No 1 of 2022) on national heritage registration was released. This Government Regulation describes the national registration process for heritage, which can be carried out by all parties, allowing the wider community to participate in the acknowledgement and preservation of heritage assets. The issuance of GR No 1 of 2022 follows 12 years after the issuance of Law No. 11 of 2020 on heritage, because of the diversity of types of cultural heritage in Indonesia, which spans a large geographic area. The issuance of GR No 1 of 2022 was welcomed by numerous parties since it demonstrates the government of the Republic of Indonesia’s earnest endeavour to protect various cultural heritages in Indonesia. This rule clarifies the direction and aim of cultural growth. However, the lack of human resources in the field of heritage preservation, the damage of the heritage and the needs of other regulations on heritage are still being the challenges of heritage management in Indonesia.

At the crossroads of Architecture and Landscape

In the context of rapid urban transformations, this thesis explores the possible preservation strategies for historic military systems that used to be embedded in extra-urban settings, but that now are absorbed in the development dynamics of complex metropolitan areas. The research stems from the main peculiarity of these heritage systems: namely, the coexistence of cultural and natural values, and their being at the crossroads of the architecture and landscape domains. Although the need to address nature-culture interlinkages has become a topical issue in the field of heritage preservation, military landscapes have been almost completely left out of this debate. Moreover, the lack of inter-scale strategies in current preservation practices for historic military systems further complicates the way nature-culture interlinkages are addressed. The development of a conceptual framework on this topic has required considering the diversity of existing approaches to landscape, architectural heritage and their interconnection. Italy and the Netherlands were selected as relevant contexts in Western Europe for comparison on this topic. Linking archival research, interviews and field observations, Italian and Dutch contemporary experiences with the revitalization and reuse of historic military systems (NL: New Dutch Waterline; IT: Entrenched Field of Mestre) were compared. Both national and international initiatives promoted in the frame of the World Heritage Convention were analysed. To understand the historical roots of the recent approaches, the evolution of landscape protection in the two contexts has been investigated, highlighting the different influences played by the national discourse on architectural heritage and spatial planning. This historical background, together with the cross-reading of the case studies, has led to the definition of a transnational conceptual framework on the possible preservation strategies for historic military systems with an inter-scale approach. Taking into account the peculiarities of each context, it provides a tool for facilitating the decision-making process, bringing historic military systems into the international discussion on nature-culture interlinkages. Ultimately, it can serve as a reference for other historic landscape systems sharing similar characteristics and preservation issues.

Sharing, Education and Heritage Preservation Networks: 30 years building bridges and opening paths of integration in the Americas

In regions with great social, economic, environmental and cultural inequality, such as in Latin America and the Caribbean, networking becomes critical to enhance professional development in heritage preservation aiming to value cultures, ancestors and cultural patrimony. This article presents the trajectory of APOYOnline - Association for Heritage Preservation of the Americas, a non-profit organization with more than 4,500 members, which, for the last 30 years, has been promoting professional development and especial initiatives that foster integration and cultural equity in the field of heritage preservation in Latin America, the Caribbean and other Portuguese and Spanish speaking countries. It reflects on the challenges yet to be overcome in order to achieve integral, committed and sustainable preservation Keywords: Sharing, Heritage Preservation, Education, APOYOnline, Cultural Equity

Conserving a Valley System: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Shaxi Rehabilitation Project and Its Potential as a Model for the Conservation of Chinese Agricultural Heritage

ABSTRACT This article shows how an integrated approach to the conservation of cultural landscapes can significantly contribute to sustainable tourism. First, the authors illustrate how the Shaxi Rehabilitation Project in Yunnan, China – an international initiative for the conservation of tangible built and natural heritage – has exceeded its original aim and provided a framework for the long-term governance of the entire Shaxi valley system. Second, the authors employ a transdisciplinary analytical tool to evaluate the impact of tourism on the valley’s environmental and cultural heritage and to evaluate the effectiveness of the project. The results highlight increasing tourism pressures, especially during peak tourism season, that will be amplified by upcoming developments to transport infrastructure. By adding new variables and examining the availability of established indicators, the study also contributes to the methodological advancement in the field of heritage preservation through its testing and discussion of the advantages and limitations of the application of the pressure-state-response model to a remote valley system.

