Fiber Optic Technology Research Articles

A kind of single trench 19-core single-mode heterogeneous fiber with low crosstalk and anti-bending performance

The rapid growth of the demand for optical communication capacity promotes optical fiber communication technology. As a method to break through the capacity limitation of conventional single-mode fiber, multi-core fiber based on space division multiplexing technology has attracted extensive attention. In order to respond to the capacity of traditional single-mode fiber positively, we design a scheme of single-mode multi-core fiber combining the arrangement of heterogeneous fiber cores with secondary structure of low refractive index trench. The scheme consists of nineteen fiber cores arranged in a hexagonal closed-packed structure. Heterogeneous trench-assisted multi-core fiber (Hetero-TA-MCF) has low inter-core crosstalk and excellent anti-bending performance. Compared with conventional single-mode fiber, the Hetero-TA-MCF has the large transmission capacity and average effective area of each core of about 80 μm<sup>2</sup>. The transmission capacity of 19 cores is equivalent to the sum of the transmission capacities of 19 single-core single-mode fibers. We use COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the fiber structure, finding the parameters that affect the properties of the fiber, selecting parameters and structures for optimal performance. Then we calculate the transmission characteristics by the finite element method,and the results of substantive simulating compute are as follows. The Hetero-TA-MCF achieves a low inter-core crosstalk (XT) of about –39 dB/100 km so that each core can be transmitted as a separate channe. It meets the standard of multi-core fiber long distance transmission. The XT of the heterogeneous 19-core single-mode fiber is suitable for multi-core fiber long distance transmission standards. The bending loss of the outermost fiber core is –7.7×10<sup>–5</sup> dB/m when the bending radius is 10 cm, which reflects the low loss characteristics of the structure. The nonlinear coefficients of three kinds of core are 1.28 W<sup>–1</sup>·km<sup>–1</sup>, 1.31 W<sup>–1</sup>·km<sup>–1</sup>, and 1.30 W<sup>–1</sup>·km<sup>–1</sup> respectively, reducing the nonlinear effect of optical fiber effectively; the dispersions of three kinds of cores are less than 24 ps/(nm·km). In addition, the steady single-mode transmission is achieved in <i>C</i>+<i>L</i> band. Compared with traditional single-mode fiber and single-trench homogeneous fiber, the proposed fiber in this work has low crosstalk, good bending resistance and large mode field area, which is suitable for long distance and large capacity transmission in space division multiplexing system.

Cost-Effective Delay-Constrained Optical Fronthaul Design for 5G and Beyond

With the rapid growth of the telecom sector heading towards 5G and 6G and the emergence of high-bandwidth and time-sensitive applications, mobile network operators (MNOs) are driven to plan their networks to meet these new requirements in a cost-effective manner. The cloud radio access network (CRAN) has been presented as a promising architecture that can decrease capital expenditures (Capex) and operating expenditures (Opex) and improve network performance. The fronthaul (FH) is a part of the network that links the remote radio head (RRH) to the baseband unit (BBU); these links need high-capacity and low latency connections necessitating costeffective implementation. On the other hand, the transport delay and FH deployment costs increase if the BBU is not placed in an appropriate location. In this paper, we propose an integer linear program (ILP) that simultaneously optimizes BBU and FH deployment resulting in minimal capital expenditures (Capex). Simulations are run to compare the performance of star and tree topologies with the varying line of sight probabilities (LoS) and delay thresholds. We consider fiber-optic (FO) and free-space optics (FSO) technologies as FH for the CRAN. Finally, we provide an analysis of Opex and the total costs of ownership (TCO), i.e., a technoeconomic analysis.

Current issues and indicators of digital transformation of oil and gas production at the final stage of field operation

The article analyzes the technical and regulatory restrictions that complicate the production of hydrocarbons at the final stage of operation, as well as the directions of resource and innovative development of the fuel and energy complex in the context of sanctions and restrictions in the development of national priorities. The features of regulatory regulation of legislation and indicators of digital transformation for previously developed fields and the preservation of hydrocarbon markets, the development of national economies in the long term, taking into account the widespread use of intelligent technologies and digital platforms, are considered. Taking into account the technological advantages, it is recommended to ensure the digitalization of oil and gas wells using fiber-optic technologies and the creation of intelligent wells and fields on this basis, which, in conditions of limited funding, will ensure an increase in recoverable gas and oil production reserves of at least 10% during operation, a reduction in well downtime of about 50 % of the initial level and a reduction in operating costs of about 10-25 %. Keywords: inovation; regulation; digital economy; transformation; modeling; intelligent technology; digital platform.

