Fiber-to-the-home Networks Research Articles

Analisa Konfigurasi Jaringan FTTH dengan Perangkat OLT Mini untuk Layanan Indihome di PT. Telkom Akses Witel Semarang

<p>The development of increasingly sophisticated technology follows the needs of the community, one of them in the telecommunications world is FTTH (Fiber to the Home) which is an optical signal delivery format from the center of the provider to the homes of costumers by using optical fiber as a medium of delivery. Delivery by using this FTTH technology can save costs and provide better service to customers. The study was conducted by interview and observation methods with network objects and FTTH components belonging to Telkom Semarang and through the literature method by searching some literature. FTTH configuration starts with the ONT to rosette connected using a patchcord cable then from rosette to OTP using an indoor cable then from OTP to ODP outside the home is connected using a dropcore cable. ODP itself is the result of the distribution of distribution cables/ aerial cables leading to ODC. ODC to STO/FTM/ODF using feeder cable. FTTH network is very effective to use, because it can use triple play services (telephone, internet and IPTV) with just 1ONT/ modem at the customer s side.</p>

Performance Analysis of ZCC-Optical-CDMA over SMF for Fiber-To-The-Home Access Network

To provide a sustainable fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), several multiplexing techniques have been developed for this purpose. The correlation features are the main obstacle behind the network performance limitation, which imposes to a high level of multiple access interference. However, the development of multiplexing techniques helps to overcome these limitations, such as optical-code division multiple access (Optical-CDMA). Optical-CDMA is considered as one of the most powerful solutions for FTTH. This paper aims to enhance FTTH network performance by applying Zero cross-correlation code (ZCC) with Optical-CDMA with maximum link single-mode fiber. In the simulation, the system performance is demonstrated in terms of bit error rate, Q-Factor and eye diagram measurements.

Effective strategies for gradual copper-to-fiber transition in access networks

In this paper, we analyze the improvements that can be achieved with the introduction of low-cost technical arrangements and devices into the present Fiber-To-The-Cabinet (FTTC) networks aiming: to support statistical multiplexing of groups of copper pairs shared among subscribers at protocol layer two, and to relay signals along the main cable. With simple calculations, we prove the bit rate per user can be increased well beyond, that achieved with present Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) network standards. Crosstalk performance degradation with respect to ideal case are analysed in the case of VDSL2 35b and G.fast technologies. Costs of the considered solutions are compared with those of FTTH networks. We show that in a short-medium term the low cost of investments required for updating the FTTC network can extend the life of existing copper-based networks providing at the same time a significant performance improvement with respect to the current FTTC configuration. This facilitates the smooth transition to FTTH supported by the re-investing of the acquired revenues. The solution considered in this paper moves in the direction of rendering feasible the European Gigabit Society (EGS) vision, whose objectives are extremely challenging (if not unreachable within the foreseen 2025 timeframe) with an all-fiber approach. In fact, as shown in this paper the Gigabit-ready hybrid copper-fiber approach technology provides a feasible path to significantly reduce “gigabit” deployment costs so to gradually move toward all-fiber EGS vision.

Perancangan Jaringan Fiber to the Home (FTTH) pada Perumahan di Daerah Urban (Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Network Design at Housing in Urban Areas)

The evolution of communication network comes from the need for users to stay connected anytime and anywhere. Modernization of the network continues to be done to increase bandwidth capacity in order to obtain an increase in multimedia services, especially in urban areas. Of various transmission media, optical fiber is the best choice to support reliable communication networks. One of the optical fiber communication technologies is Fiber to the Home (FTTH). This study proposes FTTH network design with Gigabit Capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology aimed at housing in urban areas. The design uses aerial and duct-aerial cabling systems. The design analysis is carried out based on the parameters of the link power budget, rise time, Bit Error Rate (BER), components and costs required. The value of the power budget link for the uplink and downlink are -22.792 dBm and -23.120 dBm. The rise time value for uplink and downlink are 0.256 ns and 0.258 ns, while the BER value is 14.628 x 10-12. The calculation results show that the design meets the required parameters, hence, the proposed network can be implemented. For the cost components required by the aerial system, it is 11.56% less than of the ductaerial sistem.