A ampliação dos modelos de gestão do patrimônio: a importância da participação comunitária para as cidades de pequeno porte e com exemplares arquitetônicos modestos

Starting from the analysis of expansions in the field of heritage preservation, whether in the criteria of choosing the assets to be preserved, the values attributed to them or even in the management models, this article seeks to highlight some important issues for small cities, specifically the most recent, and with modest architectural examples, that is outside the traditional heritage standards. It is noteworthy that these assets, even if they are not monumental, or of immediate artistic and historical perception, can have affective value for the population of that place, and therefore, be important for their memory and identity. Often these cities are on the fringes of institutionalized preservation, and it is therefore understood that this expansion in the countryside, especially with the development of instruments involving community participation, can be of great value to these cities. From studies conducted in Patrocinio Paulista, located in the interior of Sao Paulo, which has these characteristics mentioned, in parallel with studies on instruments that meet the local scale (with the community as an agent in this heritage), we seek to discuss about possible solutions forcities of this size, considering their contexts and demands.

QUALITY PARAMETERS IN CONSERVATION-RESTORATION CHOICES – THE CASE OF THE TOWER OF THE WINDS IN ATHENS

The chemistry- and physics-based approach of conservation has led to the view that conservator-restorers use quantitative criteria which provide objective choices. Today, however, there is a shift of focus from material-centred to people-oriented approaches within the field of heritage preservation. This shift leads to a redefinition of the conservation-restoration field and its ethics in relation to society and calls for the adoption of diverse methodologies. Within this context, this paper discusses the qualitative factors which inform decision-making processes in conservation-restoration practice. More specifically, the paper examines the case of the so called “Tower of the Winds” in Athens and looks at the quality parameters which informed conservation-restoration work carried out at the Tower during 2014-2015. Overall, it is shown that the prominence of the quality parameters which inform contemporary conservation-restoration practice reveals the subjective dimension of conservation-restoration choices. The research has also showed that current trends tend to emphasize the historical rather than the aesthetic or other values of monuments.

PROFESSIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY POSITION AND ROLE OF ACADEMIC CONSERVATOR-RESTORERS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE Methodical symbiosis and transdisciplinary cooperation using the example of the rebuilding and conservation of two Ottoman palaces in Istanbul

Professional ethics and tasks for conservator-restorers, in the preservation of cultural heritage in Europe today: considering the development of scientific conservation-restoration and the improvement of academic education for conservator-restorers in the course of the twentieth century, this paper will analyse the professional position of conservator-restorers and their role in the interdisciplinary cooperation with other professionals dealing with the preservation of cultural heritage. How does cooperation run in the planning stage and in theory and in practice on site? How can we differentiate between the specific professional contributions of conservator-restorers and the activities of other professionals in the field of heritage preservation? How can we improve communication and interdisciplinary cooperation between all professionals involved?

Biological oxidation of iron sulfides.

The biological oxidation of minerals and ores, called bioleaching, has been studied for the last decades to solubilize metals and recover them. In particular, iron sulfides are the most studied ores for an optimum extraction of different metals, such as copper or zinc. The use of chemolithotrophic bacteria, as Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans, to oxidize both iron and sulfur species in aerobic conditions and at acidic pH shows promising results. In the field of heritage preservation, the development of "green" treatments is more and more studied. Waterlogged archeological wood presents an accumulation of iron sulfides within its structure, which, after exposition to oxygen, lead to salt precipitation and acidification and so to the degradation of the wooden artifact. A new extraction method, based on the dissolution of iron sulfides by the use of bacteria could be an alternative to the current chemical extraction methods, as being more respectful and ecological. While A. ferrooxidans is very effective in mines and groundwater, in the field of conservation-restoration of wood, Thiobacillus denitrificans is a better candidate as it grows at neutral pH, which is less aggressive for organic substrates (wood here). Preliminary studies show the efficiency of T. denitrificans for the dissolution of iron sulfides, as the concentration of nitrates used as electron donors decreases while the concentration of sulfates produced increases without degrading the wooden matrix. Long-term behavior should be studied to assess the stability of the artifacts after treatment.

