Fictitious Components Research Articles

Cărtărescu vs. Cărtărescu: el imaginario literario de Melancolia, cambio y pervivencia

The aim of this paper is to analyze the differences and similarities between the latest volume of stories published by the Romanian writer Mircea Cărtărescu (Melancolia, 2019, Bucharest, Humanitas) and his previous literary production. Although Melancolia has been associated with Nostalgia and indeed exhibits many parallels with the first volume of short novels published by Cartarescu, the truth is that the 2019 volume refers to the literary universe created from other texts as well. By comparing and contrasting Melancolia with some of his main works, from novels such as the three volumes of the Orbitor trilogy (Aripa stângă, Corpul, Aripa dreaptă), Travesti or Solenoid to his poetry, through the stories of Nostalgia, the essay aims to demonstrate how this volume dialogues, more or less explicitly, with all the previous ones while distancing itself from them in some narrative and stylistic aspects. After examining elements such as characters, motifs, symbols, metaphors, subjects, intertextuality, and metafiction, the work focuses on space and time as the two main categories in which the most significant changes take place as they move away from their usual context, communist Bucharest (more precisely, from the late 1950s to the end of Nicolae Ceaușescu’s regime in the late 1980s). This temporal and spatial framework is one of the fundamental axes of all Cărtărescu’s literary texts, which gives them unity, stability, and continuity. However, as the article tries to demonstrate, the change is not total, but Mircea Cărtărescu, through his usual intertextual play, refers indirectly to this space well known by his readers and, consequently, perhaps also to that historical period. To argue this issue, this article outlines the direct allusion to a specific space mentioned in some of the author’s earlier texts. This is the factory where one of the most important episodes of the first story (Punțile) takes place. The spatial descriptions of the first and third stories are also analyzed to check the parallels between them and some settings of Nostalgia, Orbitor or Solenoid. The work also investigates the possible objectives of these changes and similarities. On the one hand, it is possible to identify some of Cărtărescu’s characteristic elements in Melancholy due to its thematic and stylistic permanence (child and adolescent characters, the games as creation and as a gateway to a magical universe, the mother, rites of passage, onirism, the use of polysemic symbols such as the butterfly, duality, symmetry and twins, fractal images, anti-mimetic references, etc.), as well as the allusions (explicit or implicit) to his previous works. On the other hand, by neglecting (at least unequivocally) the preferred space-time frame of his previous works, Melancolia can be universalized, and the fictitious components can prevail over any possible reference to extra-literary reality. In this way, the Romanian writer achieves a work that is both very similar to and very different from his broader literary corpus, from everything he had written until the moment of the publication of Melancolia.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of Ba2-xSmxFeMoO6 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1)Double perovskite

Double perovskite oxide compounds Ba2-xSmxFeMoO6 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) have been synthesized by the sol-gel method. The effect of heat treatment on the synthesis of single-phase double perovskite Ba2FeMoO6 (BFMO) was investigated under H2/Ar at various temperatures. Their crystal structure has been explored through X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD). The Rietveld refinement described a cubic structure with an Fm-3m space group for the sample that was annealed at 900 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that the average valence of Oxygen was obtained to be about −1.59 and −1.49 for the samples x = 0.0 and x = 0.05, respectively and the samples probably do not have mixed valences. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra exhibited a shift in the peak positions by doping Sm3+. Along with magnetization and ac susceptibility data, FESEM images were examined. By adding Sm+3 ions, the samples' morphology underwent a noticeable shift. The samples' transition temperature (Tc∼304–316) was calculated using the fictitious component of sensitivity. The degree of cationic ordering on the B site improved, and the variation of Curie temperature became nonlinear as doping rose.

