Field Analysis Techniques Research Articles

Research on multi-physical field analysis and assessment technique of virtual connection defects in cluster cable joints based on digital twin technology

As the “blood vessels” and “nerves” of the power grid, cables are important carriers for transmitting electric energy, and their failures will affect the safe and stable operation of the power grid. In this paper, a digital twin model of thermal characteristics is constructed for 10 kV YJV×400 cluster cable and its joint model. Based on the multi-physical field coupling analysis method, the fluid field, temperature field and current-carrying capacity of the cluster cable are analyzed. The temperature rise and airflow distribution characteristics of the joint and its external insulation when the defect of joint false connection occurs are analyzed. Based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), weights are assigned to the locations of multiple measurement points of the cable external insulation, and the temperature distribution of each measurement point is combined with the digital twin technology to calculate the hot spot temperature of the cable, so as to assess the defects of the joints of the cables. The digital twin platform is used for real-time monitoring of cable status and assessment of defects. The temperature rise experiments of cables under different carrying capacity and joint defects show that this method can accurately and efficiently calculate hot spot temperatures and assess defects of joints in cluster cables.

Metode Menghafal Al-Qur’an untuk Anak Tunalaras dengan Metode Fasih Al-Qur’an (Studi Kasus di Pondok Pesantren Ainul Yakin Yogyakarta)

A unique technique is needed for some people to memorize the Qur'an, especially children who struggle emotionally. Certain techniques designed for Qur'anic memorization are inapplicable to children with impairments. Therefore, understanding the Qur'an requires a unique approach, just as it does for children in general. Ainul Yakin Islamic Boarding School Yogyakarta gives children with disabilities a special method to be applied in memorizing the Qur'an called the "Fasih Al-Qur'an" method. This study aimed to find out the "Fasih Al-Qur'an" method to learn the Qur'an for students with emotional disorders at the Ainul Yakin Islamic Boarding School in Yogyakarta. This research is field research with qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques with three steps observation, interview, and documentation. Field qualitative data processing and analysis techniques using four methods data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this paper show that the method of memorizing the Qur'an for children with disabilities, the "Fasih Al-Qur'an" method is proof of the ease of remembering the Qur'an because the Qur'an is for all humans without any differences, especially children with emotional disorders. Habitual learning in boarding schools makes children accustomed to memorizing the Qur'an, and negative behavior will be reduced.

Enhanced transformation field analysis for reduced-order modeling of problems with cohesive interfaces

We propose a novel transformation field analysis (TFA) technique designed to solve problems with cohesive interfaces. The TFA approach, originally proposed for homogenization purposes, is (i) extended to account for arbitrary boundary conditions (i.e. not only those suitable for homogenization), (ii) endowed with an iterative Newton–Raphson solution scheme involving the consistent tangent matrix and (iii) provided with an arc-length strategy to follow possible snap-back branches. The extension to arbitrary boundary conditions leads to an efficient reduced-order modeling approach for solving complex non-linear problems. Numerical tests demonstrate that the approach performs well in challenging scenarios with several interfaces, and that sharp and multiple snap-back branches can be followed. The comparison with finite element results shows that the proposed technique yields fast yet accurate solutions.

Hydrochemical characterization of the natural Tamda Lake and its environs (Middle Atlas, Morocco)

The Middle Atlas region, distinguished by its diverse natural landscapes, hosts approximately forty lakes, each formed through unique geological processes, predominantly tectonic movements and karst phenomena. This research focuses on a specific case study of a lake formed by a landslide within the northern Middle Atlas. Employing both field and laboratory water analysis techniques, this study meticulously evaluates the physico-chemical parameters of the lake's water and its adjacent aquatic systems. The primary objective is to delineate the physico-chemical quality of the water in Tamda Lake and to elucidate its hydrological attributes, thereby contributing to the broader understanding of limnological dynamics in geologically diverse terrains. This investigation not only sheds light on the physico-chemical status and hydrological behavior of Tamda Lake but also enhances our comprehension of lake formation processes in the Middle Atlas, offering insights into the environmental and geological factors influencing water quality in naturally occurring lakes.

