Field Lines Of Force Research Articles

Does Magnetic Field Influence the Surface Tension of Ferrofluid?

Studying the physical properties of ferrofluids is a challenging task, especially when conventional experimental techniques are adapted to the presence of a magnetic field. To date, there has been no definitive understanding of how the magnetic field affects the surface energy of ferrofluid interfaces. In this study, we perform a direct experimental investigation to assess the effect of magnetic fields on the surface tension of ferrofluids. For this purpose, a modified capillary wave technique was modified for use in the presence of an external magnetic field. A decrease in the wavelength of the capillary wave was observed when the magnetic field was oriented perpendicular to the ferrofluid surface, and an increase was recorded when the magnetic field was parallel. We note that the capillary wave pattern elongates along the magnetic field force lines. The observed effect is attributed to the varying influence of the magnetic field along and across the propagating capillary wave. Analysis of the dispersion relation and evaluation of the impacts of various mechanisms influencing capillary waves revealed, that the changes in the surface tension of ferrofluids in the presence of a magnetic field are responsible for the observed behavior. It is shown that the surface tension of the MK 8-40 ferrofluid gradually increases with the applied magnetic field and reaches a grouth up to 10% in a magnetic field of ∼10 kA/m. Thus, the surface tension is found to be influenced by an external magnetic field.

Coulomb’s Law in Electrostatic, Gravitational and Inertial Forces and Emission of Radiation

Electric fields, from charges in bodies, in accordance with Coulomb’s law, occupying a vacuum, constitute an elastic medium called aether. Electrostatic, gravitational, and inertial forces are explained by considering the aether as an electric-field medium, supporting transmission of radiation at the speed of light. A partice of charge Q is supposed to be an impregnable hollow sphere, with radial force pulling the surface outwards, to maintain a stable structure of radius a and mass m, as the smallest quantities. Lines of force from stationary adjacent charges, are curled, in positive potential energy, for repulsion or negative for attraction. A charge Q, moving at constant velocity, carries its straight lines of radial fields, with increase forwards, to account for the kinetic energy. Force of gravity is by virtue of bodies displacing volumes of the aether, one in the shadow of another, to make for a pushings force of attraction, in accordance with Newton’s law. Due to finite speed of light, acceleration of charge Q moving at time t with velocity v, is not simultaneously passed to all the fields, resulting in curling of lateral field lines and creation of reactive field E and inertial force QE = -m(dv/dt), as inertia. Coulomb’s law is modified, with a velocity term, in view of aberration of electric field, for radiation from accelerated charges. Curving of space-time continuum is replaced with curling of electric field lines of force. Materials for teaching electromagnetic fields and radiation, in space, are well provided.

The MTT-S Publications Committee: Advancing Research–2022 [AdCom Publications Committee

The physics of electromagnetics, or more specifically, the concept of electric and magnetic field lines of force, was proposed by Michael Faraday, in 1824. André-Marie Ampére’s and Faraday’s experimental results were mathematically described by James Clerk Maxwell, in 1861. Many physicists consider Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory to be among the most influential developments in physics, and it used to be called the Faraday/Maxwell theory. Both of these physicists published their findings in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Transactions of the Royal Society</i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Proceedings of the Royal Society</i> . The person who first used Maxwell’s theory and equations to develop transmission line theory was Oliver Heaviside, and maybe more important, he developed from Maxwell’s work what we today refer to as Maxwell’s equations. He published many of his papers in the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Electrician</i> , a weekly journal, and his papers were later combined into a series of books. Faraday, Maxwell, and Heaviside are, at least in my opinion, the founders of electromagnetic theory. I apologize for neglecting to include Heinrich Hertz, who experimentally confirmed Maxwell’s equations and demonstrated wireless electromagnetic propagation, especially since I admire the work of experimentalists. He did not, though, have the same impact on the development of electromagnetic theory as the three physicists I have listed.