Study of CoCe0.05Fe1.95O4-polypyrrole composite for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

The synthesis of nanocomposites with magnetic and microwave absorbing properties was achieved via sol-gel process merge with the self-combustion methodology. The X-ray diffraction results showed that nanocomposites consisted of a single spinel phase and no impurities were detected. The hysteresis loop showed the nanocomposites' ferromagnetic character. Measurements of saturation magnetization, alternating current susceptibility, cation distribution, and Curie temperature were taken to evaluate the magnetic properties. The permittivity (ε′, ε″) varied as a function of frequency in accordance with Maxwell-Wagner type interfacial polarization. The actual and fictitious components of microwave permeability showed a maximum at lower frequencies and decreased as frequency increased. Due to its superparamagnetic behavior, the composite has potential applications in shielding technologies.

A Review of Mathematical Models of Elasticity Theory Based on the Methods of Iterative Factorizations and Fictitious Components

This review analyzes articles on mathematical modeling of elasticity theory using iterative factorizations and fictitious components. To carry out this study, various methods are developed, for example, an approximate analytical method of iterative factorizations for calculating the displacements of a rectangular plate, and a modified method of fictitious components for calculating the continuous displacement of plates. The performed calculations confirm the effectiveness of these methods. Descriptions of solutions to problems of elasticity theory and possible applications of the considered mathematical models and methods are given. An overview of the methods used to solve these problems is given. Particular attention is paid to problematic issues that arise in solving these problems. Techniques used to reduce complex problems to the solution of simple problems are given, for example, the lowering of the order of differential equations and the reduction of solutions in complex domains to solutions in a simple domain. For the first approach, iterative factorization methods are often used, and for the second, methods of the fictitious component type are often used. The main presentation in this review is focused on the approximate solution of elliptic boundary value problems. The works considered in the review raise questions about the development of methods in research on fictitious domains, fictitious components, and iterative factorizations.

Effect of variation of empirical exponent coefficient values in water distribution network analysis

The water distribution network supplies water to consumer to fulfill demands at desired pressure. Due to pressure deficient conditions pressure fall below minimum required which ultimately lead to reduction in flow supplied to consumer. The water distribution network is said to be pressure deficient, if the pressure head in each node is less than the required head. Adding artificial element approach for predicting partial flow at demand node in pressure deficient condition is used by many researchers. The objective of study is to investigate effect of variation in empirical exponent coefficient on emitter exponent, pressure and actual demand at demand node. The steady state simulation is carried out for case study network with pressure deficient node as emitter node using Fictitious component free – Pressure Deficient Network Algorithm. The emitter coefficient formula, derived from Wagner’s equation is used for predicting actual demand under pressure deficient condition. The value of emitter coefficient depends on emitter exponent coefficient value, which is calculated using empirical exponent coefficient. The study is carried out for three different values of empirical exponent coefficient 0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.852, 2 and 2.5 respectively. The simulation analysis shows that as empirical exponent increases emitter exponent decreases, pressure decreases and actual demand at nodes increases. This study can be useful in calculating resilience index, which is measure of average efficiency of water distribution network under pressure deficient condition.

DELETE 006

Based on an analysis of the macroeconomic situation in Ukraine, it is evident that the shadow sector of the national economy is intensifying. Its fictitious component has acquired a global scale, which consists in the withdrawal of significant financial resources from the legal economic sector by illegal means, the redistribution of billions of dollars in profits in favour of individual business entities, and the outflow of capital abroad, which determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is to establish typical investigative situations of the initial stage of investigation of legalisation (laundering) of property obtained as a result of committing a tax crime. A system of general scientific and special research methods was used to achieve this goal, the main of which are comparative, comparative legal, logical and legal, statistical, and modelling. Typical investigative situations were systematised (depending on the established initial information, its nature and specifics regarding the number and reliability of data containing verification materials at the stage of entering information in the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations; procedural consequences of entering information in the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations related to the identification of the person who committed the crime; characteristics of sources of initial information about the crime, and the degree of awareness of interested persons about the progress and prospects of the investigation; degree of validity and volume of collected evidence regarding the predicate crime) and the areas of investigation and the algorithm for conducting procedural actions inherent in each stage in different investigative situations were proposed. It is established that investigative situations at the initial stage affect the definition of the tasks of investigation of legalisation (laundering) of property obtained as a result of tax evasion: establishing the event, method and subject of a criminal offence; identifying and exposing the persons who committed it; determining the nature and amount of damage caused by a criminal offence; identifying and procedurally consolidating traces of a crime; establishing links between tax evasion and other offences; identifying the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of illegal acts (with a legal response to their elimination). The obtained results will help optimise the initial stage of investigation of crimes of this category and eliminate threats to the economic security of the state related to the sphere of taxation.

