Field Force Research Articles

Diffusion dynamics of an overdamped active ellipsoidal Brownian particle in two dimensions

Shape asymmetry is the most abundant in nature and has attracted considerable interest in recent research. The phenomenon is widely recognized: a free ellipsoidal Brownian particle displays anisotropic diffusion during short time intervals, which subsequently transitions to an isotropic diffusion pattern over longer timescales. We have further expanded this concept to incorporate active ellipsoidal particles characterized by an initial self-propelled velocity. This paper provides analytical and simulation results of diffusion dynamics of an active ellipsoidal particle. The active ellipsoidal particle manifests three distinct regimes in its diffusion dynamics over time. In the transient regime, it displays diffusive behavior followed by a super-diffusive phase, and in the longer time duration, it transitions to purely diffusive dynamics. We investigated the diffusion dynamics of a free particle as well as a particle in a harmonic trap, and a particle subject to a constant field force. Moreover, we have studied the rotational diffusion dynamics and torque production resulting from an external constant force field. Furthermore, our investigation extends to the examination of the scaled average velocity of an ellipsoidal active particle, considering both a constant force field and a one-dimensional ratchet.

Toward High-Performance Self-Powered Near-Ultraviolet Photodetection by Constructing a Unipolar Heterojunction.

Constructing a unipolar heterojunction is an effective energy band engineering strategy to improve the performance of photoelectric devices, which could suppress dark current and enhance detectivity by modulating the transfer of carriers. In this work, unipolar heterojunctions of Si/PbI2 and GaSb/PbI2 are constructed successfully for high-performance self-powered near-ultraviolet photodetection. Owing to the unique band offset of unipolar heterojunctions, the transport of holes is blocked, and only photogenerated electrons in PbI2 can flow unimpeded under the driving force of the built-in electric field. Thus, the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs is suppressed, contributing to high-performance near-ultraviolet photodetection. The as-fabricated Si/PbI2 self-powered near-ultraviolet photodetector exhibits a low dark current of 10-13 A, a high Ilight/Idark ratio of 104, and fast response times of 26/24 ms, which are much better than those of the PbI2 metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector. Furthermore, the as-fabricated GaSb/PbI2 unipolar heterojunction photodetector also exhibits impressive self-powered near-ultraviolet photodetection behaviors. Evidently, this work shows the potential of unipolar heterojunctions for next-generation Si-based and GaSb-based high-performance photodetection.

Host-Guest Interaction Mediated Perovskite@Metal-Organic Framework Z-Scheme Heterojunction Enabled Paper-Based Photoelectrochemical Sensing.

Exploring the high-performance photoelectronic properties of perovskite quantum dots (QDs) is desirable for paper-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing;however, challenges remain in improving their stability and fundamental performance. Herein, a novel Z-scheme heterostructure with host-guest interaction by the confinement of CH3NH3PbBr3 QDs within Cu3(BTC)2 metal-organic framework (MOF) crystal (MAPbBr3@Cu3(BTC)2) is successfully constructed on the paper-based PEC device for ultrasensitive detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA), with the assistance of the exciton-plasmon interaction (EPI) effect. The host-guest interaction is estabilished by encapsulating MAPbBr3 QDs as guests within Cu3(BTC)2 MOF as a host, which prevents MAPbBr3 QDs from being damaged in the polar system, offering access to long-term stability with high-performance PEC properties. Benefiting from the precise alignment of energy levels, the photogenerated charge carriers can migrate according to the Z-scheme charge-transfer pathway under the driving force of the internal electric field, achieving a high photoelectric conversion efficiency. Upon OTA recognition, the EPI effect is activated to modulate the exciton response in MAPbBr3 QDs by accelerating radiative decay, finally achieving sensitive OTA sensing with a detection limit of 0.017 pg mL-1. We believe this work renders new insight into designing host-guest Z-scheme heterojunctions in constructing the paper-based PEC sensing platforms for environmental monitoring.

