Field Of Conflict Resolution Research Articles

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES THROUGH INTERFAITH DIALOGUE FOR RESOLVING FARMERS-HERDERS DISPUTES IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA’S SELECTED COMMUNITIES

This study explores the farmer-herder conflict in Southwest Nigeria and the potential of interfaith dialogue as a novel approach to achieving sustainable peace. The paper argues that traditional methods of conflict resolution have proven inadequate and highlights the transformative potential of dialogue in fostering empathy, understanding, and collaboration between these often-antagonistic groups. Drawing on a multi-pronged methodological approach that combines secondary source analysis with primary data collected through interviews with key stakeholders, the research delves into the root causes of the conflict, including population growth, resource scarcity, and historical grievances. The paper emphasizes the devastating consequences of these clashes, including internal displacement, livelihood destruction, and loss of life. Through the lens of Leonard Swidler's Decalogue of Dialogue, the study outlines a framework for interfaith dialogue initiatives. This framework emphasizes open communication, mutual respect, a willingness to learn from each other, and a commitment to finding common ground. The research highlights the importance of addressing underlying grievances while also promoting innovative solutions such as sustainable cattle rearing practices and collaborative land-use policies. The study concludes that by implementing interfaith dialogue strategies alongside educational components, economic incentives for peaceful coexistence, and social interaction programs, stakeholders can cultivate a culture of peace and build a more prosperous future for all communities involved. This research contributes to the field of conflict resolution by advocating for a nuanced approach that acknowledges the religious dimensions of the farmer-herder conflict while emphasizing the importance of intergroup dialogue and collaboration. The emphasis on interfaith dialogue as a tool for peace-building offers a valuable addition to existing scholarship on conflict resolution in Southwest Nigeria. Limitations of the study include its focus on a specific region and the reliance on self-reported data from interviews. Future research should explore the long-term effectiveness of interfaith dialogue initiatives and investigate their applicability in diverse cultural contexts. By continuing to refine and expand the toolkit of interfaith dialogue, scholars and practitioners can make significant strides towards fostering peace and social cohesion in conflict-ridden regions.

Cultivating Social Cohesion through Conflict Transformation in Educational Environments

Teaching in our current times brings many new challenges that professors and students are navigating together. In the conflict resolution field, there are a variety of frameworks that may support fostering inclusivity in the classroom, though these elements still need to be discovered in mainstream academia and beyond. Several strategies will be shared that were implemented in classes, along with feedback from students, indicating a successful and inclusive atmosphere, even though a majority of the topics discussed were challenging. Developing effective strategies can transform a classroom. Active learning strategies can also create inclusive classrooms. In addition to the traditional challenges that students and teachers face, there are political challenges to what, how, and why specific topics are taught. Looking broadly and critically at these challenges may result in negotiating a collaborative process to actively create social cohesion within the classroom and beyond.

Harmonizing Conflict: Exploring Global Applications of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods

This study examines the domain of conflict resolution through a comparison of conventional trial procedures and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques. The author highlights the critical importance of trials in protecting interests and rights, while also recognizing inherent constraints such as protracted proceedings and financial strains. In light of the progressive development of democratic societies, there is a noticeable transition towards alternative methods of resolving disputes, which calls for a thorough assessment of their merits and demerits. The study focuses on mediation, arbitration, negotiation, and conciliation as primary ADR techniques, elucidating their applicability, advantages, and limitations across diverse scenarios and jurisdictions. It emphasizes the contextual dependency of ADR methods and their effectiveness in addressing commercial, familial, and international conflicts. The emergence of online dispute resolution (ODR) as a burgeoning field is also explored, highlighting its potential to enhance accessibility and efficiency in conflict resolution. The analysis concludes by promoting mediation as a fundamental aspect of modern dispute resolution frameworks, highlighting its focus on human interests and its ability to cultivate harmonious relationships. The ongoing development of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, in conjunction with advancements in technology and cultural awareness, presents an opportunity to transform the field of conflict resolution by enhancing its adaptability and inclusiveness.