Magnetic field assisted 3D printing of short carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites

This paper investigates and discusses the outcomes from an ongoing feasibility research being conducted at Advanced Composites Research Focused Group on 3D printing polymers and carbon composites subjected to localised magnetic field force lines. Magnetic equipped composite processes are starting to become an important new development for structural applications. Specific to this paper, in-situ alignment of short carbon fibres (∼1 mm length) in thermoplastic polymer filaments (Onyx FR, a Nylon base with micro carbon-fibres with a flame retardant additive supplied by Markforged) during a fused deposition modelling (FDM) based 3D printing (MakerBot Replicator 2). An experiment took place in which samples of PLA and onyx were printed, both with and without a magnetic field present. This was done to see what effects, if any, the magnetic field had on the flow orientation of these materials when printed. The results from using a high-resolution optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that while carbon fibres within the Onyx had aligned in response to the magnetic field, the PLA samples were visibly unchanged by the magnetic field. The observations have been partially supported by theoretical calculations utilizing Multiphysics constitutive equations.

A Cause of Force of Gravity between Bodies

An isolated electric charge, in the form of an indestructible spherical shell of radius a, has its straight and radial electric fields pulling the surface charge equally outwards, directed from the center, to maintain an equilibrium. Any imbalance in the field lines of force causes the charge to move, with acceleration, in the direction of the resultant force. The field lines of adjacent charges become curved to make for the force of repulsion or attraction. It is proposed that the electric field lines from a charge open out slightly, on encountering a like charge in space, thereby reducing the force of repulsion. The field lines close in slightly, against an unlike charge, to increase the force of attraction. Thus, there is a net force of attraction between two neutral bodies composed of equal numbers of positive and negative charges. For a neutral body, the strong electrical forces of repulsion and attraction, proportional to the magnitude of a charge, in accordance with Coulomb’s law, cancel out everywhere. The weak gravitational forces of attraction, proportional to the mass of a charge, which is also proportional to the square of magnitude of a charge, in accordance with Newton’s law, remain and add up. It is shown that gravity is a pulling force of attraction and an electrical property emanating from a body, not a result of curvature of empty space surrounding the body, as envisaged by the theory of general relativity.

Measurement of the ripple of magnet power supply and its effect to the beam energy

This study is aimed at measuring the ripple of magnetic power supply of BEPCII and checking its effect to beam energy. A sensor made of printed circuit board coils is designed and manufactured. The sensor was inserted into a good area region of the magnetic field with the surface perpendicular to the field force lines. The change of the magnetic field would be detected according to Faraday’s law. The experiment result indicates that the time-dependent ripple of the magnetic field is in the magnitude of ppm. Such a small effect of the time-dependent ripplecan be negligibleto beam energy.

Electrostatic Field Influence on Luminescence Features of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dots in Silica Matrix

The effect of electrostatic field on optical properties of silicate nanocomposite with cadmium sulfide quantum dots was investigated. It was found that the electrostatic field causes quantum dot orientation along the field force lines leading to changes in the polarized components of the luminescence spectrum. The influence of field force line direction on photoinduced absorption characteristics arised from λ = 405.9nm laser radiation exposure to nanocomposite was shown.

Static electric field mapping using a mosquito racket and baby oil

The aim of this research was to design a simple experimental device to see electric field force lines using common components which are readily available in everyday life. A solution of baby oil was placed in a plastic container, 4.5 × 4.5 × 1 inches, with both ends of the electrodes (metal wire) immersed in the solution at a depth of 0.2 inches. A mosquito racket was used as a source of voltage, and was connected to the electrodes. Electric field lines were seen through grass seeds, which were sown in the solution of baby oil. The results showed the design tool successfully evokes the lines of force of an electric field from a charge point, two point charges, and two dielectric plates with two polar opposite charges.

A Comparative Study of Novel Permanent Magnet Arc Guideway Motors Based on Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field Analysis

A novel PM arc guideway motor (PMAGM) is developed due to the drawback of the conventional motor reciprocating within certain angle. The PMAGM can directly drive load to make reciprocating motion within a limited angle with advantages of simplification, reliability, high efficiency, etc.. Aiming at the permanent magnet (PM) magnetization and solenoid coil electrifying modes, the PM deflection angle is parameterized and the influence on electromagnetic force has been analyzed between different magnetization and electrifying modes. Results show that electromagnetic force in Y direction magnetized along the external field force lines at proposal 1 is 51.23% higher than that of vertical magnetization, and the electromagnetic resultant force increases by 45.91%. As the angle of the PM deflection within 3o, the electromagnetic force in X direction points to the right, which is not good for PM slidable assembly swing. Based on comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of several electrifying modes, the electricity combination under full swing angle is optimized.