Research on the Temporal and Spatial Changes and Driving Forces of Rice Fields Based on the NDVI Difference Method

Rice is a globally important food crop, and it is crucial to accurately and conveniently obtain information on rice fields, understand their spatial patterns, and grasp their dynamic changes to address food security challenges. In this study, Chongqing’s Yongchuan District was selected as the research area. By utilizing UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to collect multi-spectral remote sensing data during three seasons, the phenological characteristics of rice fields were analyzed using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Based on Sentinel data with a resolution of 10 m, the NDVI difference method was used to extract rice fields between 2019 and 2023. Furthermore, the reasons for changes in rice fields over the five years were also analyzed. First, a simulation model of the rice harvesting period was constructed using data from 32 sampling points through multiple regression analysis. Based on the model, the study area was classified into six categories, and the necessary data for each region were identified. Next, the NDVI values for the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods of rice fields, as well as the differences between them, were calculated for various regions. Additionally, every year, 35 samples of rice fields were chosen from high-resolution images provided by Google. The thresholds for extracting rice fields were determined by statistically analyzing the difference in NDVI values within the sample area. By utilizing these thresholds, rice fields corresponding to six harvesting regions were extracted separately. The rice fields extracted from different regions were merged to obtain the rice fields for the study area from 2019 to 2023, and the accuracy of the extraction results was verified. Then, based on five years of rice fields in the study area, we analyzed them from both temporal and spatial perspectives. In the temporal analysis, a transition matrix of rice field changes and the calculation of the rice fields’ dynamic degree were utilized to examine the temporal changes. The spatial changes were analyzed by incorporating DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data. Finally, a logistic regression model was employed to investigate the causes of both temporal and spatial changes in the rice fields. The study results indicated the following: (1) The simulation model of the rice harvesting period can quickly and accurately determine the best period of remote sensing images needed to extract rice fields. (2) The confusion matrix shows the effectiveness of the NDVI difference method in extracting rice fields. (3) The total area of rice fields in the study area did not change much each year, but there were still significant spatial adjustments. Over the five years, the spatial distribution of gained rice fields was relatively uniform, while the lost rice fields showed obvious regional differences. In combination with the analysis of altitude, it tended to grow in lower areas. (4) The logistic regression analysis revealed that gained rice fields tended to be found in regions with convenient irrigation, flat terrain, lower altitude, and proximity to residential areas. Conversely, lost rice fields were typically located in areas with inconvenient irrigation, long distance from residential areas, low population, and negative topography.

Energy transfer, conversion and mechanical regulation in graded piezoelectric semiconductor bipolar junction transistor

While the effective regulation of carrier redistribution in piezoelectric semiconductor devices by mechanical loads through piezoelectric polarized electric fields is well-studied, there is a scarcity of reported research on the influence of energy transfer and conversion characteristics in a non-thermal equilibrium state of these devices. This paper establishes a nonlinear multi-field coupling model for piezoelectric semiconductor graded bipolar junction transistor (PS-GBJT) and proposes a corresponding multi-gradient iterative algorithm. We regard the product of current and built-in electric field as the work done by electric field force on carriers. By incorporating the energy absorbed/released during carrier recombination/generation process, we observe that non-equilibrium carriers act as a medium that facilitates energy conversion between these two mechanisms. Additionally, the non-uniformly distributed doping extends the influence of space charge region throughout entire transistor. In terms of external input electrical energy, the emitter, base, and collector regions play roles of input energy, transfer energy, and output energy, respectively. The study concludes by demonstrating the regulation of energy transfer or conversion efficiency in emitter, base, and collector regions through mechanical loads, thereby altering the heating behavior of entire GBJT and reshaping its energy transfer path. This leads to the significant finding that distinct energy transfer paths fundamentally define the various operational states of GBJT. The novel insights gained from this research hold reference value for thermal design and energy management of electronic devices.

Study on the preparation and fretting behavior of bonded oriented MoS2 solid lubricant coating

The bonded MoS2 solid lubricant coating is an effective measure to mitigate the fretting wear of AISI 1045 steel. In this work, the amino functionalized MoS2 was protonated with acetic acid to make the MoS2 positively charged. The directional arrangement of protonated MoS2 in the coating was achieved by electrophoretic deposition under the electric field force. The bonded directionally aligned MoS2 solid lubricant coating showed high adaptability to various loads and excellent lubrication performance under all three working conditions. At a load of 10 N, the friction coefficient and wear volume of the coating with 5 wt% protonated MoS2 decreased by 20.0% and 37.2% compared to the pure epoxy coating, respectively, and by 0.07% and 16.8% than the randomly arranged MoS2 sample, respectively. The remarkable lubricating properties of MoS2 with directional alignment were attributed to its effective load-bearing and mechanical support, barrier effect on longitudinal extension of cracks, and the formation of a continuous and uniform transfer film.