Role of Traditional Leaders in Zimbabwe in Consolidating Peace

The study endeavours to examine the role of chiefs, headmen, and Sabhuku in managing political conflict for national peacebuilding in Zimbabwe. Traditionally, conflicts were resolved by a council of chiefs, Sabhuku, and headmen. Chiefs, Headmen, and Sabhuku have long been active in mediation by balancing the process of mediation and tribal disputes, and in some cases have led in restoring peace and reconciliation endeavors. Traditional leaders have historically played significant roles in Zimbabwean society and their involvement in consolidating peace has been crucial. Traditional leaders in African indigenous tribes especially in Zimbabwe have been involved in dispute resolution for many decades. However, compared to work in the field of formal conflict resolution, their contributions to conflict resolution have not been as well documented. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. 20 key informants were purposefully sampled using a qualitative approach. A case study approach was employed with the use of interviews. Secondary data sources and desk reviews were also used in the study in order to supplement primary data from interviews. The qualitative method of data analysis called the thematic approach was used in this research. The findings also suggest that traditional leaders settled the majority of the issues by sitting down with the opposing parties and conversing with them to find a resolution to the conflicts. The study's findings indicate traditional leaders' impact on political conflict resolution and peacebuilding procedures. The majority of the participants in this study had experience with local conflicts and have understanding of traditional practices. The study concludes that Chiefs, Headmans, and Sabhukus shape the processes of political conflict resolution and peacebuilding in Zimbabwe.

Historical aspect of international mediation and current trends in its development

The article «Historical aspect of international mediation and modern trends of its development» explores the evolution and role of international mediation throughout history and analyzes the current trends of its development in the modern world. The article examines the role of mediation in conflict resolution in different eras, starting from ancient civilizations to the present. Particular attention is paid to key stages in the development of international mediation, such as the Renaissance, the 19th and 20th centuries, and modernity, with a focus on the influence of international organizations and technological innovations. Current trends are also analyzed, including the expansion of actors, the use of modern technology, the increasing role of regional organizations, and cultural sensitivity. The article emphasizes that contemporary international mediation is becoming a more complex and multidimensional phenomenon, playing an important role in conflict resolution and maintaining stability on the world stage.
 The article considers international mediation as one of the alternative ways of resolving legal conflicts. The historical aspect of the emergence of international mediation is analyzed, the main trends of its development are highlighted.
 The historical aspect of the development of international mediation and modern trends of its development reflect significant progress in the field of international conflict resolution. Since ancient times, people and groups have sought to use mediation to resolve disputes and prevent wars. In the modern world, international mediation has become an increasingly recognized and effective tool for conflict resolution and peacekeeping.
 Current trends in the institution of international mediation encompass a number of important aspects that reflect changes in world politics, technological advances, and cultural preferences.
 Here are the key ones:
 S As the role of various regional players, such as regional organizations, has strengthened, their influence on international mediation has grown. They are becoming important mediators of conflicts in their regions and can play a crucial role in maintaining stability.
 S Information and communication technologies are opening up new avenues for mediation, including virtual platforms and cyber-mediation. They facilitate the exchange of information and enable remote interaction between parties to a conflict.
 S In addition to States and international organizations, non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and private companies are increasingly involved in international mediation. Their expertise and neutrality can make a significant contribution to conflict resolution.
 S Modern mediators are increasingly paying attention to the cultural, religious and social dimensions of conflicts. Understanding local customs and values can contribute to effective mediation.
 S Mediation is increasingly linked to economic motives and measures to stimulate peace and cooperation. Economic support can be a means of encouraging constructive solutions.
 S An important aspect of current trends is the development of standards and ethics for mediators. Professionally trained and competent mediators contribute to successful conflict resolution.
 S Modern mediation increasingly focuses on conflict prevention and avoidance, as well as on rapid response to initial tensions.
 У Media and public opinion play an important role in creating an atmosphere of trust and support for successful mediation. Modern mediators are increasingly engaging with the public and using media platforms for communication and influence.
 The combination of these trends points to the evolution of the institution of international mediation towards a more flexible, integrated and adaptive system that can better meet the challenges of contemporary international conflicts.
 Current trends in the development of the institution of international mediation include the growing interest in the use of mediation in international disputes, the establishment of specialized international mediation centers and the development of professional standards for international mediators.

THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN IN THE SECURITY SYSTEM: FROM UN RESOLUTION 1325 TO DIRECT ACTIONS

The role of women in the security and defense system has become increasingly visible in recent decades. Since the adoption of Resolution 1325 Women, peace and security of the Security Council of the United Nations Organization, on October 31st, 2000, member countries of this international organization, including our country, have taken steps to assume and implement new policies in the field of conflict resolution, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, which actively involves women. On the other hand, the intrinsic importance of women in the leadership and management of military structures, makes all legislative approaches related to this subject take concrete consistency

Justice in the Process of Regional Conflict Settlement: Analysis of Russia’s Strategy, 1992-2021

Research in the field of regional conflict resolution rarely touches on the issue of justice. This paper aims to identify what understanding of international justice underlies Russia’s actions as a mediator/peacekeeper in the process of regional conflict resolution in the 1990s-2010s. The study also contributes to the understanding of Russia’s foreign policy by clarifying Moscow’s views on the essence and parameters of a just global order. The paper provides a study of the dominant Russian views on the essence of justice in international relations. It offers an insight into Russia’s peace-making and conflict resolution activities in the context of the three concepts of global justice and taking into account the factor of national interests. The study concludes that the dominant understanding of international justice in Russia is that which corresponds to Allen Buchanan’s concept of subjective justice. In Moscow’s view, international justice is a set of rules developed in the process of consensus driven negotiations between the great powers. According to this logic, a just settlement of the regional conflict is possible only on the basis of the consensus of the parties to the conflict and in accordance with the interests of the global and regional powers concerned. The fair interaction of the great powers in the settlement of the regional conflict and the impact that the conflict resolution could have on the development of the international order were of crucial importance for Moscow within the period under consideration. Moscow’s activity in the conflict resolution in the post-Soviet space generally corresponded to the model of justice as mutual recognition, but with absolute priority of Russian national interests. The strategy for resolving regional conflicts in the post-Soviet space could only be understood in the broad context of relations with Western countries and has changed in line with the development of these relations.

How not to mediate conflict

Abstract This article questions the appropriateness of third parties' interventions seeking to foster political reconciliation. The analysis is divided into three parts. The first stresses a widely accepted premise in the field of conflict resolution, namely that mediation oriented towards reconciliation is inherently positive. The second part questions this moralistic perspective. It emphasizes the limits of specific mediation processes designed to transform the relationships between former enemies. The third part concentrates on the ‘pragmatics’ of mediation. It highlights the tensions, contradictions, and dilemmas faced by third parties eager to favour a rapprochement between parties. The intention of the article is to be neither cynical nor euphoric about calls for reconciliation coming from third parties. It explores the notion of failure, considering three main variables: the actors' intentions, timing, and the effects on the most affected populations (survivors and families of victims). From a practical perspective, a better understanding of the issue is a sine qua non condition for more efficient interventions. From an ethical perspective, it is crucial to consider whether calls for reconciliation coming from outside might paradoxically contribute to new patterns of exclusion.

BATI AFRİKA'DAKİ BÖLGESEL KURULUŞLARIN ÇATIŞMA ÇÖZME ROLÜLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: LİBERYA'DAKİ ECOWAS ÖRNEĞİ.

What are the causal factors that led to ECOWAS’s failure in its conflict resolution role in Liberia’s civil war during the 1990’s? The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional organization established in early 1975. Although it was established with the aim of an economic development mission, but since 1990 it included conflict resolution agenda by creating The Economic Community of West African States Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). In 1991, a year after its creation, ECOMOG intervened in Liberia to restore peace and security. It is assisted in its Liberian conflict resolution mission by other international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and the African Union (AU). So at the international level, the UN Security Council supported ECOWAS in Liberia with 386 observers and the AU played the role of facilitator for the organization of the presidential elections in 1997. At the regional level, ECOWAS has a lack of common interest and identity because between its French-speaking and English-speaking member countries, there is a difference of opinion when making decisions for its intervention in one of its member countries at war. Finally, at the domestic level, the lack of experience of ECOWAS leaders in the field of conflict resolution and its structural failures have not facilitated the task of ECOWAS in Liberia. This article consists of three different parts that include, Analysis of the role of international organizations, the problem of common interest and identity and the lack of experience of ECOWAS leaders in the field of conflict resolution and structural failures of the ECOWAS.