Neuroscience-Based Character Education Management at Raudhatul Athfal Bait Qur'ani: The Quantum Personality Method

Character education management based on the personality quantum approach with the Quran in early life is one of the most important predictors of human character formation. The goal of raising well-rounded, intelligent children will never be achieved without strict and practical guidance. This study used a qualitative case study method through field observations and in-depth interviews with leaders, teachers, and parents of students, with field analysis techniques to understand the strategy and management of early childhood character education with the quantum personality method. The result showed that neuroscience-based character education was structured through the curriculum, the preparation of educators, and the availability of adequate infrastructure, which was focused on the formation of cognition and morality of early childhood students. The quantum personality method through management following the Quran could shape students to think more logically and behave positively. The study concludes that the management of early childhood character education with the quantum personality method at Raudhatul Athfal Bait Qur'ani based on neuroscience turns out to have convergence in the learning process in aqliyah (logical thinking) and nafsiyah. This research contributes to a growing body of literature on the potential of neuroscience in the context of character education for young people. Furthermore, it is hoped that it will eventually be recognized as its field of study inside science rather than being dismissed as pseudoscience.

In silico studies of a novel scaffold of benzoxazole derivatives as anticancer agents by 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.

The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 kinases (VEGFR-2) expressed on tumor cells and vessels are attractive targets for cancer treatment. Potent inhibitors for the VEGFR-2 receptor are novel strategies to develop anti-cancer drugs. In this work, template ligand-based 3D-QSAR studies were performed on a series of benzoxazole derivatives toward different cell lines (HepG2, HCT-116 and MCF-7). Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques were used to generate 3D-QSAR models. Good predictability was derived for the optimal CoMFA models (HepG2: Rcv2 = 0.509, Rpred2 = 0.5128; HCT-116: Rcv2 = 0.574, Rpred2 = 0.5597; MCF-7: Rcv2 = 0.568, Rpred2 = 0.5057) and CoMSIA models (HepG2: Rcv2 = 0.711, Rpred2 = 0.6198; HCT-116: Rcv2 = 0.531, Rpred2 = 0.5804; MCF-7: Rcv2 = 0.669, Rpred2 = 0.6577). In addition, the contour maps derived from CoMFA and CoMSIA models were also generated to illustrate the relationship between different fields and the inhibitory activities. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were also conducted to understand the binding modes and the potential interactions between the receptor and the inhibitors. Some key residues (Leu35, Val43, Lys63, Leu84, Gly117, Leu180 and Asp191) were pointed out for stabilizing the inhibitors in the binding pocket. The binding free energies for the inhibitors agreed well with the experimental inhibitory activity and indicated that steric, electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions are the main driving force for inhibitor-receptor binding. Overall, a good consistency between theoretical 3D-SQAR and molecular docking and MD simulation studies would provide directions for the design of new candidates, avoiding time-consuming and costly synthesis and biological evaluations. On the whole, the results derived from this study could expand the understanding of benzoxazole derivatives as anticancer agents and would be of great help in lead optimization for early drug discovery of highly potent anticancer activity targeting VEGFR-2.

Global dynamics analysis of a water hyacinth fish ecological system under impulsive control

Control of a water hyacinth-fish ecological system is required for a healthy and sustainable environment. This paper aims to investigate the global dynamics of a water hyacinth fish ecological system under ratio-dependent state impulsive control. First, we study the positivity and boundedness of the solution of the controlled system. By studying the local stability of the equilibrium, we find that the system has two situations. One is that there are two equilibria, namely a saddle point and a boundary equilibrium. In the second case, there are four equilibria, namely, two saddle points, a boundary equilibrium, and a focus point. For the first case, when we select an appropriate ratio-dependent control threshold, the trajectory will globally converge to the boundary equilibrium. For the second case, when the control line is located below the focus point, by using Poincare mapping method, flip bifurcation theory, and vector field analysis techniques, we find that the solution of the controlled system either globally converges to the boundary equilibrium, order-1 periodic solution, or order-2 periodic solution under certain conditions. When the control line is located above the focus point, the solution of the controlled system either globally converges to the focus point, order-1 or order-2 periodic solution. Finally, we use examples to verify the correctness and validity of the theoretical results.