HERITAGE BUILDING ADAPTATION: DECISION-MAKING FOR CONTEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS

Existing old buildings were considered as the city’s culture reminder. By the time, they could be kept via adaptation for contemporary usages. That adopting considered the context of the environmental, social and economic idea of the prior eras, related to the building’s life cycle, that guided by local solutions. This paper started with the adaptation process definition with an evaluation of a number of building’s state to bring out the different potential outcomes for discussing the future adaptation possibilities, especially that known as “alterations and extensions”. Therefore, by rethinking of the new addition’s integration into the heritage buildings will support the heritage value and fit new functions to present innovative design process approaches in the field of heritage preservation’s design. By analysing some case studies, the study achieved some criteria for designing the alterations and extensions by making them an effective component in the design of old heritage buildings. And finally applying these principles to demonstrate its efficiency.

MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING IN CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION

Abstract. This paper sums up the main contribution derived from the thesis entitled "Multispectral imaging for the analysis of materials and pathologies in civil engineering, constructions and natural spaces" awarded by CIPA-ICOMOS for its connection with the preservation of Cultural Heritage. This thesis is framed within close-range remote sensing approaches by the fusion of sensors operating in the optical domain (visible to shortwave infrared spectrum). In the field of heritage preservation, multispectral imaging is a suitable technique due to its non-destructive nature and its versatility. It combines imaging and spectroscopy to analyse materials and land covers and enables the use of a variety of different geomatic sensors for this purpose. These sensors collect both spatial and spectral information for a given scenario and a specific spectral range, so that, their smaller storage units save the spectral properties of the radiation reflected by the surface of interest. The main goal of this research work is to characterise different construction materials as well as the main pathologies of Cultural Heritage elements by combining active and passive sensors recording data in different ranges. Conclusions about the suitability of each type of sensor and spectral range are drawn in relation to each particular case study and damage. It should be emphasised that results are not limited to images, since 3D intensity data from laser scanners can be integrated with 2D data from passive sensors obtaining high quality products due to the added value that metric brings to multispectral images.

Политическое измерение охраны памятников в России: кейс московского движения Архнадзор

During the last decade cultural issues are being discussed in the Russian public sphere and have become the inherent part of the political agenda both at federal and regional levels. Heritage preservation is an element of cultural policy at large. This article answers two questions. Is there political dimension of heritage preservation? What could be the precondition of politization/depolitization in the field of heritage preservation? In order to answer both questions the author analyzes norms of international law in the field of heritage preservation and also he traced the evolution of the terms heritage and heritage site. Additionally, author analyzes activities of Moscow heritage movement Arkhnadzor as an attempt to find out the political dimension of it. In this paper the issues of heritage conservation were analyzed through the lens of political science and advocacy theory which makes this research new and specific.

Double Windows in Heritage Listed Buildings

Heritage listed buildings, or their parts, are subject to the decisions of state authorities in the field of heritage preservation. When windows are reconstructed, the requirements concerning the new design are most often based on the original appearance of the windows. In the case of double windows - the traditional style with space and reveal in between - the outer window is installed with insulated glazing while the inner window has a simple glazing, in order to meet the conditions of thermal related technical standards. For this reason, the contact between the window frame and the reveal must be tight with very low air permeability. The article presents the measurements of surface temperatures of both of the window parts and explores the issue of thermal humidity condition in the area between the windows.

Insurmountable Tension? On the Relation of World Heritage and Rapid Urban Transformation in Istanbul

This article gives an overview of the heritage management system in Turkey with a special focus on Istanbul. Referring to relevant works on this subject from the past few years, I want to illustrate the powerful role of the Turkish state and other important actors in the transformation of cultural heritage areas. Through a discussion of examples drawn from my own research in Istanbul, I review the label of UNESCO World Heritage and its potential to protect cultural heritage from inappropriate interventions and developments. The World Heritage Committee and people working in the field of heritage preservation often highlight structural deficits in the Turkish management system. Instead, I argue that seemingly inadequate conservation practices can also be interpreted as an integral part of the management system which allows for a combination of heritage preservation and urban transformation. A multi-faceted management structure pleases international organizations and investors, while ambiguous responsibilities hinder the formation of an effective opposition against urban transformation projects in historic neighbourhoods.