Dynamic Characteristics of λ-DNA Molecules Translocating through Tapered Microfluidic Channel System Driven by Electric Field Force

Dynamic Characteristics of λ-DNA Molecules Translocating through Tapered Microfluidic Channel System Driven by Electric Field Force

Discriminating between Babcock–Leighton-type Solar Dynamo Models by Torsional Oscillations

The details of the dynamo process in the Sun are an important aspect of research in solar-terrestrial physics and astrophysics. The surface part of the dynamo can be constrained by direct observations, but the subsurface part lacks direct observational constraints. The torsional oscillations, a small periodic variation of the Sun's rotation with the solar cycle, are thought to result from the Lorentz force of the cyclic magnetic field generated by the dynamo. In this study, we aim to discriminate between three Babcock–Leighton dynamo models by comparing the zonal acceleration of the three models with the observed one. The property that the poleward and equatorward branches of the torsional oscillations originate from about ±55° latitudes with their own migration time periods serves as an effective discriminator that could constrain the configuration of the magnetic field in the convection zone. The toroidal field, comprising poleward and equatorward branches separated at about ±55° latitudes, can generate the two branches of the torsional oscillations. The alternating acceleration and deceleration bands in time are the other property of the torsional oscillations that discriminates between the dynamo models. To reproduce this property, the phase difference between the radial (B r ) and toroidal (B ϕ ) components of the magnetic field near the surface should be about π/2.

Analysis of Transformer GSB Bushing Fault Causes Based on Finite Element Simulation

Abstract In response to a sudden explosion and fire fault during the operation of a GSB dry-type transformer bushing in a certain power grid company, based on the structural parameters of the bushing measured by the supplier and on-site, a reverse design of the capacitor core was carried out on the faulty bushing. Based on the measured parameters and reverse design results, a finite element simulation model of the bushing electric field and structural force field was established. Calculate the electric field distribution of the casing under normal operation, 60s power frequency withstand voltage, lightning impulse, operation impulse, and other operating conditions; Conduct finite element simulation of structural mechanics to calculate the stress distribution of the casing under conditions such as cantilever load and short circuit impact; Based on the discharge traces discovered during disassembly, simulation calculations were conducted by assuming the defect situation of the casing, and the electric field distribution of the casing under different defect types was quantitatively analyzed. The simulation calculation results of the electric field under various working conditions have verified that the occurrence of this fault is the result of multiple defects working together, providing quantitative support for fault analysis and providing a certain reference for the operation and maintenance of similar casings.

Liquid-to-gas transfer of sodium in a liquid cathode glow discharge

Plasma-liquid interactions have been extensively studied with a focus on the transport of reactive species from the plasma to the liquid phase and their induced liquid phase chemistry and resulting applications. While solute transfer from the liquid to the gas phase in plasmas has been widely used in analytical chemistry, the underlying processes remain relatively unexplored. We report spatially and temporally resolved absolute density measurements of sodium in a plasma with a NaCl solution cathode using two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TaLIF). The observed non-linear increase in sodium density with solution conductivity is shown to correlate with droplet generation as visualized by Mie scattering. The findings are explained by droplet generation by electrospray induced by Taylor cone formation as underpinning mechanism for the introduction of sodium in the plasma. An analytical sheath model combined with a scaling law shows an increase in electric field force with solution conductivity that is consistent with the observed non-linear increase in sodium density in the plasma with solution conductivity.

“It’s not a convention book for damsels”: Literature and Women at the Turn of the Twentieth Century An Example from Feminal

Based on a specific case: a Luís Via review of Caires vius by Víctor Català (pseudonym of Caterina Albert i Paradís) published in 1907 in the Catalan magazine Feminal, this article aims to review two broader issues from the field of literary criticism with a gender perspective: first, the role of women’s magazines as an ambivalent space – alternative, but also ‘subaltern’ – in relation to a literary and publishing system characterized by male dominance; second, the ways in which the admission of women’s writing emerges as tension within this field of forces situated astride the nineteenth and twentieth century.