“Under the Radar”: How is the Jewish–Arab Conflict Reflected in Internal Jewish Dialogue?

This study explores the role of intergroup conflict in the identity exploration process among 83 Jewish participants in a dialogue in a multicultural college in Israel. Thematic analysis has shown that the behavior of most of the participants has been affected by the Jewish–Arab conflict as follows: they centered on internal commonalities among Jewish subgroups; they neither engaged in conflict among Jewish subgroups nor explored their Jewish identities, and they expressed confusion regarding who the out-group was: the Jewish subgroups’ members or the Arab students in the college. These findings expand the knowledge about the identity exploration process in a social context of religious–ethnic conflict and may pose a practical contribution to the field of intergroup dialogues and conflict resolution in divided societies. 
  

Training Interpreters as Cross-cultural Mediators: New Way of Teaching ESP or of Solving International Problems

In modern globalized society the emphasis of interpreters professional activity is changing. It is of interest to develop the future interpreters ability to establish correspondences and connections between linguistic signs and cross-cultural codes, taking into account the historical and cultural background of interacting countries (in synchrony and diachrony) from the point of view of multiple historical traditions besides the simultaneous interpretation of meaning. This article aims to contribute to the growing field of conflict resolution by exploring issues facing mediators-interpreters in cross-cultural conflicts, by analyzing factors that should be considered by mediators-interpreters and by specifying strategies for conducting successful mediation.

Evolution of a Field: Personal Histories in Conflict Resolution. Edited by Howard Gadlin and Nancy A. Welsh

This book review of Evolution of a Field: Personal Histories in Conflict Resolution, co‐edited by Howard Gadlin and Nancy A. Welsh, presents an overview, with snippets of personal and autobiographical material, of this penetrating collection that comprises the “personal stories” of 23 leading practitioners and scholars in the field of conflict resolution. The editors asked the authors to reflectively tell their stories about what factors led to their interest in conflict resolution, how their career paths flowed, what pleasures their journey gave them, and what they have learned. Organized into 23 chapters and four themes that emerged from the stories, this book is an inspirational contribution to our field.

Conflict Consulting Clinic as a Method of Practical Training of Humanities Students

Conflictology as an educational program aimed at training specialists in the field of conflict resolution includes not only theoretical aspects, it is focused on modern practice. This stems both from the interdisciplinary subject field of conflict management, which combines the fundamental and applied components, as well as the needs of the labor market and the students themselves. At the same time, being in the circle of social sciences and humanities, conflict management faces the traditional challenges for this industry, associated with the most relevant forms of organizing students’ practical work. The article analyzes the unique experience of the clinical form of organizing the practice of students majoring in conflictology, which has been implemented at St. Petersburg State University for 10 years. The practice of students, organized in the form of a conflict consulting clinic, first of all solves the problem of adapting students to the conditions and requirements of the practical activity of a conflictologist. The authors focus on the issues of correlating the clinical form to the requirements of the newest educational standard. The main forms and stages of students’ work in the clinic are presented. The article describes the opportunities of students in acquiring the skills and abilities in conflict resolution, organizing and conducting the negotiation process, mastering conflict management strategies. The authors conclude that the conflict consulting clinic is a complex pedagogical methodology that includes both in-class and out-of-class forms of student practical activity in working with real cases based on client requests and promoting mediation, as well as teacher supervision with rhythmically organized discussion and correction of students’ actions, which ensures due professionalism and quality services provided by students to external consumers.

The Regional Security in the Space of CIS (On the 30th Anniversary of the Founding of the Commonwealth)

The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the Commonwealth of Independent States and its role in the history of modern international relations in the post-Soviet space, within the framework of which cooperation in the field of security and peacekeeping is developing. This range of issues is often ignored or poorly covered in international historiography, which makes the proposed analysis particularly relevant. The authors pay special attention to the role of the CIS in creating elements of the regional system of collective security. Based on the analyzed documentary material, including international agreements and collective decisions taken within the framework of the CIS, the authors conclude that, although the Commonwealth of Independent States could not turn into a developed integration organization that determines the direction of development of its member countries, the CIS retains its importance not only as a negotiating platform but also as an institutionalized structure offering participants certain tools for interaction on a wide range of issues in the field of security and collective conflict resolution. It is due to the availability of such tools that the Commonwealth occupies its special niche in modern international relations, primarily in the regional system of interstate relations in the Eurasian space.