A RESEARCH ON DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY’S APPLICATION IN PRESERVATION PLANNING OF WENMING HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BLOCK IN KUNMING

Abstract. The preservation of traditional settlements plays an indispensable part in the field of heritage preservation. The traditional settlements, definitely with cumulative developmental layers, vary in elements and involving numerous stakeholders; therefore, preservation objects and methods are quite complicated. The traditional heritage investigating and recording tools, such as manual mapping, photographing and field reconnaissance, which have exposed many limitations and deficiencies in the actual work, have defects to meet the requirements of settlement heritage preservation projects. This paper describes the process of applying of modern digital heritage recording and investigation technology (mobile GIS and 3D laser scanning technology) in the preservation of Wenming historical and cultural blocks in Kunming and argues that Mobile GIS and 3D laser scanning technology are capable of producing a complete and efficient workflow, as well as providing fundamental technical support for heritage preservation work. Through the research, this paper draws a conclusion that the advantages of the workflow including: (1) accurate and convenient recording, (2) efficient comprehensive spatial analysing, and (3) better integrating protection planning with the later dynamic monitoring and management. Additionally, the author forecasts the prospects of the application of this workflow in the preservation and utilization of settlement heritage.

Research Status and Perspective on Consolidation Techniques for Conserving the Earthen Architecture Sites in China

This paper reviews the present situation of research on earthen architecture sites protection in China from the diseases of the earthen architecture sites, reinforcement technologies and materials, non-destructive testing technology and seismic stability reinforcement, and points out the main existing problems. The author holds that China should carry out the top design of the protection research topics as soon as possible to identify the core scientific problems and strengthen the cultivation of the research team; construct the earthen site simulation laboratory in field to research the disease mechanism in a large scale from multi-field coupling analysis; start the scientific research work on the traditional reinforcement materials and techniques and emphasize the application of the traditional reversible reinforcing technique; establish the post evaluation system on the reinforcement effect and make the long-term tracking of the protective effect of the existing reinforcing projects to put an end to the protective destruction; supports the development and application of the non-destructive technology in the field of heritage preservation.

Service-Learning in Engineering Education and Heritage Preservation

Many communities and nonprofit organizations in the United States grapple with the reuse of publicly owned buildings and infrastructure from the 19th and early 20th centuries that have become landmarks in their communities. Often these communities or organizations do not have adequate resources (technical expertise, funding) for even preliminary engineering services. Engineering programs at universities can assist these communities by providing engineering expertise through service-learning (SL) projects, at the same time providing engineering students exposure to the field of heritage preservation and to important preservation engineering issues. This article presents SL case studies at the University of Vermont (UVM) as examples of this type of collaboration. Benefits, challenges, and SL assessment results are included. For the past 4 years, as part of a National Science Foundation Department Level Reform (NSF DLR) grant, civil and environmental engineering students at UVM have worked on multiple SL projects with local communities throughout their 4-year program. In many cases, these SL projects have involved historic structures. Although not an original emphasis of the DLR grant, heritage preservation is becoming a component of the UVM reform efforts, such that in 2010 this topic began to be formally included in both the first-year introductory engineering course and senior capstone design course. The SL approach was found to be effective in meeting education goals of the civil and environmental engineering programs and their accreditation requirements as well as providing meaningful service to the local communities caring for historic structures and sites. Both students and faculty gained exposure to and understanding of preservation engineering topics, as well as networking with the heritage preservation community in Vermont and elsewhere. Incorporating heritage preservation issues into engineering programs through SL projects may prove beneficial at other institutions.

3d Scanning and Replication for Museum and Cultural Heritage Applications

The recent proliferation of commercial three-dimensional digital scanning devices has made 3D scanning, and virtual and physical replication, a practical reality in the field of heritage preservation. 3D scanning produces a high-precision digital reference document that records condition, provides a virtual model for replication, and makes possible easy mass distribution of digital data. In addition to research, documentation, and replication, 3D data of artifacts are increasingly being used for museum collections storage and packing designs. The cost and complexity of 3D imaging technologies have made 3D scanning impractical for many heritage institutions in the past, but this is changing, as an increasing number of commercial systems are being tailored and marketed for heritage applications. This paper presents a review of the current state of 3D imaging in the cultural heritage field, methods of physical replication, the different systems used in heritage applications, criteria for choosing a system, and the techniques used for working with the data. Attention is given to identifying those objects that are not likely to be suited for 3D scanning.