FTTH optikai hálózat tervezése

Mára már valamennyi multimédiás szolgáltatás internethasználattal érintett, különböző streamer szolgáltatások jelenetek meg, ezáltal egyre nagyobb sávszélességre mutatkozik igény. Többek között ezen igények kiszolgálására hivatott az egyre szélesebb körben elterjedt felhasználói végpontig kiépített fényvezetős hálózat (FTTH: Fiber-to-the-Home). Az FTTH drámai módon megnöveli a számítógép-felhasználók számára elérhető kapcsolati sebességet a többi hálózati technológiához képest. Jelen cikk keretében az FTTH hálózat tervezésének lépéseit [1], az irányadó előírások alapján figyelembe veendő szempontokat kívánjuk bemutatni. A cikkel szeretnénk arra is rámutatni, hogy az összes építéssel érintett tervezésnél fontos a csapatmunka, az összehangolt koordináció, ugyanis a munka gördülékeny előrehaladását, az egymásra épülő munkafázisok sikeres lezárását jelentősen befolyásolja az érintett cégekkel való egyeztetés, mérnökökkel, szakemberekkel való konzultálás.

Analisis Redaman pada Jaringan Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Berteknologi Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) di PT Telkom Makassar

The development of telecommunications technology as a communication necessity at this time has been growing rapidly, needed a means of transmission media that is able to distribute information with large capacity and capable data transfer speeds. Implementing using Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology, the Fiber to The Home (FTTH) service reaches the user to meet the speed of 2GBps. This study aims to identify the causes of increased attenuation or disturbance in FTTH. The method used in this study is to analyze the attenuation value of each core at the sites studied on the FTTH network at PT Telkom. The total attenuation value of fiber optic cables that are calculated from OLT to ONT must be within the specified reasonable limit of 15-28 dB. The caused of the increase in the attenuation value of fiber optic cables such as the number of splice / connections on each cable, and the occurrence of cable indentations above 45°. To overcome the attenuation value that exceeds the reasonable limit can be done by replacing the fiber cable with attenuation of 0.35dB to fiber cable with attenuation of 0.22 dB, so that the attenuation of the fiber optic cable is at the specified reasonable limit.

FTTH Network Expansion Modeling and Link Budget for Housing Locations

The location of the research was carried out at Villa Melati Permai II Housing which is on the Melati Indah Street, Tampan District, Pekanbaru City. Villa Melati Permai II is categorized as middle to upper-class housing but does not have its access network. This research will make the modeling of FTTH (Fiber To The Home) networks with network feasibility parameters to produce quality and appropriate FTTH networks. Manual calculation on the feasibility of FTTH networks using the power link budget and rise time budget shows results within the feasibility limit, which does not exceed the maximum limit for the power link budget of -27 dBm and rise time budget below the total time of bit rates. Calculation with NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) coding produces a downstream value of 0.2813 ns and upstream 0.562 ns. System performance parameters that show signal to noise ratio and bit error rate deliver good quality. Signal to noise ratio exceeds the minimum limit of PT. Telkom standard that is 21.5 dB and the bit error rate does not exceed the optical link standard which is 10-9. Good performance is also shown by eye pattern in optical simulation that displays amplitude signals with the same time and shows clear differences between bits 1 and bits 0.

Community-Owned Fiber Networks: Value Leaders in America

We collected advertised prices for residential data plans offered by 40 community-owned (typically municipally owned) Internet service providers (ISPs) that offer fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) service. We then identified the least-expensive service that meets the federal definition of broadband — at least 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload — and compared advertised prices to those of private competitors in the same markets. We found that most community-owned FTTH networks charged less and offered prices that were clear and unchanging, whereas private ISPs typically charged initial low promotional or “teaser” rates that later sharply rose, usually after 12 months. We were able to make comparisons in 27 communities. We found that in 23 cases, the community-owned FTTH providers’ pricing was lower when averaged over four years. (Using a three year-average changed this fraction to 22 out of 27.) In the other 13 communities, comparisons were not possible, either because the private providers’ website terms of service deterred or prohibited data collection or because no competitor offered service that qualified as broadband. We also made the incidental finding that Comcast offered different prices and terms for the same service in different regions.