Study on the mesoscopic dynamic effects of tumor treating fields on cell tubulin

Tumor treatment fields (TTFields) can effectively inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells, but its mechanism remains exclusive. The destruction of cellular microtubule structure caused by TTFields through electric field force is considered to be the main reason for inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. However, the validity of this hypothesis still lacks exploration at the mesoscopic level. Therefore, in this study, we built force models for tubulins subjected to TTFields, based on the physical and electrical properties of tubulin molecules. We theoretically analyzed and simulated the dynamic effects of electric field force and torque on tubulin monomer polymerization, as well as the alignment and orientation of α/β tubulin heterodimer, respectively. Research results indicate that the interference of electric field force induced by TTFields on tubulin monomer is notably weaker than the inherent electrostatic binding force among tubulin monomers. Additionally, the electric field torque generated by the TTFileds on α/β tubulin dimers is also difficult to affect their random alignment. Therefore, at the mesoscale, our study affirms that TTFields are improbable to destabilize cellular microtubule structures via electric field dynamics effects. These results challenge the traditional view that TTFields destroy the microtubule structure of cells through TTFields electric field force, and proposes a new approach that should pay more attention to the "non-mechanical" effects of TTFields in the study of TTFields mechanism. This study can provide reliable theoretical basis and inspire new research directions for revealing the mesoscopic bioelectrical mechanism of TTFields.

Interaction between lateral jet and hypersonic rarefied flow

Reaction control systems (RCS) are commonly utilized in a variety of air vehicles, and they give rise to complex flow phenomena. For flows dominated by shock waves and expansion, such as lateral jets, a significant gradient is formed in the local region of the flow field, resulting in a high local Knudsen number, and the continuum hypothesis is no longer applicable, even if the freestream belongs to near-continuum flow. As a result, multi-scale simulation approaches should be used to capture the interactions between these multi-scale structures and appropriately determine aerodynamic forces. Our earlier work, which used the conserved discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (CDUGKS) for monatomic gas, studied the flow field features of lateral jets and aerodynamic forces on blunt bodies under various rarefied freestream conditions. In this research, the Rykov model is used to expand the CDUGKS suit for diatomic gas flow while taking into account the excitation of molecular rotational energy. The impact on the flow field and aerodynamic forces from four parameters, namely freestream Mach number, jet Mach number, jet pressure ratio, and nozzle position, is thoroughly investigated. The results show that even if the incoming Mach number is different, the flow field structure and aerodynamic properties don't change much when the jet momentum ratio stays the same. The solid wall stagnation point value and local peak also show some linear relationships. The jet pressure ratio mainly affects the expansion characteristics of the jet, such as the influence range on the solid wall. In addition, with an increase in the distance between the nozzle position and the torque reference point, higher control efficiency can be obtained. The study of these aspects will help us comprehend lateral jet flow and provide reference for the design of an air vehicle's RCS.

Coupling pulsed magnetic treatment coated WC-12Co cemented carbide and magnetofluid to enhance milling performance of TC4 alloy

To explore an eco-friendly approach to improve the milling performance of TC4 (Ti-6Al-4 V) alloy, pulsed magnetic field treatment and magnetofluid are simultaneously applied to the NbN-coated cemented carbide (WC–12Co) milling tools. To evaluate the coupling effect of pulsed magnetic field treatment with magnetofluid, milling experiments of TC4 were conducted under cutting fluid and magnetofluid lubrication, respectively. The milling force, tool wear, and workpiece surface quality of magnetic field treated tools were compared with those of untreated tools. When the cutting fluid was lubricated, the magnetic field treatment reduced the feed force by 8.8 %. In contrast, the magnetic field treatment reduced the feed force by 20.7 % when the magnetofluid was lubricated, which reduced tool wear and also weakened coating flaking. The coupling of the magnetic field treatment and the magnetofluid significantly improved the milling performance of the tool, reducing surface roughness by 40.9 % compared to the untreated tool with cutting fluid lubrication. The enhanced milling performance mainly results from the coupling effect of magnetic field treatment and magnetofluid, which has a strong magnetic response to the treated tool and the magnetofluid was attracted to the magnetized tool, enhancing the lubrication of the contact area. In addition, the enhanced mechanical properties (8.2 % increase in hardness, 13.1 % decrease in elastic modulus, and 4.5 % increase in thermal conductivity) resulting from the pulsed magnetic field treatment reduces the milling temperature (11.7 °C) also contribute to the enhanced milling performance.