Synchronicity, Paradox, and Personal Evolution

This autobiographical chapter, produced as part of a compendium of narratives by leaders in the field of conflict resolution, offers a highly personal retrospective on a unique career now in its fifth decade. The author reflects on his path from the field of architecture to a specialized law practice on the cutting edge of trends in arbitration, mediation and dispute resolution; his evolution as a professor of law, dispute resolution professional, and award-winning scholar; and his leadership of two important institutions in the conflict resolution field—the New York-based International Institute for Conflict Prevention & Resolution (CPR) and the Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution at Pepperdine Caruso School of Law in Los Angeles. Grounded initially in his practice as a construction lawyer, Stipanowich describes his introduction to arbitration, his realization that the process was not staying true to its original goals, his hard work over the years to develop consensus for important, concrete reform, and his intense engagement with conflict resolution teaching and scholarship in order to leave the world a better place than he found it. His multi-faceted career—as lawyer, teacher, scholar and director of both an internationally-known non-profit and a university center-- also demonstrates the opportunities that exist in the field of conflict resolution to play the roles of entrepreneur, leader, institution-builder, and systems architect.

International Commercial Arbitration: History, Modernity, Attempt to Look into the Future

The paper is a review of the textbook "International Commercial Arbitration", prepared by a group of authors under the scientific editorship of leading experts in the field of alternative dispute resolution, i.e. O.Yu. Skvortsov, M.Yu. Savranskiy, G. V. Sevastyanov. The significance of this publication is due to the need to develop a sustainable pro-arbitration approach in Russia, strengthen contractual principles in the field of legal conflict resolution, and develop international commercial arbitration (hereinafter referred to as the ICA) as an important component of increasing the attractiveness and competitiveness of the Russian jurisdiction. Legal science representatives and practicing lawyers have been in an active discussion about the role of arbitration institutions and arbitrators in modern civil commerce, the nature of arbitration, effective forms and methods (models) of interaction between state justice and arbitration, the limits of assistance and control of state courts in relation to arbitration courts, as well as the limits of the will of civil commerce participants in choosing forms and methods for resolving legal conflicts, and the importance for Russia, in the conditions of new challenges in the economy, and formation of a balanced Pro-arbitration policy. The reviewed book is the result of serious and very deep study of the ICA history and its contemporary state, all its major institutions. It contains the latest information about the most important directions of its modernization from the point of view of international standards and in the context of the Russian arbitration reform, demanded by both domestic and foreign business. The comparative legal research method chosen by the authors and reference to the best practices in the field under study made it possible not only to identify problems, current challenges and new trends in the field of arbitration, but also to propose a set of measures to solve existing problems in order to increase the role and authority of the ICA in Russia, increase confidence in the arbitration form of dispute resolution by state courts, expand the arbitrability of disputes, and increase the competitiveness of domestic jurisdiction.

Formation of mediation competence of participants in the educational space of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the Siberian Federal University

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of trained teachers - heads of school mediation services and future mediators. Reducing the deficit is possible only through increasing the competence of teachers in the field of conflict resolution and the formation of the ability and readiness to use mediation practices aimed at creating a conflict-free educational environment and harmonizing interethnic relations in a multicultural educational space. The authors presented a component-wise model of the formation of mediated competence of participants in the educational process from among the heads of school mediation services and future mediators and tested it. Materials and methods. The study used methods of measuring the components of mediation competence: communicative, information-analytical, organizational and managerial, emotional. The study involved two groups: students of the professional retraining program “Mediation. Psychology of Conflict Management ”55 people (experimental group) and 60 people (control group), teachers who are not trained in mediation programs. Comparative analysis of groups was carried out using the U-Mann-Whitney test. Results. Analysis of the effectiveness of the formation of mediation competence showed significant differences (p <0.05) on a number of scales that affect the effectiveness of the formation of components of mediation competence. Significant changes (p <0.05) were revealed in terms of the parameters of the severity of communicative skills, which indicates the formation of a confident partner style of behavior. Changes in the components of emotional competence are significant: emotional awareness (p = 0, 002), emotion management (p = 0, 045), recognition of other people's emotions (p = 0.021). There is a significant difference in the formation of information and analytical competence (p <0.05), primarily in the parameter of motivation (p = 0.000) of using mediation practices to resolve conflicts. Conclusion. It was revealed that the formation of the mediation competence of participants in the educational space of the Krasnoyarsk Territory can go through professional retraining programs and will be effective when combining the efforts of the academic community and practicing mediators, professional mediator communities and the cooperation of resources of various Siberian universities.