3D-QSAR and Docking Studies on Pyrimidine Derivatives of Second-Generation ALK Inhibitors

AbstractAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a promising target for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Under crizotinib treatment, drug resistance and progressive disease appeared after the point mutations arising in the kinase domain of ALK. Second-generation ALK inhibitors can solve the deficiencies of the first generation, especially the drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Ceritinib (LDK378), a pyrimidine derivative, for example, can inhibit the activity of ALK with an IC50 value of 40.7 nmol/L, and can experience disease progression after initial treatment with crizotinib. Unfortunately, clear structure–activity relationships have not been identified to date, impeding the rational design of future compounds possessing ALK inhibition activity. To explore interesting insights into the structures of pyrimidine derivatives that influence the activities of the second-generation ALK inhibitors, three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) and molecular docking were performed on a total of 45 derivatives of pyrimidine. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) techniques were used to generate 3D-QSAR models. CoMFA and CoMSIA were performed using the Sybyl X 2.0 package. Molecular docking analysis was performed using the Surflex-Dock module in SYBYL-X 2.0 package. We found in the CoMFA model that the non-cross-validated r2 value was 0.998, the cross-validated q 2 value was 0.663, and the F statistic value was 2,401.970, while the r2 value was 0.988; q 2 value was 0.730, and F value was 542.933 in CoMSIA models, suggesting the good predictability of the CoMFA and CoMSIA models. 3D contour maps and docking results suggested that different groups on the core parts of the compounds could enhance the biological activities. Based on these results, the established 3D-QSAR models and the binding structures of ALK inhibitors obtained favor the prediction of the activity of new inhibitors and will be helpful in the reasonable design of ALK inhibitors in the future.

Application of Machine Learning for Lithofacies Prediction and Cluster Analysis Approach to Identify Rock Type

Nowadays, there are significant issues in the classification of lithofacies and the identification of rock types in particular. Zamzama gas field demonstrates the complex nature of lithofacies due to the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir formation, while it is quite challenging to identify the lithofacies. Using our machine learning approach and cluster analysis, we can not only resolve these difficulties, but also minimize their time-consuming aspects and provide an accurate result even when the user is inexperienced. To constrain accurate reservoir models, rock type identification is a critical step in reservoir characterization. Many empirical and statistical methodologies have been established based on the effect of rock type on reservoir performance. Only well-logged data are provided, and no cores are sampled. Given these circumstances, and the fact that traditional methods such as regression are intractable, we have chosen to apply three strategies: (1) using a self-organizing map (SOM) to arrange depth intervals with similar facies into clusters; (2) clustering to split various facies into specific zones; and (3) the cluster analysis technique is used to identify rock type. In the Zamzama gas field, SOM and cluster analysis techniques discovered four group of facies, each of which was internally comparable in petrophysical properties but distinct from the others. Gamma Ray (GR), Effective Porosity(eff), Permeability (Perm) and Water Saturation (Sw) are used to generate these results. The findings and behavior of four facies shows that facies-01 and facies-02 have good characteristics for acting as gas-bearing sediments, whereas facies-03 and facies-04 are non-reservoir sediments. The outcomes of this study stated that facies-01 is an excellent rock-type zone in the reservoir of the Zamzama gas field.

Closing the Loop in Photovoltaic Solar and Wind Power Supply Chains: An investigation in Turkey through Neutrosphopic-DELPHI-based Force Field Analysis and Neutrosphopic-DEMATEL

Since solar panels and wind turbines have limited lifespans, solar photovoltaic energy supply chain (SPvESC) and wind energy supply chain (WESC) in Turkey needs a paradigm shift to improve the efficiency and recyclability of solar panel and wind turbine components. The circular economy (CE) is a viable strategy for reducing the negative effects of linear supply chains in the SPvESC and WESC. However, despite the several drivers of implementing CE in the SPvESC and WESC, there are also barriers to CE initiatives. It is argued that further studies are needed to explore the drivers and challenges for CE adoption in different industries of developing and developed countries. Hence, the goal of this research is to explore the driving and restraining forces for CE adoption in Turkey’s SPvESC and WESC through a decision framework that includes Neutrosphopic DELPHI-based Force Field Analysis, Neutrosphopic-DEMATEL, and Nominal Group Technique. The findings of this research suggested that because the total score of restraining forces is higher than that of driving forces in force field analysis, it is critical to investigate the relationships among the restraining forces. Our findings also suggested that nonexistence of effective incentives and regulations proved to be the most prominent restraining force.