Simulation of the seat form of a negative corona discharge in a point-plane electrode system

A negative corona discharge in a point-plane electrode system is simulated. Equations for the transfer of electrons and ions are given as a drift-diffusion approximation. A mushroom-shaped corona seat is developed both in the model and experiment. There is determined the mechanism of this process: near the needle point within the corona sheath area, the charge structure is bipolar and causes the constriction of the field force lines, as well as the appearance of a narrow peak of intensity on the active electrode surface. On the contrary, in the space between the active and passive electrodes, there dominates a unipolar charge of negative ions, which is responsible for the repulsion of the field lines. The distortion of these lines leads to the formation of the mushroom glow of the corona discharge.

Design and Analysis of a Novel Permanent Magnet Arc Guideway Motor

Based on the application drawback of the conventional motor reciprocating within certain angle, a novel permanent magnet arc guideway motor (PMAGM) is put forward which directly converts electrical current into limited angular moment, producing torque through a limited rotation angle of normally much less than ±180°. According to the permanent magnet (PM) magnetization and solenoid coil electrifying modes, five different magnetization orientations and three different electrifying modes are analysed. Results show that electromagnetic force of Y direction magnetized alone the external field force lines is larger than any other magnetization orientations, 40% higher than that of vertical magnetization. X direction electromagnetic force magnetized alone the external field force lines in proposal 3 is 2.5 times that of the vertical magnetization in proposal 2. The electromagnetic force and dynamic response performance of designed PMAGM could be improved effectively and provided with certain practical significance.

Permanent Magnets Design and Magnetic Field Analysis of a Novel Permanent Magnet Linear Motor

In order to improve the output force characteristics of permanent magnet linear motor (PMLM), studied from permanent magnets (PMs) structure that is the key component of PMLM, different magnetization methods of single PM and different array structures of multiple PMs are compared, and a novel PMLM magnetized alone the external field force lines using 8 pieces tegular Halbach magnet array with air gaps is proposed as well. The analysis on magnetic field of PMLM shows that the force between the coil and the single PM increases by more than 40%, and the average magnetic induction in coil centre generated by the 8 pieces Halbach magnet array arrives at the maximum value, 10% higher than that of 1 piece structure.

Lorentz invariance violation in modified gravity

We consider an environmentally dependent violation of Lorentz invariance in scalar–tensor models of modified gravity where General Relativity is retrieved locally thanks to a screening mechanism. We find that fermions have a modified dispersion relation and would go faster than light in an anisotropic and space-dependent way along the scalar field lines of force. Phenomenologically, these models are tightly restricted by the amount of Cerenkov radiation emitted by the superluminal particles, a constraint which is only satisfied by chameleons. Measuring the speed of neutrinos emitted radially from the surface of the earth and observed on the other side of the earth would probe the scalar field profile of modified gravity models in dense environments. We argue that the test of the equivalence principle provided by the Lunar ranging experiment implies that a deviation from the speed of light, for natural values of the coupling scale between the scalar field and fermions, would be below detectable levels, unless gravity is modified by camouflaged chameleons where the field normalisation is environmentally dependent.

A compact vapor source of conductive target material sputtered by 3-keV ions at 0.05-Pa pressure

A vapor source is developed its 80-mm-diameter and 15-mm-thick flat target being positioned on the bottom of a 120-mm-diameter and 70-mm-deep hollow cathode, isolated from the cathode and sputtered by 1–4-keV argon ions. A permanent magnet induces an axially symmetric heterogeneous magnetic field, the field induction on the target surface reaching 20 mT and the field lines of force being diverging from the target surface and crossing the cathode surface. The cathode bombardment by 1–3-keV secondary electrons emitted by the target results in an increase of the electron emission current in the cathode circuit and enables to reduce the argon pressure down to 0.05 Pa. It allows a collisionless transport of the sputtered metal atoms to a substrate thus keeping their initial energy amounting to tens of electronvolts. A higher energy of deposited atoms improves quality of coatings, for instance of Ti3SiB2 films, their deposition rate on a substrate distanced at 0.1–0.2 m from the target amounting to 10–20 µm/h at 1-A current in the target circuit and 3-keV energy of sputtering ions. This value is one order of magnitude higher in comparison with the target sputtering in a planar magnetron discharge by 300–500-eV argon ions at the same 1-A current in the target circuit.