Typical Investigative Situations of the Initial Stage of the Investigation Legalisation (Laundering) of Property Obtained as a Result of Tax Evasion

Based on an analysis of the macroeconomic situation in Ukraine, it is evident that the shadow sector of the national economy is intensifying. Its fictitious component has acquired a global scale, which consists in the withdrawal of significant financial resources from the legal economic sector by illegal means, the redistribution of billions of dollars in profits in favour of individual business entities, and the outflow of capital abroad, which determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study is to establish typical investigative situations of the initial stage of investigation of legalisation (laundering) of property obtained as a result of committing a tax crime. A system of general scientific and special research methods was used to achieve this goal, the main of which are comparative, comparative legal, logical and legal, statistical, and modelling. Typical investigative situations were systematised (depending on the established initial information, its nature and specifics regarding the number and reliability of data containing verification materials at the stage of entering information in the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations; procedural consequences of entering information in the Unified Register of pre-trial investigations related to the identification of the person who committed the crime; characteristics of sources of initial information about the crime, and the degree of awareness of interested persons about the progress and prospects of the investigation; degree of validity and volume of collected evidence regarding the predicate crime) and the areas of investigation and the algorithm for conducting procedural actions inherent in each stage in different investigative situations were proposed. It is established that investigative situations at the initial stage affect the definition of the tasks of investigation of legalisation (laundering) of property obtained as a result of tax evasion: establishing the event, method and subject of a criminal offence; identifying and exposing the persons who committed it; determining the nature and amount of damage caused by a criminal offence; identifying and procedurally consolidating traces of a crime; establishing links between tax evasion and other offences; identifying the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of illegal acts (with a legal response to their elimination). The obtained results will help optimise the initial stage of investigation of crimes of this category and eliminate threats to the economic security of the state related to the sphere of taxation.

Fictitious Component Free - Pressure Deficient Network Algorithm for Water Distribution Network with Variable Minimum and Required Pressure-Heads

The pressure-driven analysis is essential for modelling the pressure deficient condition of water distribution networks. Owing to the complexity, the development of pressure-driven analysis algorithms remains a grey area over the past few decades. As a milestone, EPANET 2.0 got upgraded to EPANET 2.2 with the inclusion of pressure-driven analysis. However, EPANET 2.2 has a shortcoming of using only a single value for the parameters, minimum pressure-head and required pressure-head of the demand nodes. Ironically, when a water distribution network serves for a wide area or during a fire-fighting period, the demand nodes have variable values for each of these parameters. To address this, a new method named Fictitious Component Free - Pressure Deficient Network Algorithm (FCF-PDNA) is proposed in this paper. The FCF-PDNA does not require any additional fictitious components. It can be used for both steady-state and extended period simulations. The proposed method is applied to water distribution networks of different sizes and types and confirmed that the FCF-PDNA could deal with variable values of minimum and required pressure-head. The suitability of this method for different scenarios that will lead to pressure deficient conditions is also analysed and verified. Moreover, the computational time taken by the FCF-PDNA and the EPANET 2.2 pressure-driven analysis is similar.