Analysis and design of liquid antenna

A generic field analysis technique for a liquid antenna along with a novel high-gain structure of water antenna is presented in this article. The antenna design has liquid material as a conducting radiator contained within a tube, placed on a grounded dielectric substrate. This monopole antenna is fed by a coaxial feed, having the radiating pin inside liquid. The antenna is divided into different regions, and boundary conditions are applied to obtain the resultant field equation. The proposed technique is validated using simulated and measured results, with an existing design with seawater as radiator, and helps to predict the E-field of water antenna in advance to be used as a reconfigurable antenna. Parametric analysis is done to achieve the best antenna design, and a high-gain water antenna with gain value of 23.53 dB, resonating at 2.9 GHz having a bandwidth of 1.08 GHz is proposed and fabricated. The high gain is achieved by placing a superstrate on top of the structure at a cavity height of 11 mm. This seawater monopole antenna delivers broad bandwidth with high gain and is an attractive option to be used as a reconfigurable antenna.

3D-QSAR, Molecular Docking, and MD Simulations of Anthraquinone Derivatives as PGAM1 Inhibitors.

PGAM1 is overexpressed in a wide range of cancers, thereby promoting cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, so it is gradually becoming an attractive target. Recently, a series of inhibitors with various structures targeting PGAM1 have been reported, particularly anthraquinone derivatives. In present study, the structure–activity relationships and binding mode of a series of anthraquinone derivatives were probed using three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships (3D-QSAR), molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA, r2 = 0.97, q2 = 0.81) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA, r2 = 0.96, q2 = 0.82) techniques were performed to produce 3D-QSAR models, which demonstrated satisfactory results, especially for the good predictive abilities. In addition, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations technology was employed to understand the key residues and the dominated interaction between PGAM1 and inhibitors. The decomposition of binding free energy indicated that the residues of F22, K100, V112, W115, and R116 play a vital role during the ligand binding process. The hydrogen bond analysis showed that R90, W115, and R116 form stable hydrogen bonds with PGAM1 inhibitors. Based on the above results, 7 anthraquinone compounds were designed and exhibited the expected predictive activity. The study explored the structure–activity relationships of anthraquinone compounds through 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamics simulations and provided theoretical guidance for the rational design of new anthraquinone derivatives as PGAM1 inhibitors.

Viscoelastic-viscoplastic homogenization of short glass-fiber reinforced polyamide composites (PA66/GF) with progressive interphase and matrix damage: New developments and experimental validation

In this paper, an original probabilistic micromechanics damage framework involving multi-deformation mechanisms, based on the modified Mori-Tanaka and Transformation Field Analysis (MT-TFA) techniques, is developed to predict monotonic and oligocyclic stress-strain responses in short fiber-reinforced polyamide composites. The proposed model allows simulating actual injection-induced fiber arrangement, which is characterized by arbitrary fractions of randomly oriented fibers distributed in the laminate plane. Furthermore, the modified MT-TFA approach employs a phenomenological model consisting of 4 Kelvin-Voigt branches and a viscoplastic branch, formulated under the thermodynamics framework, to describe the rate-dependent viscoelastic-viscoplastic deformation and the ductile damage of the polymer matrix phase. In addition, the Weibull probabilistic density function is utilized to simulate initiation and coalescence of the void-type discrete damage in the vicinity of the fiber/matrix interphase, induced by the fiber/matrix debonding as observed experimentally. The parameters of the developed model are calibrated against the experimental response of glass/polyamide (PA66/GF35) composites via uniaxial loading/unloading tests, by taking into account the actual fiber orientation density function (ODF). The reliability and efficiency of the modified Mori-Tanaka and TFA schemes are assessed vis-à-vis the separate and hold-out experimental data subjected to uniaxial and oligocyclic loading at various loading rates. Progressive matrix and interphase damage are compared in support of the modified MT-TFA technique's capabilities to capture the experimentally observed damage mechanisms. To accurately capture the experimental response, the progressive degradation of the load transfer between the fiber and matrix phases is introduced through a reduction of the active fiber length. The latter is introduced by considering the effect of the interphase void-damage content. The new mean-field formulation provides accurate predictions of the overall response under complex loading paths. It can be combined with other techniques in our future work, such as cycle-jump, towards simulating high-cycle fatigue damage in short-fiber composite structures.