Self-assessment of conflict resolution competencies by undergraduate students pursuing an education degree

Introduction. The article addresses the issue of developing prospective teachers’ competence in conflict resolution. Despite the fact that the ability to resolve conflicts in the field of education is considered as one of the key competencies, too little attention has been paid to studying the problem of self-evaluating conflict management competencies by students pursuing their undergraduate degrees in Education. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how students evaluate their conflict resolution skills gained within the framework of initial teacher education course. Materials and Methods. By adopting a systematic approach, the study uses such theoretical methods as systemic analysis and synthesis, comparison, and generalization. In order to collect empirical data, an online survey was conducted. The study involved 287 undergraduate students (63 male and 224 female) doing their initial teacher education degree at a pedagogical university located in Chelyabinsk (Russia). Results. Having examined students' assessment of the need, composition, effectiveness and satisfaction with training in the field of conflict resolution, the authors found that lack of systematic conflict resolution training can lead to the imbalance between students’ theoretical awareness of conflict resolution strategies and practical skills of applying them in work-related situations. The authors conclude that future educators need targeted conflict resolution training, as they consider themselves insufficiently prepared to apply conflict resolution skills at workplace. Conclusions. The study suggests that self-evaluation of professional training in the field of conflict resolution by student teachers has the following attributes: 1) indirect involvement in teaching activities; 2) insufficient subject position of students regarding the fulfillment of their own needs for conflict resolution competencies.

A Matter of Faith? Negotiations with Boko Haram in Nigeria

Abstract Why are armed conflicts involving warring parties with an Islamist agenda more difficult to resolve through negotiations? In previous research, two main explanations have been put forward; one that highlight the religious element of the parties’ conflict issue and one that emphasis the organizational character of these conflicts, in particular their transnational nature. Yet we still do not know which of these explanations that carry the most explanatory power. The purpose of this article is to test the empirical relevance of these theories through an in-depth study of five negotiation attempts between the government of Nigeria and the group known as Boko Haram during the time period 2011 to 2016. By doing so, this article both addresses one of the key theoretical debates in the scholarly field of religious conflicts and conflict resolution, and presents novel empirical material on a case not well covered in previous negotiation literature.

UN Peacekeeping, Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention

The question of armed intervention on behalf of the international community, in the internal affairs of a state against the wishes of the government of that state, in order to prevent widespread death or suffering among the population, is not a new one. Indeed Imperial Rome grappled with the same problems in Dalmatia and Judaea 2,000 years ago, as the international community does in those same regions today. How effective are peacekeeping operations in preventing and stopping violence? Is there an alternative to United Nations (UN) and regional peacekeeping operations? The practice of UN peacekeeping is evolving in many instances into robust peacemaking actions with a positive responsibility to protect (R2P) civilians within the field of operations. The R2P (and ‘responsibility while protecting’ (RwP)) concept sets out a key principle to enable the international community to prevent atrocity crimes. Since its emergence, however, there have been intense discussions over how to put the principle into practice. Some aspects of the concept remainf unclear, including how to undertake, as the last resort, the use of military force. These issues must be considered within the boundaries set by R2P which seek at all costs to avoid the use of force for other reasons than ceasing mass atrocity crimes. The use of force, therefore – including possible military action by the international community, given growing international reluctance to accept grave threats to peace and security, including mass crimes against defenceless populations – has to be thoroughly analysed and comprehended. This article presents an analysis of the development of civilian peacekeeping, its relevance in the field of conflict resolution and its autonomy from multidimensional peacekeeping, championed by the UN.