АНАЛИЗ СМЕШАННОЙ КРАЕВОЙ ЗАДАЧИ ДЛЯ УРАВНЕНИЯ ПУАССОНА

The mixed boundary value problem for the Poisson’s equation is examined in a bounded flat domain. The problem is continued in a variational form through the boundary with the Dirichlet condition to a rectangular domain. To solve the continued problem, a modified method of fictitious components in a variational form is formulated. The continued problem in a variational form is considered on a finite-dimensional space. To solve the previous problem, a modified method of fictitious components on a finite-dimensional space is formulated. To solve the continued problem in matrix form, the known method of fictitious components is considered. It is shown that in the method of fictitious components the absolute error in the energy norm converges with the speed of a geometric progression. To generalize the method of fictitious components, a new version of the method of iterative extensions is proposed. The continued problem in matrix form is solved using the method of iterative extensions. It is shown that in the proposed version of the method of iterative extensions, the relative error converges in a norm that is stronger than the energy norm of the problem with a geometric progression rate. The iterative parameters in the specified method are selected using the minimum residual method. The conditions which are sufficient for the convergence of the applied iterative process are indicated. An algorithm which implements the proposed version of the method of iterative extensions is written. In this algorithm, an automated selection of iterative parameters is conducted, and the stopping criterion is established when achieving an estimate of the required accuracy. An example of the application of the method of iterative extensions for solving a particular problem is given. In the calculations, the condition for achieving an estimate of the relative error in the norm that is stronger than the energy norm of the problem is set. However, the relative errors of the obtained numerical solution of the example of the original problem are shown in other ways. For example, the relative error in grid nodes is calculated pointwise. To achieve a relative error of no more than a few percent, just a few iterations are required. Computational experiments confirm the asymptotic optimality of the method obtained in theory.

A Millman based alternate to symmetric component methods for fault level calculations in marine power systems

This paper presents an approach to the calculation of unbalanced fault currents in shipboard power systems based on the application of Millman’s theorem. A full analysis of the time-variant fault current produced by a synchronous generator in a typical marine power system is provided; three phase three wire for principal loads and four wire earthed neutral for hotel loads. Hand calculation results obtained using a Millman’s theorem based approach are contrasted with results obtained by computer simulation and baselined against hand calculation results produced using conventional symmetric component methods. Results show that the Millman’s theorem based approach calculates fault levels that are broadly comparable to those produced using symmetric component methods. The Millman’s theorem based approach is however conceptually much simpler to apply than the conventional symmetric component method as it does not use the fictitious sequence components and networks employed by the symmetric component technique.

Асимптотически оптимальное решение модельной задачи для эк­ра­ни­ро­ван­но­го уравнения Пуассона

The screened equation is considered on rectangular area, with the mixed boundary conditions. At the numerical solution of this task it is suggested to use iterative factorization after fictitious continuation of the discrete task approximating the solved task. As a result, the solution is based on the solution of systems of the linear algebraic equations with matrixes of the triangular type, which contain no more than three nonzero elements in every line. At rather small error of approximation of the considered task, the demanded relative error of the suggested iterative process is reached in over the number of iterations independent of the discretization parameters. The iterative process turns out to be the method giving an optimal asymptotics as per the number of operations in arithmetic actions. The developed iterative process is based on the characteristic specifics of the stated model task. This task can be obtained in the methods of fictitious components, spaces, when boundary problems for the elliptic equations in areas of a complex shape are being solved. The algorithm is given for the fulfillment of the iterative method with choosing of the iterative parameters in the automatic mode, by applying the minimal residual, corrections method. This gives a criterion to stop the iterative process when the specified preliminarily relative error is obtained. An elementary test example is given on the computing experiments confirming the asymptotic optimality for the iterative method in the number of computing expenses. The fulfillment of the method is substantially based on the use of complex analysis.

Thermal performance of thermosyphons in series connected by thermal plugs

Thermal performance of a novel heat exchanger setup consisting of two thermosyphons connected in series was investigated. An intermediary heat transfer element (IHTE) transported heat from a fictitious component to be cooled to the evaporator of a second thermosyphon. Cylindrical and conical shaped couplings were used as the IHTE condenser geometry. The effects of IHTE filling ratio, inclination angle, aspect ratio and coupling geometries on the system thermal performance were evaluated. While increasing filling ratios promote increasing operation temperatures, decreasing filling ratios facilitate dryout. The critical input heat flux due to dryout decreases with decreasing thermosyphon inclination angle. Higher aspect ratio values imply higher operation temperatures. Both conical and cylindrical IHTE condensers were demonstrated as possible fitting elements for thermal couplings.

