Fields Of Different Frequencies Research Articles

Dark states of a moving mirror in the single-photon strong-coupling regime

We investigate theoretically an optomechanical system in which a cavity with a moving mirror is driven by two external fields of different frequencies. Under a resonance condition in the resolved-sideband limit, we show that there are motional states of the mirror such that the system is decoupled from the external fields if the single-photon optomechanical coupling strength is sufficiently strong. The decoupling is a quantum interference effect associated with the coherence in the mirror's mechanical degrees of freedom. We discuss the properties of such dark states and indicate how they can be generated by optical pumping due to amplitude damping of the cavity field.

Double Pumping Fluxgate Magnetometer

A new type of fluxgate magnetometer is presented that makes use of the hysteretic non-linearity of the transfer characteristic of a fluxgate probe which operates in parametric resonance regime. A description if given of both the mathematical model of the fluxgate operation and the doublepumping magnetometer which uses two fields of different frequencies: an excitation field which determines, under certain conditions, the parametric generation of high amplitude second harmonic oscillations, and another field of lower frequency, which modifies the phase and amplitude of the second harmonic parametric oscillations.

Structural destabilization of chignolin under the influence of oscillating electric fields

The structural response of chignolin to 1 V/nm electric fields of different frequencies has been studied with molecular dynamics simulations and stochastic modeling. It was found that oscillating electric fields induce conformational changes to chignolin that are frequency dependent. For frequencies comparable with or smaller from the orientational self-diffusion rate, the peptide destabilizes after performing an oscillatory motion between the two possible directions of the electric field axis. For higher frequencies the field effects are averaged out and chignolin performs a Brownian rotation diffusion maintaining its native conformation. Stochastic modeling can describe chignolin’s oscillatory motion equally well with the molecular dynamics simulations. The time needed for these changes to take place has a stochastic nature depending, beyond frequency, on factors related with the hydrogen bonds’ stability and their geometrical arrangement in the structure.

The investigation of frequency response for the magnetic nanoparticulate assembly induced by time-varied magnetic field.

The field-induced assembly of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles under alternating magnetic field of different frequency was investigated. It was found that the assembly was dependent upon the difference between colloidal relaxation time and field period. The same experiments on DMSA-coated γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles exhibited that the relaxation time may be mainly determined by the magnetic size rather than the physical size. Our results may be valuable for the knowledge of dynamic assembly of colloidal particles.

The mechanism of the avian magnetic compass

The avian magnetic compass was analyzed by testing migratory birds, using their orientation as an indicator. These tests revealed some remarkable properties of the avian magnetic compass: (1) It is an inclination compass’, (2) it is light-dependent, with (3) receptors located in the right eye. These characteristics are in agreement with the Radical Pair model proposed by Ritz et al. (2000). Using the same experimental set-up, we tested the model by behavioral spectroscopy’, exposing migratory birds to radiofrequency fields of different frequencies and intensities. Such fields affected the orientation only when applied at an angle to the field lines. Tests with different frequencies led to an estimate of the life time of the crucial radical pair between 2-10μs. We also could identify an extremely sensitive resonance at the Larmor frequency, which implies specific properties of the radical pair. Cryptochromes, a blue-light absorbing photopigment, has been proposed to be the receptor-molecule; it has been found to be present in the retina of birds.

Quadripartite square graph-state entanglement via atomic coherent effects in two-photon resonant systems

We show that it is possible to generate a quadripartite square graph-state entanglement in two-photon resonant systems. Every vertex of the square represents an optical field and every side stands for the entanglement of the two vertices. Four optical fields of different frequencies are coupled to coherently driven three-level ladder atoms. Through such a system, quantum beats and two-photon resonant interactions combine to cause the collective-mode parametric interactions. This results in the collective-mode entanglement, which corresponds to the square graph-state entanglement of the four individual fields.

Medium wave exposure characterisation using exposure quotients

One of the aspects considered in the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines is that, in situations of simultaneous exposure to fields of different frequencies, exposure quotients for thermal and electrical stimulation effects should be examined. The aim of the present work was to analyse the electromagnetic radiation levels and exposure quotients for exposure to multiple-frequency sources in the vicinity of medium wave radio broadcasting antennas. The measurements were made with a spectrum analyser and a monopole antenna. Kriging interpolation was used to prepare contour maps and to estimate the levels in the towns and villages of the zone. The results showed that the exposure quotient criterion based on electrical stimulation effects to be more stringent than those based on thermal effects or power density levels. Improvement of dosimetry evaluations requires the spectral components of the radiation to be quantified, followed by application of the criteria for exposure to multiple-frequency sources.