Entering Into a Sonic Intra-Active Quantum Relation with Plant Life

Abstract In the speculative research of plant bioacoustics, one enters into a sonic intra-active relation, by humans with non-human beings (plant life), activated through acoustic wave signals emitted by plants to create electronic patterns of sounds composed by humans and emitted by machines. Plants emit sound waves at relatively low frequencies of 50–120 Hz. Experimenting with patching and modulation by tracking these sonic lines of data can indeed lead to unique sonic experiences that tap into the universe’s musicology. It is fascinating how we can interact with sounds on such a deep level to create acoustic energy. We are and have always been attached to the universe in a relational processual way. We are all interconnected with plant life vibrating at different internal frequencies. This article focuses on a symbiotic relation between humans and plant life as an acoustic shimmering ecology – to communicate a posthuman, symbiotic understanding of vegetal matter as a morphological force that (re)shapes, (re)affirms our sonic intra-relations to the natural world. This proposition is molecular and metaphysical, as sound matter is of a qualitative multiplicity in the quantum field of listening. By acknowledging ontologically that cosmopolitics brings into relation different practices, practitioners, and the non-human (they assemble in a field of forces and intensities), I argue that there is no sovereign power under which all modes of existence can be organized, and there is no meta-language through which one can master the diversity of all discursive or material practices; but there are intra-relations in which one can get lost in a quantum field of sonic matter by moving into the cracks of the sensorium and the plant biosphere, which includes Indigenous voices. The alterity of plant life is daunting from an eco-feminist materialist position in that relationships are the default state of existence and sonic experiences uncover alternative or additional explanations in a (post)phenomenological world – which is embedded in the stuff of acoustics in the many ways humans hear the world. Thus, to communicate a posthuman, symbiotic understanding of vegetal matter necessitates understanding how sound matter intra-performs through a sonic language – where intra-relations with plant life have complex boundaries for humans. As a creative practitioner, how does one define the mutually beneficial engagement in plant communication with creative musical encounters? Entanglement is messy and a becoming with the universe as a philosophical sonic meditation and worlding. This entails expanding on plants as cosmogonic beings, world builders, and we, perhaps, are the by-products of the lives of our vegetal others.

Constructing a stable and high-performance counter electrode for QDSSCs by modifying Co3S4 hollow nanocages with CuCo–B alloy-nanosheets

Counter electrode (CE) is a key part of enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) and strengthening cyclic stability in quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Consequently, searching for alternative and high-quality CE materials has far-reaching consequences for extending the lifetime, increasing utilization and even further achieving commercialization of QDSSCs. Herein, we put forward an idea that the Co3S4 hollow nanocages were coated with CuCo–B alloy-nanosheets, and efficient Co3S4@CuCo–B composite CE was prepared by in-situ reduction method, and applied to QDSSCs. Because of its three-dimensional hollow structure, the Co3S4@CuCo–B composite has a higher specific surface area, encourages electrolyte diffusion, and enhances QDSSC stability. Alternatively, the work function analysis shows that Co3S4 modified by CuCo–B enhances the driving force of interfacial electric field and promotes electron transfer. The photovoltaic performance of QDSSC assembled with Co3S4@CuCo–B composite CE has demonstrated competitive ability via implementing a PCE up to 8.27 %, Jsc = 26.45 mA cm−2, Voc = 0.683 V and FF = 0.46. Among them, the PCE of Co3S4@CuCo–B composite CE respectively has ∼14.4 % and 29.6 % enhancements in comparison with pure CuCo–B and Co3S4 CEs. And Co3S4@CuCo–B composite CE displays stable current density after 200 cycle tests, demonstrating excellent cyclic stability. This work suggests that Co3S4@CuCo–B composite lays the theoretical foundation for becoming a high-performance CE.