A simulation mathematical model of a traction transformer with tapped secondary windings

This paper deals with the problem of accounting for changes in the magnetic flux leakage of traction transformer windings under discrete cyclic load switching of traction winding sections during the simulation of continuous processes. It is proposed to take into account this change by introducing a fictitious mutual inductance and active components of the mutual impedance between the windings, which can be determined using the theory of a multiwinding transformer. A method for mathematical representation and computer simulation of the traction transformer with tapped secondary windings is considered based on the notation of the system of differential equations in the state space. Expressions for the calculation of the leakage inductance of the transformer windings and mutual inductances that take into account the change in the magnetic field of the winding leakage in the case of the discrete cyclic load switching of the tapped secondary windings. An algorithm for calculation of matrix elements of the equation of state is constructed. A simulation mathematical model of the traction transformer is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment that takes into account the winding leakage field variation under discrete cyclic switching of the load of sections of traction windings. The adequacy of the proposed simulation mathematical model is proven by comparison of short-circuit currents obtained as a result of the simulation with currents of traction transformer short-circuit field tests.

Atomic decomposition of Kohn–Sham molecular energies: the kinetic energy component

ABSTRACTThe decomposition of molecular energies into atomic contributions within Bader's atoms-in-molecules theory is instrumental in rationalising and accounting for not only the stability but also the reactivity of chemical species. Regardless of how it is achieved, it requires the partitioning of the electronic kinetic energy. While this is ‘natural’ (but computationally expensive) in the context of wavefunction approaches, it is not more practically straightforward in the framework of Kohn–Sham density functional theory, since the corresponding atomic fictitious (related to the non-interacting system) and correlation components must be calculated. In this paper, we discuss the ability of various approaches, based on either exact formal relationships or previously proposed functional approximations, to estimate them in an efficient way for a wide variety of molecular systems. Such results might pave the way toward the realistic modelling of larger systems of chemical interest and may provide new atomic descriptors to characterise atom types.

Thermoeconomic Analysis of Air Conditioning Systems

In order to decrease the operation costs of air conditioning systems, an evaluation model based on unit thermoeconomic costs of thermoeconomic theory is presented in this paper. By using real components and fictitious components in an air conditioning system, the relationships between the fuel and product are established, and then the operation performances of the air conditioning system can be analyzed and evaluated. The unit thermoeconomic costs can be obtained with the experimental data. The results show that the unit thermoeconomic cost of the system is the lowest when the vaporizing temperature is at 16.3°C, and the unit thermoeconomic cost of the compressor component is the highest. Therefore, the direction and emphases of the technique improvement and performance enhancement are provided.

Methods for the analysis of complex fluorescence decays: sum of Becquerel functions versus sum of exponentials

Ensemble fluorescence decays are usually analyzed with a sum of exponentials. However, broad continuous distributions of lifetimes, either unimodal or multimodal, occur in many situations. A simple and flexible fitting function for these cases that encompasses the exponential is the Becquerel function. In this work, the applicability of the Becquerel function for the analysis of complex decays of several kinds is tested. For this purpose, decays of mixtures of four different fluorescence standards (binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures) are measured and analyzed. For binary and ternary mixtures, the expected sum of narrow distributions is well recovered from the Becquerel functions analysis, if the correct number of components is used. For ternary mixtures, however, satisfactory fits are also obtained with a number of Becquerel functions smaller than the true number of fluorophores in the mixture, at the expense of broadening the lifetime distributions of the fictitious components. The quaternary mixture studied is well fitted with both a sum of three exponentials and a sum of two Becquerel functions, showing the inevitable loss of information when the number of components is large. Decays of a fluorophore in a heterogeneous environment, known to be represented by unimodal and broad continuous distributions (as previously obtained by the maximum entropy method), are also measured and analyzed. It is concluded that these distributions can be recovered by the Becquerel function method with an accuracy similar to that of the much more complex maximum entropy method. It is also shown that the polar (or phasor) plot is not always helpful for ascertaining the degree (and kind) of complexity of a fluorescence decay.