Plasma processing of spent nuclear fuel by two-frequency ion cyclotron resonance heating

A previously developed method for analyzing the plasma processing of spent nuclear fuel is generalized to a plasma containing multicharged fuel ions. In such a plasma, ion cyclotron resonance heating of nuclear ash ions should be carried out in two monochromatic RF fields of different frequencies, provided that the fraction of ξ multicharged ions is small, ξ ≤ 0.1, a condition that substantially restricts the productivity of systems for processing spent nuclear fuel. Ways of overcoming this difficulty are discussed.

Induced multiphoton adiabatic passage and coherent control of population transfer in quantum systems with high-energy transitions

A scheme for coherent population transfer via four quantum states in atomic or molecular systems of high-energy transitions by induced multiphoton adiabatic passage (IMAP) is proposed. The nonperturbative multiphoton resonant theory of interaction of such quantum systems with the two strong laser fields of different frequencies is developed and the possibility of coherent control of population in high-energy quantum structures by IMAP is shown.

Rotational Brownian dynamics simulations of non-interacting magnetized ellipsoidal particles in d.c. and a.c. magnetic fields

The rotational Brownian motion of magnetized tri-axial ellipsoidal particles (orthotropic particles) suspended in a Newtonian fluid, in the dilute suspension limit, under applied d.c. and a.c. magnetic fields was studied using rotational Brownian dynamics simulations. The algorithm describing the change in the suspension magnetization was obtained from the stochastic angular momentum equation using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and a quaternion formulation of orientation space. Simulation results are in agreement with the Langevin function for equilibrium magnetization and with single-exponential relaxation from equilibrium at small fields using Perrin's effective relaxation time. Dynamic susceptibilities for ellipsoidal particles of different aspect ratios were obtained from the response to oscillating magnetic fields of different frequencies and described by Debye's model for the complex susceptibility using Perrin's effective relaxation time. Simulations at high equilibrium and probe fields indicate that Perrin's effective relaxation time continues to describe relaxation from equilibrium and response to oscillating fields even beyond the small field limit.

Experimental observation of swirl accumulation in a magnetically driven flow

Independent poloidal and azimuthal body forces are induced in a liquid metal cylinder by travelling and rotating magnetic fields of different frequencies, respectively. The bulk axial and azimuthal velocities are measured by the ultrasound Doppler method. Particle image velocimetry is used to observe the upper free surface velocity distribution. The transition from the poloidal to the azimuthal body force governed regime occurs at a fixed ratio of the respective force magnitude of around 100. This transition is marked by the formation of a concentrated vortex revealing several similarities to intense atmospheric vortices. The vortex structure is controlled by a relatively weak azimuthal force while the maximum speed of the swirl is mainly governed by the poloidal one. Under a certain force ratio the average axial velocity changes its direction in the vortex core, resembling the subsidence in an eye of a tropical cyclone or a large tornado. Multiple moving vortices encircle the vortex core in this regime.

Response properties of electrosensory units in the midbrain tectum of the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula Walbaum)

Paddlefish use their peculiar rostrum to detect minute electric fields from their main prey, small water fleas. Electroreceptors over the rostrum and head sense these fields and send the information into a single hindbrain area, the dorsal octavolateral nucleus (DON). From there, information is sent to various midbrain structures, including the tectum. The response properties of primary afferent fibers and DON units has been well investigated, but nothing is known about electrosensory units in the midbrain. Here we recorded the responses of single units in the midbrain tectum and DON to uniform electric fields. Tectal units exhibited little spontaneous activity and responded to sine waves with a few, well phase-locked spikes. Phase locking was still significant at amplitudes one order of magnitude lower than in the DON. If stimulated with sinusoidal electric fields of different frequencies, phase locking in DON units decreased proportionally with frequency whereas the response of tectal units depended little on frequency. This is in agreement with behavioral studies showing that relevant frequencies range from DC to ca 20 Hz.

Gyrotropic linear and nonlinear motions of a magnetic vortex in soft magnetic nanodots

The authors investigated the gyrotropic linear and nonlinear motions of a magnetic vortex in soft magnetic cylindrical nanodots under in-plane oscillating magnetic fields of different frequencies and amplitudes, by employing both micromagnetic simulations and the numerical solutions of Thiele’s equation of motion [Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 230 (1973)]. Not only noncircular elliptical vortex-core orbital trajectories in the linear regime but also complex trajectories including stadiumlike shape in the nonlinear regime were observed from the micromagnetic simulations and were in excellent agreement with the numerical solutions of the analytical equations of motion. It was verified that the numerical solutions of Thiele’s equation are promisingly applicable in order to predict and describe well such complex vortex gyrotropic linear and nonlinear motions in both the initial transient and later steady states. These results enrich the fundamental understanding of the linear and nonlinear motions of vortices in confined magnetic elements in response to oscillating driving forces.