Механические свойства дроп-кабелей

Indoor cables have the simplest design with the least protection from the effects of external environmental influencing factors because they are intended for being used indoors. Optical cables (OCs) of this sort come generally with a sheath made of noncombustible material or of polymeric material with low smoke and gas emission. Abroad Russia such cable is called a drop cable, and in Russia it is called a subscriber cable, since it has been developed and used for making connections in FTTH (fiber to the home) networks. The Eurocable 1 company has developed new optic cables of the types OPNP and OVNP for FTTH networks. Type OPNP drop cable has a rectangular cross section; its strength member is made in the form of two aramid or fiberglass rods located inside the outer sheath. The cable also contains a bearing strength member in the form of a steel wire or a steel cable which provides resistance to increased tensile force. Type OVNP drop cable has a rectangular cross section and structurally contains strength members in the form of two fiberglass or aramid rods inside the outer sheath. To indicate the rod locations and facilitate stripping the cable, hair-marks (grooves) are applied on the sheath surface. The article presents the results from measuring the signal power in the optic fiber and from calculating the attenuation increment versus the tensile and crushing force, impact energy and the number of twisting and bending cycles

Uncertainty in FTTH splitter installation

In this article, a problem of rational splitter installation in Fiber‐to‐the‐Home (FTTH) networks is considered. The most expensive and time consuming part of the FTTH deployment is trenching and other labor involved in cable installation. When cables are deployed, the operator can start to connect customers to the network. However, the process still requires expenditures for both passive (splitters) and active (ONUs, OLT cards) equipment. First, we define an optimization problem of rational selection of splitters in the process of connecting new customers to a network. Second, we present two methods for handling the problem. The methods are named SpliSeals (Splitter Selection Algorithms). They take into account the actual take‐up rate and customer arrival patters to minimize the total expected cost of installed splitters. The average cost savings the presented algorithms can provide over rational, computer unaided methods exceed 10%, reaching almost 20% in some groups of cases, or even 40% in particular test cases. SpliSeals not only can be used to minimize the deployment cost of FTTH networks but also to assess the impact of uncertainty on network designs returned by automated methods. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 71(2), 153–165 2018

Reducing the Costs of FTTH Networks by Optimized Splitter and OLT Card Deployment

In this paper, a problem of rational splitter and OLT card installation in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks is considered. We assume that the most tedious part of FTTH network deployment, i.e., trenching and cable installation, is completed, and the operator can start to connect customers to the network. The connecting process still requires expenditures for both passive (splitters) and active (ONUs, OLT cards) equipment. In this paper, we define the problem of rational splitter and OLT card deployment and present the multi-state optimization (MuSO) approach to handle it. MuSO minimizes the expected total cost of deployment using a stochastic model; thus, it optimizes under stochastic behavior. Finally, we compare MuSO to other rational methods, numerically validating its efficiency. We also investigate the impact of various factors—e.g., the take-up rates assumed when designing a network, delays in providing service to newly acquired customers, optimization time limits—on the final FTTH network deployment cost. The presented methodology not only can be used to minimize the deployment cost of FTTH networks, but also to assess the impact of uncertainty on network designs returned by automated methods.

Techno-economic Evaluation of Open Access on FTTH Networks

The deployment of a new fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) network will open up a much higher bandwidth to the customers compared to currently deployed copper-based solutions, but its rollout costs are immense. Opening the network and sharing the same infrastructure and its costs with multiple actors offers important cost saving opportunities. A so-called open access network can provide interfaces for access at different network layers: dark fiber, wavelength, or bitstream. Although open access allows for a better usage of the shared infrastructure and as such for a better payback of the cost, open access does not come for free. The cooperation of actors and the interfaces at the open access network layers require extra equipment, processes, and transactions, leading to additional costs. This paper describes the different types of open access, and quantifies the additional cost for installing and operating an open access network: connecting a new alternative operator, connecting a new end-user, and the impact of churning. The models and calculations show that the cost of providing an open access network is low compared to the investment cost for infrastructure or architecture competition, but is not negligible and it can have a significant impact on the cost for connecting new providers and end users. The cost for connecting a new provider entails significant equipment and process costs, especially for fiber open access, whereas the procedure for a new or churning end user is dominated by transaction costs. The costs can be reduced by automation, standardization and sharing of transport of technicians among end users.

FTTH Network Optimization

Fiber To The Home (FTTH) is the most ambitious among optical technologies applied in the access segment of telecommunications networks. The main issues of deploying FTTH are the device price and the installation cost. Whilst the costs of optical devices are gradually decreasing, the cost of optical cable installation remains challenging. In this paper, the problem of optimization that has practical application for FTTH networks is presented. Because the problem is Non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard), an approximation algorithm to solve it is proposed. The author has developed the algorithm in a C# program in order to analyze its performance. The analysis confirms that the algorithm gains near-optimal results with acceptable time consumption. Therefore, the algorithm to be applied in a network design tool for FTTH network planning is proposed.