Analysis and Design of a Digital Phase-Locked Loop for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Power Conversion Systems

A new digital phase-locked-loop (DPLL) method is proposed for single-phase grid-connected power conversion systems in this paper. The analysis of a phase detector using trigonometric function transformation is presented in detail. A sliding-window-based data sampling method is utilized to obtain the orthogonal signal related to the original input signal according to the periodic characteristic of the steady-state sine fundamental component, and the fictitious active and reactive power components are constructed. On this basis, the DPLL method is developed. It consists of an even harmonics elimination network, a grid voltage feedforward network, and a fictitious instantaneous power feedback phase correction network. The fundamental signal of the grid voltage is extracted by an even harmonics elimination network and a digital Butterworth filter and a unit value controller to generate a unity sine reference signal for the feedforward network, whereas only the signs of the fictitious instantaneous active and reactive powers are used to revise the phase shift of the unity sine reference signal by means of a real-time variable step-size control in the feedback phase correction network. The method is validated to have good dynamic and static performances through MATLAB simulations, simulator investigations, and experiments with a grid-connected photovoltaic system under different voltage conditions.

Modified one-cycle controlled load compensator

Load compensators based on one-cycle control (OCC) exhibit instability in current control when real power involved with the load to be compensated is low. Instability in current control is also encountered when the load to be compensated is of regenerative type. A modified OCC-based load compensator is proposed. A fictitious current component in phase with the utility voltage is synthesised. The sum of this current component and the source current is compared with the saw-tooth waveform to generate the gating pulses for the switches. This modification significantly improves the stability margin of its operation so that it can compensate loads having low real current component as well as can compensate regenerative type of loads. Detailed simulation studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. To validate the viability of the scheme, detailed experimental studies are carried out on a 2 kVA laboratory prototype developed for the purpose.

Temperature component method for heat conduction problems

The work includes a solving proposal for initial-boundary value 3D heat conduction problems. The proposal is based on an extension of the body model region to the whole space where the space integral as a particular solution to the initial-boundary value problem is derived. Temperature component is separated from the space integral. The component admissibility conditions are formulated. For numerical purposes the approximated integral with a discrete set of fictitious components is proposed. The fictitious component intensities are determined on an approximate way from the boundary condition. An approximate solution of the heat conduction problem is obtained by extension in time and contraction in space of the approximated integral.

Fictitious Parts of the Load in Thermoelasticity

We consider the initial-boundary value problem of the quasi-static coupled thermoelasticity. At first a bounded region occupied by the model of the body is extending over the space in which the initial-space value problem is defined, thus corresponding with the primary initialboundary value problem. The representation of displacement and body force vectors by means of the Helmholtz potentials led to the solution to the initial-space value problem. For some verification of the boundary condition a proposal is made to replace multidimensional integrals of the outside parts of the load with functions called fictitious components. “Fictitious” is a common term used for some ideas that do not concern the region really occupied by the model of the body. The fictitious components are determined in an approximate way in order to satisfy the boundary condition with arbitrary accuracy, at the same time, exactly satisfying the governing equations and the initial condition. Capacity values of the approximate temperature fictitious components located in some fictitious places (beyond the body region) are calculated in fictitious time defined as a discrete set of fictitious instants. Fictitious instants appear in temperature fictitious components only. To obtain an approximate solution a finite time interval is introduced in which the boundary condition is verified. The test instants divide the finite time into sections and constitute a discrete set called test time. Capacity values of the displacement fictitious components are time functions and therefore an algorithm designed for their determination concerns the current instant. An approximate solution is obtained by mathematical contraction to the body region of the solution to the initial-space value problem with the derived capacities of temperaturedisplacement fictitious components. It means that the stress tensor and heat flux vector should be determined as appropriate derivatives of the solution to the thermoelastic problem.