Electric Fatigue Behavior of La-doped Pb(Zr, Sn, Ti) O3 Antiferroelectric Ceramics under Square Electric Pulse Power

The electric fatigue of the antiferroelectric ceramics was investigated. Samples were polycrystalline ceramics prepared by conventional sintering method. The electric fields of different frequencies with rectangular shape were applied in fatigue procedure. At cycle numbers lower than 10 4 , the switched (P*), non-switched (Pr⁁) polarization and the switched (Pr*), non-switched (Pr⁁) remanent polarization were almost the same as their value at first cycle. However from 10 4 up to 10 7 , there were a 14% decrease in P⁁ and a 260% increase in Pr*. It was found that lower frequency yielded a faster fatigue than higher frequency.

Multiple frequency dielectrophoresis

A novel method of modeling multiple frequency dielectrophoresis (MFDEP) is introduced based on the concept of an effective Clausius-Mossotti factor, CM(eff), for a particle that is exposed to electrical fields of different frequencies, coming either from one or multiple pairs of electrodes. This analysis clearly illustrates how adding frequencies adds control parameters, up to two additional parameters per frequency. As a result, MFDEP can be used for a wide variety of applications, including separating particles with very similar Clausius-Mossotti spectra, trapping multiple groups of cells simultaneously, and cancelling unwanted dielectrophoretic traps. Illustrating the modeling approach, we determine the CM(eff)s for live and dead yeast cells, and then predict their equilibrium distribution on a three-electrode configuration, with two electrodes at different frequencies and the third electrode at ground. This prediction is validated experimentally, using MFDEP to selectively attract live cells to one location and dead cells to another, trapping both. These results demonstrate that the use of multiple frequencies for the manipulation of particles can enhance the performance of dielectrophoretic devices, not only for sorting, but also for such applications as patterning cells in close proximity for the formation of cell consortia.

The diverse world of liquid crystals

Orientationally ordered soft matter is exceptionally responsive to a variety of excitations. That’s the basis for its great range of applications.

Quantum teleportation of optical images with frequency conversion

We describe a new version of continuous variables quantum holographic teleportation of optical images. Unlike the previously proposed scheme, it is based on the continuous variables quantum entanglement between the light fields of different frequencies and allows for the wavelength conversion between the original and the teleported images. The frequency tunable holographic teleportation protocol can be used as a part of light-matter interface in parallel quantum information processing and parallel quantum memory

Effect of Frequency on Insulin Response to Electric Field Stress

There are many unanswered questions regarding the precise way in which proteins respond to external stress. Since the function of proteins is critically linked to their three-dimensional structures, exposure to any form of stress which may induce changes in conformation can potentially initiate severe cellular dysfunction. This is particularly relevant with regard to the increasing presence of electromagnetic devices in today's environment and the possible effects on human health. Previously, we investigated the effect of electric field of various strengths on insulin chain-B under static and oscillating conditions. This paper expands on our previous work by subjecting the peptide to an oscillating electric field of different frequencies. We observed a frequency-dependent effect where the application of lower-frequency oscillating fields resulted in static-field-like behavior of the peptide, whereby the intrinsic flexibility of the protein is constrained, thus potentially restricting access to the protein's active state.

Intense self-compressed, self-phase-stabilized few-cycle pulses at 2 μm from an optical filament

We report the compression of intense, carrier-envelope phase stable mid-IR pulses down to few-cycle duration using an optical filament. A filament in xenon gas is formed by using self-phase stabilized 330 microJ 55 fs pulses at 2 microm produced via difference-frequency generation in a Ti:sapphire-pumped optical parametric amplifier. The ultrabroadband 2 microm carrier-wavelength output is self-compressed below 3 optical cycles and has a 270 microJ pulse energy. The self-locked phase offset of the 2 microm difference-frequency field is preserved after filamentation. This is to our knowledge the first experimental realization of pulse compression in optical filaments at mid-IR wavelengths (lambda>0.8 microm).

Nonstationary electro-osmotic flow in closed cylindrical capillaries. Theory and experiment

Both from the experimental and theoretical viewpoints it is of fundamental importance to know precisely which are the fluid flow characteristics in a (cylindrical, say) closed cell under the action of an externally applied electric field, parallel to the cell axis. This is so because in many cases the experimental determination of the electrophoretic mobility of dispersed particles is carried out in closed cells, whereby the motion of the particles in the laboratory reference system is the result of the superposition of their electrophoretic migration plus the liquid motion with respect to the cell. This makes it of utmost importance to analyze the above-mentioned fluid and particle movements. If, in particular, this evaluation is carried out in the presence of alternating fields of different frequencies, information about the dynamics and time scales of the processes involved can be obtained for different frequencies of the applied field. In the present contribution, we discuss experimental results based on the determination of the velocity of polystyrene latex particles in a closed, cylindrical electrophoresis cell, and compare them to our previous theoretical analysis of the problem. It is concluded that the theory explains with great accuracy the observed particle velocities. In addition to the use of the particles as probes for the fluid velocity distribution, this work intends to give additional clues on the frequencies and positions for which electrophoretic mobility measurements in closed cells can be more reliable.