Hybrid hierarchical homogenization theory for unidirectional CNTs-coated fuzzy fiber composites undergoing inelastic deformations

A new hybrid homogenization approach is proposed for simulating the homogenized and local response of unidirectional fuzzy fiber nanocomposites undergoing inelastic deformations. Fuzzy fiber composites are hierarchical reinforcing structures where the fibers coated with radially aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are embedded in the matrix. In this spirit, the fuzzy fiber composites are modeled as a three-scale medium. At the microscale, the CNTs-reinforced matrix is homogenized as nanocomposite interphase (NCP) attached to the main fiber via the asymptotic expansion homogenization (AEH). At the mesoscale, an intermediate equivalent fiber that substitutes for the NCP and the main fiber is constructed using the composite cylinder assemblage (CCA) and the transformation field analysis (TFA) techniques. At the macroscale, homogenization of the equivalent fiber and the surrounding matrix is handled by AEH which yields the effective response of the whole fuzzy fiber composites. The new technique facilitates accurate and efficient studies of the inelastic deformation mechanisms of periodic fuzzy fiber arrays with single or multiple inclusions under biaxial and triaxial loading conditions, eliminating exhausting interphase mesh discretizations encountered in the classical full-field homogenization. An added advantage is that the proposed theory captures the fiber-fiber interaction neglected in the classical CCA-TFA, an issue that leads to the exceptionally stiff post-yielding stress-strain response common in the mean-field micromechanics approaches.

Gas chromatography/miniaturized time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique for high-throughput quantitative on-site field analysis

Previously, we reviewed several mass spectrometers designed for field analysis, also known as harsh mass spectrometers. The majority of these instruments are focused on the instrument footprint size and weight, which compromise the performance, for instance, in terms of mass-resolving power. Our recent work employed a shoebox-size (mini-tower personal computer size) high-resolving-power mass analyzer equipped with a robust gas chromatograph in the firm field, which successfully monitored the soil-gas compositional changes on-the-fly in real time. We evaluated the system performance for mass accuracy, self-validation testing for analyte peaks, and quantitative precision through long-term continuous data acquisitions of 1429 replicates of model gas samples for 48 h. The observed mass drift was 4 mDa, which was compensated within 0.45 mDa using a novel algorithm without the addition of mass reference materials. In addition, the optimized algorithm for high-resolution ion chromatogram extraction for this application was evaluated. Results indicated that the proposed method limited the chromatographic peak area variance. The coefficient of variance (CV) for determining CO2 amounts for the 1429 sample runs was 8.6%. Furthermore, the CO2 average retention time was 48.06 ± 0.29 s (CV = 0.61%), average number of theoretical plates was 3500, and asymmetry factor was 1.09.

QSAR studies of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors using CoMFA, CoMSIA and molecular docking

In order to better understand the biochemical interactions governing their activities in lowering blood pressure, multiple quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed from a data set of 58 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The models were built by using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques. The best CoMFA model had a cross-validation q2 value of 0.940, a non cross-validation r2 value of 0.952 and an external validation statistic Qext 2 value of 0.920. For the best CoMSIA model the values were with q2 = 0.872, r2 = 0.926 and Qext 2 = 0.868. Based on the contour maps, eight new ACE inhibitors were designed. Molecular docking was employed to further explore the binding requirements between the ligands and the receptor protein which included several hydrogen bonds between the ACE inhibitors and active site residues. This study showed extensive interactions between ACE inhibitors and residues of HIS383, GLU384, HIS513, TYR520 and LYS511 in the active site of ACE. The design of potent new inhibitors of ACE can get useful insights from these results.