Economic aspects of fibre to the distribution point with G.fast

The use of hybrid fibre- and copper-based access networks can complement the deployment of fibre to the home (FTTH) networks, especially in areas where the deployment of fibre in the final metres is difficult. G.fast is a copper-based access technology that can, in theory, provide a combined downstream and upstream transmission capacity of up to 1Gbps over a distance of 100m. In this article, we analyse the cost of fibre to the distribution point (FTTdp) with G.fast and assess the cost reductions that can be achieved in comparison with FTTH networks. Two types of FTTdp networks have been employed: fibre to the building (FTTdp-Building) and fibre to the street (FTTdp-Street). The results show that, for all the network scenarios studied, the cost of a home passed for FTTH and FTTdp-Building is the same, but the cost of a home passed for FTTdp-Street is on average 17.2% lower than the cost for FTTH. Regarding the cost per home connected, the usage of FTTdp-Building and FTTdp-Street leads to average cost reductions compared with FTTH of 1.1% and 10.8%, respectively. The cost reductions achieved when employing FTTdp are higher in urban areas than in suburban and rural areas. Several measures could be taken by policymakers to promote the deployment of FTTdp networks that work with G.fast: these include the coordination of frequency bands to avoid the interference of G.fast with very high speed digital subscriber line 2 (VDSL2) equipment and the speeding up of permissions for the installation of FTTdp equipment.

Performance within a fiber-to-the-home network

Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) networks are on the brink of bringing significantly higher capacity to residential users compared to today's commercial residential options. There are several burgeoning FTTH networks that provide capacities of up to 1 Gbps. We have been monitoring one such operational network---the Case Connection Zone---for 23 months. In this paper we seek to understand the extent to which the users in this network are in fact making use of the provided bi-directional 1 Gbps capacity. We find that even when given virtually unlimited capacity the majority of the time users do not retrieve information from the Internet in excess of commercially available data rates and transmit at only modestly higher rates than commodity networks support. Further, we find that end host issues---most prominently buffering at both end points---are often the cause of the lower-than-expected performance.

Separation Anxieties: Structural Separation and Technological Diffusion in Nascent Fibre Networks

Separation of upstream network operations from downstream retail activities has long been considered as a potential remedy against the abuse of extant market power by incumbent network operators engaging in non-price discrimination in order to foreclose competition in downstream retail markets (see, for example, Xavier & Ypsilanti, 2004; de Bijl, 2005; Cave, 2006). However, the tool is increasingly being adopted as a regulatory means of preventing the (potential or actual) accrual of future market power by the firms deploying Next-Generation Access Networks (NGANs) such as Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) and Fibre-to-the-node (FTTN) (see, for example, Kirsch & von Hirschhausen, 2008; Huigen & Cave, 2008; Whalley & Henten, 2010; Cadman, 2010). Although it is generally agreed that separation may offer a useful means of constraining discriminatory behaviour, there is much less consensus about its merits in light of its potential costs to investment incentives and co-ordination in the deployment of new networks (Goncalves & Nascimento, 2010; Howell, Meade & O’Connor, 2010). Furthermore, it is far from clear that discrimination – either price-based or non-price – is necessarily contrary to the pursuit of increased consumer and total welfare, especially in the case of a new network infrastructure where there are considerable initial scale economies on offer (Heatley & Howell, 2010a; 2010b). Consequently, regulators in Europe, Asia and the Americas have generally exhibited caution in refraining from making unilateral impositions (Tropina, Whalley & Curwen, 2010), albeit that in some instances firms have undertaken voluntary separation activities in order to forestall potential regulatory action (e.g. BT – Whalley & Curwen, 2008; Telecom Italia – Nucciarelli & Sadowski, 2010). In contrast, however, the tool has been mandated in its most severe form – structural separation – as a fundamental artefact of new, nationwide, government-funded FTTH networks currently being deployed in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore (Howell, 2009, 2010; Given, 2010; Middleton & Given, 2010). In this paper, following a brief exposition of the different means of separating and regulating separated firms, we use case studies of Australia and New Zealand to illustrate the effects of full structural separation on both the static and dynamic incentives for deployment and uptake in the very early stages of diffusion of a new technology – Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH). The Australian and New Zealand cases are compared to the Netherlands, where despite the presence of access regulation and the major firm deploying FTTH focusing on providing infrastructure and not services, deployment and uptake rates far exceed those obtained in Australia and New Zealand. Preliminary analyses suggest that the incentives facing participants in structurally-separate networks where the network operator is prevented from active commercial engagement with end users can have material effects upon the ability to achieve early scale economies and hence the economic welfare gained from the new network deployment. The implication is that complete separation of retail and network operations over the entire life of a network may be too blunt a tool, and that a dimension of separation warranting further consideration is the dynamic separation of network deployment from network operation.