Thermal Transportation in Heat Generating and Chemically Reacting MHD Maxwell Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Past Inclined Stretching Porous Sheet in Porous Medium with Solar Radiation Effects

The emerging concept of hybrid nanofluids has grabbed the attention of researchers and scientists due to improved thermal performance because of their remarkable thermal conductivities. These fluids have enormous applications in engineering and industrial sectors. Therefore, the present research study examines thermal and mass transportation in hybrid nanofluid past an inclined linearly stretching sheet using the Maxwell fluid model. In the current problem, the hybrid nanofluid is engineered by suspending a mixture of aluminum oxide Al2O3 and copper Cu nanoparticles in ethylene glycol. The fluid flow is generated due to the linear stretching of the sheet and the sheet is kept inclined at the angle ζ=π/6 embedded in porous medium. The current proposed model also includes the Lorentz force, solar radiation, heat generation, linear chemical reactions, and permeability of the plate effects. Here, in the current simulation, the cylindrical shape of the nanoparticles is considered, as this shape has proven to be excellent for the thermal performance of the nanomaterials. The governing equations transformed into ordinary differential equations are solved using MATLAB bvp4c solver. The velocity field declines with increasing magnetic field parameter, Maxwell fluid parameter, volume fractions of nanoparticles, and porosity parameter but increases with growing suction parameter. The temperature drops with increasing magnetic field force and suction parameter values but increases with increasing radiation parameter and volume fraction values. The concentration profile increases with increasing magnetic field parameters, porosity parameters, and volume fractions but reduces with increasing chemical reaction parameters and suction parameters. It has been noted that the purpose of the inclusion of thermal radiation is to augment the temperature that is serving the purpose in the current work. The addition of Lorentz force slows down the speed of the fluid and raises the boundary layer thickness, which is visible in the current study. It has been concluded that, when heat generation parameters increase, the temperature field increases correspondingly for both nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. The increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles is used to enhance the thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid, which is evident in the current results. The current results are validated by comparing them with published ones.

Effect of the Volume Concentration of Binary Mixed Particles on the Flow and Wear Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps

Solid–liquid two-phase centrifugal pumps are important fluid transport components in production and life. Most of the studies about the influence of solid-phase parameters on fluid transport mostly focus on single-component solid particles. In this work, two kinds of glass beads with particle sizes of 2 mm and 0.4 mm were used to study the effect of the binary mixed particle volume concentration on the internal flow and wear characteristics of a centrifugal pump. The flow distribution of the binary mixed particles in a centrifugal pump and the interactions between the particles and flow components at different volume concentrations (Cv = 5%, Cv = 7.5%, Cv = 10%, Cv = 12.5%, Cv = 15%) were studied using a Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM). The research results show that with the increase in particle volume concentration, the head and efficiency of the pump decrease. Additionally, the distributions of the particles with different concentrations in the impeller flow passage were obtained. Moreover, the coupling force of the flow field acting on the particles decreases with the increase in particle concentration and the time it takes to convey small particles decreases with the increase in concentration, while that of large particles decreases first and then increases. Furthermore, the contact force between the particles and the blade changes periodically with time, and the wear of the centrifugal pump is mainly concentrated on the pressure surface of the blade and the wall of the volute outlet side; the wear rate increases as the particle concentration increases.

The action mechanism of the work done by the electric field force on moving charges to stimulate the emergence of carrier generation/recombination in a PN junction

The action mechanism of the work done by the electric field force on moving charges to stimulate the emergence of carrier generation/recombination in a PN junction

P‐167: A simulation model for charged particle motion in INK system

This paper provides a simulation model for the electronic paper display device, the model can quickly and efficiently simulate the initial steady state of the electronic ink system, thus improving the efficiency of device development. It mainly includes the following contents: Obtaining the parameters of the model, then the built‐in electric field strength is calculated through the model parameter information and the pre‐ constructed built‐in electric field model. The motion of each charged particle is simulated to obtain the simulation relationship between the display gray scale and the applied electric field force. Finally, it make various charged particles reach the force equilibrium state, so as to realize the simulation of the voltage‐gray scale relationship of electronic ink system.