Elastoplastic Analysis of Perforated Metal Sheets using Transformation Field Analysis and Finite Element Method

This investigation analyzes the cost-benefit ratio of the Transformation Field Analysis to compute the elastoplastic behavior of periodically perforated metal sheets. Evaluation of accuracy and computational cost are analyzed by implementing a finite element approach coupled with the Transformation Field Analysis technique for different meshes and finite element orders. Numerical studies are employed to compare Transformation Field Analysis accuracy with standard Finite Element Analysis for elastoplastic analysis of periodically perforated metal sheets. Additionally, experimental data is employed to validate the Transformation Field Analysis results. The Transformation Field Analysis requires calculating the strain concentration and influencing tensors employing the finite element method. The numerical results show the technique's capabilities and favorable scenarios, besides the influence of domain discretization and finite element order.

QSAR Studies of Sulfonamide Hydroxamates Derivatives as MMP-2 Inhibitors Topomer CoMFA and Molecular Docking

Background: In recent years, cancer has become the main cause of death and it is a serious threat to human health, so the development of new, selective and safe anticancer drugs is still the focus of medical research. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) has been determined to play an important role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, which is closely related to the development of the tumor. Therefore, MMP-2 is considered as a promising target for tumor therapy. In this study, Tomper comparative molecular field analysis (Topomer CoMFA) and molecular docking were used to investigate the important role of sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives, an inhibitor of MMP-2, in the inhibition of angiogenesis. Methods: Quantitative structure active relationship (QSAR) models of 35 sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives with inhibitory MMPs were developed. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was built by using Topomer comparative molecular field analysis (Topomer CoMFA) technique. Results and Conclusion: The results show that the cross-validated q2 value of the Topomer CoMFA model is 0.881 and the non-cross-validated r2 value is 0.967. The results show that the model is reasonable and reliable, and has good prediction ability. Molecular docking studies were used to find the actual conformations of chemicals in active sites of cancer protease, as well as the binding mode pattern to the binding site in MMP-2. The information provided by the 3D-QSAR model and molecular docking may lead to a better understanding of the structural requirements of 35 sulfonamide hydroxamate derivatives and help to design potential anti-cancer protease inhibitor molecules. Conclusion: Thirty-five analogs were used in the 3D-QSAR study. Topomer CoMFA 3D-QSAR method was used to build the model, and the model was well predicted and statistically validated. The results of 3D-QSAR and molecular docking analysis provide theoretical guidance for the synthesis of new MMP-2 inhibitors.

Multiscale modeling accounting for inelastic mechanisms of fuzzy fiber composites with straight or wavy carbon nanotubes

This paper proposes a micromechanical approach aimed at identifying the response of unidirectional fuzzy fiber composites undergoing inelastic fields. Fuzzy fibers are reinforcement fibers coated with radially aligned straight or wavy carbon nanotubes grown through chemical deposition process (PVD or CVD). Due to this nature, the composite with fuzzy fibers is described by three scales: i) the microscale consisting of carbon nanotubes and their surrounding matrix, ii) the mesoscale containing the fiber, the nanocomposite and the matrix, and iii) the macroscale related to the overall fuzzy fiber composite. The developed framework considers for the mesoscopic scale an analytical formulation, based on the composite cylinders assemblage (CCA) method, combining the principles of the Transformation Field Analysis (TFA) technique. A numerical example that includes comparisons with full field homogenization strategies confirms the accuracy of the framework to predict the overall response, as well as the average local fields of the constituents.

Modeling of Anomalous Eddy Current Losses Due to Movement of Domain Walls in Particles of a Soft Magnetic Composite

Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are composed of ferromagnetic particles surrounded by electrical insulation. To establish a homogenization technique for the magnetic field analysis of an electrical machine with an SMC core, we have already proposed a method to evaluate the effective permeability and iron loss of the SMC core using a cell model of one particle taking into account the nonlinear magnetic characteristics and eddy currents. However, the measured eddy current loss cannot be represented by using the proposed method. In this article, a 3-D eddy current analysis method modeling the anomalous eddy current loss due to the movement of domain walls in the cell model is developed based on the Pry and Bean magnetic domain model. The effect of the non-uniformity of the domain structure on the anomalous eddy current loss is investigated. It is shown that the measured eddy current loss can be almost represented by adding the anomalous eddy current loss to the classical one.