Integrated FTTH and In-Building Fiber-Coax OFDM Field Trial

The performance of multi-service provisioning employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signals in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks integrating hybrid fiber-coax in-building distribution is evaluated with a field trial in Towercom FTTH network in operation in Bratislava, Slovakia. The optical link budget performance is evaluated on an FTTH link of 35.8 km of standard single-mode fiber including hybrid 100-m fiber and 20-m coax in-building distribution transmitting a five-in-one multi-service bundle. The multi-service OFDM bundle includes LTE for phone service provision, WiMAX for wireless data and home security, DVB-T and UWB for TV and HD video broadcasting, and a custom OFDM signal providing wired gigabit Ethernet (GbE) connectivity. The specific optical power level requirements for both downstream and upstream directions to achieve successful bi-directional communication are evaluated in a WDM-PON configuration. The experimental results indicate that multi-service downstream provision with <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}{\rm 5}\hbox{-}{\rm dBm}$</tex></formula> optical power arriving to customer premises is required. In the upstream, the optical power power requirement at the central office is <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}{\rm 9}~{\rm dBm}$</tex></formula> for return communication. The optical attenuation level that can be supported by the network is investigated to evaluate the splitting ratio and the maximum capacity (number of users) of the network. Final application was confirmed experimentally with the transmission of multi-service OFDM signals in Towercom FTTH network including a 1:8 passive splitter.

Optically Powered Voltage Supply Device for Effective Utilization of Optical Energy in the Fiber‐to‐the‐Home Network

SUMMARYAn optically powered device using an InGaAs photodiode has been developed. This study aims to harvest light energy (2.8 to 500 μW) from the FTTH (fiber‐to‐the‐Home) network and to utilize it for operating remote sensors without an external energy source. We designed the booster circuit and evaluated its characteristics, confirming that it could boost an input voltage of 0.3 V to 3.0 V. We also evaluated the characteristics of an InGaAs photodiode and confirmed that it could output a voltage over 0.3 V using 10‐μW input light. We demonstrate that a ready‐made sensor can be operated with an input optical power as low as 10 μW. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(10): 37–42, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11472

Beast methodology: An agile testing methodology for multi-agent systems based on behaviour driven development

This paper presents a testing methodology to apply Behaviour Driven Development (BDD) techniques while developing Multi-Agent Systems (MASs), termed BEhavioural Agent Simple Testing (BEAST) Methodology. This methodology is supported by the open source framework (BEAST Tool) which automatically generates test cases skeletons from BDD scenarios specifications. The developed framework allows the testing of MASs based on JADE or JADEX platforms. In addition, this framework offers a set of configurable Mock Agents with the aim of being able to execute tests while the MAS is under development. The BEAST Methodology presents transparent traceability from user requirements to test cases. Thus, the stakeholders can be aware of the project status. The methodology and the associated tool have been validated in the development of a MAS for fault diagnosis in FTTH (Fiber To The Home) networks. The results have been measured in quantifiable way obtaining a reduction of the tests implementation time.

Design and Implementation of a Practical FTTH Network

Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) has long been recognized as a technology that provides future proof bandwidth [1], but has generally been too expensive to implement on a wide scale. However, reductions in the cost of electro-optic components and improvements in the handling of fiber optics now make FTTH a cost effective solution in many situations. The transition to FTTH in the access network is also a benefit for both consumers and service providers because it opens up the near limitless capacity of the core long-haul network to the local user. In this paper individual passive optical components, transceivers, and fibers has been put together to form a complete FTTH network. Then the implementation of the under construction Baghdad/Al-Gehad FTTH network is presented according to the available information from Iraq Telecommunication Post and Company (ITPC). In this work designing, planning and deploying of FTTH network based on Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) will be evaluated in order to obtain an optimal practical sample when designing and implementing any FTTH network.