Inducing gas flow and swirl in tubes using ionic wind from corona discharges

Air induction and rotation about the axis of a vertical tube is generated by an assembly of corona discharges between pinpoints and earthed electrodes, which induces a swirling ionic wind. The mechanism is elucidated and the geometrical configuration of the electric field lines of force is optimised by studying the deposition of charged particles on the earth electrodes, by numerical modelling of a simplified geometry and ultimately by maximising the measured tangential velocities. Upward convective flows of up to a litre per second are provided by an additional ionic wind pump at the base of the tube. With assemblies of up to three layers of six points each, tangential velocities of up to 3.3 m/s (≈900 rpm) are attained at the periphery, as recorded by small Pitot tubes. The concept, developed particularly for microgravity environments, appears suitable for adding a substantial centrifugal contribution to the operation of electrostatic precipitators and as a basis for further progress on electrical field-controlled burners.

An Inverse Method Allowing User-Specified Layouts of Magnetized Microfibers in Solidifying Composites

A new concept for controlled manufacturing of specialty composite materials has been developed. It is based on the concept of aligning magnetizable microfibers tangent to magnetic field lines of force. This paper offers a method that allows users to specify desired patterns of the magnetic lines of force that can be achieved by an appropriate positioning of magnets of various strengths along the boundaries of the composites' curing container. An improved analytical model and a numerical algorithm have been developed for the prediction of the magnetic force lines inside a flowing and solidifying melt. This analysis code was combined with a hybrid constrained optimization algorithm that minimizes a normalized sum of least square differences between the user-specified and the predicted patterns of the magnetic lines of force. This software package was used to inversely evaluate the strengths, locations, and orientations of magnets needed to generate the user-specified patterns of the magnetic lines of force in the solidifying composite thus verifying the conceptual feasibility of this novel manufacturing process.

A global MHD simulation of the Jovian magnetosphere interacting with/without the interplanetary magnetic field

A global model of the Jovian magnetosphere is presented based on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation that takes into account the interaction between a rapidly rotating magnetosphere and external plasma flow. In this study, a steady solar wind with, as well as without, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is applied to the inflow boundary. The results clearly indicate that the global structure of the magnetic field lines of force is strongly affected by the rotation of Jupiter as well as by the solar wind. It is also found that magnetic reconnection at the tail region generates the plasma outflow and greatly modifies the corotational structure of the plasmas in the magnetosphere. Especially, when a relatively high‐speed solar wind or a solar wind with a northward IMF collides with the magnetosphere, strong magnetic reconnection at the tail induces the tail‐dusk flow, which is against the corotation. On the other hand, the evident tail‐dusk flow does not appear in the case of a low‐speed solar wind or in the case with a southward IMF. Thus the internal structure of the rotating magnetosphere could be altered qualitatively in response to changes in the solar wind parameters.

Pyroelectric Effect of a Sucrose Monocrystal

A monocrystal of sucrose, cooled to the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen and then left at ambient temperature, shows a pyroelectric effect that is very clearly manifested through the growth of ice crystals in the direction of the induced electric field lines of force.

Approximate calculation of current in a diode with an explosive emission cathode

The approximation of electron motion along electric field force lines is used to calculate current in diodes with knife-edge and point emitters. The diode current is limited by space charge, with each current tube considered as a diode element with electrodes in the form of coaxial cylinders or concentric spheres. The effect of the cathode cavity in which the emitter is installed upon current magnitude is considered by limiting beam dimensions at the anode.

Method for solving the electron-wave interaction problem

We examine a solution to the equations of motion of an electron in a plane electromagnetic wave in the presence of a constant magnetic field. The problem reduces to the solution of a parametric system of equations by the Lagrange and Byurman-Lagrange methods. This approach allows us to write out the solution to the equations of motion both for the forward motion of the electron along magnetic field force lines and for its reflection by the plane wave — a multivalued solution.