Fiber Optic Network Technology of Communication of Specialists via Mental Neurointerfaces

Resonance communication of specialists can be carried out at a distance in real time in dialogue mode through a mental neurointerface with two-way communication. Mental neurointerface on the principles of magnetic resonance tomography captures a hologram of brain activity of the internal speech of the inductor specialist and transmits it to the mental neurointerface of the recipient's interlocutor through ultra-sensitive multi section nano resonators waveguides. The mental neurointerface of the recipient's interlocutor perceives the transmitted hologram of the brain activity of internal speech and resonates its internal speech to it. An interlocutor of the recipient with equivalent semantic memory in a resonant way makes sense of the internal speech of the inductor specialist. He forms the response with internal speech and transmits it to the interlocutor with his mental neurointerface through nano resonators in the form of holograms of the brain activity of internal speech. Interlocutors, as specialists in one subject area, have a similar semantic memory. Semantic memories are considered similar if they correspond to the principle of gold section according to a professional thesaurus. Specialists and interlocutors must learn a professional thesaurus before starting a dialogue through mental neurointerfaces. Thus, the problem of transmitting and reading thoughts at a distance using high technology is solved, taking into account the psychological aspects of the interlocutors. The development of mental neurointerfaces and ultra-sensitive multi section nano waveguide resonators for transmitting holograms of internal speech brain activity is just beginning. The use of resonant communication by mental neurointerfaces through nano waveguides resonators waveguides is currently very relevant in many areas of life activity.

Real-time Ultraviolet Radiation Sensor Based on Modified Cladding Optical Fibers Technology

In this work, the performance of single-mode optical fibers (SMFs) for ultraviolet (UV) radiation monitoring and dosimetry applications is presented. In particular, this work will focus on the Radiation-Induced Absorption (RIA) phenomena in the Near-Infrared domain (NIR). Such phenomena play a very important role in the sensing mechanism for SMF. Single mode fibers with a diameter of 50 µm were used for this purpose. These fibers were dipped into germanium (Ge) solution with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt%) to produce the sensing part of the sensor. For all optical fiber sensors under investigation, the results indicated the dependence of the RIA on the applied UV radiation energy. Also, a redshift in peak wavelength was obtained. The influence of Ge concentration on sensing efficiency was studied and the best results were obtained with 3 wt% concentration as compared to 1 wt % and 5 wt % concentrations. The presented sensor shows good sensitivity to UV radiation which makes it possible to be applied in medical applications.

Review of fibreless optical communication technology: history, evolution, and emerging trends

AbstractIn the present era of technology, it is quite fascinating to design a system capable of transmitting information from one end to another by using the optical spectrum. This system differs from optical fibre communication in terms of channel medium. Optical fibre technology uses the end-to-end physical connection via fibre. In contrast, Light-based wireless communication networks, also known as wireless optical communication (WOC) networks or fibreless optical communication networks, use light as a carrier and air as an unguided propagation media for transmission. Fibreless optical communication eliminates the need for Licensing and Buried Fibre Cables; also, its installation is relatively easy. This survey article describes the evolution of WOC technologies right from the old methods of communication to today’s deep-space optical satellite communication. This article briefly describes the WOC system working principle, categorization of wireless optical systems (based on the carrier frequency wavelength, distance covered, and application), different modulation techniques adopted for wireless optical communication, challenges associated with channel medium and channel modelling, performance analysis of WOC system, various application areas of WOC network, commercial developments in the field of WOC, and some other emerging trends associated with WOC.

MONITORING OF MONOLITHIC OVERLAP WITH PRESTRESSED BEAMS

A method for monitoring the stress-strain state of building structures has been developed. A technical inspection of monolithic slab structures using electronic beacons for crack control was carried out. The basis of the monitoring system of monolithic reinforced concrete structures is a fiber-optic technology based on the control of changes in the parameters of the light wave. For the experimental part, a scheme for testing fiber-optic sensors has been developed.

Review on Sensing Technology Adoption in the Construction Industry.

Sensing technologies demonstrate promising potential in providing the construction industry with a safe, productive, and high-quality process. The majority of sensing technologies in the construction research area have been focused on construction automation research in prefabrication, on-site operation, and logistics. However, most of these technologies are either not implemented in real construction projects or are at the very early stages in practice. The corresponding applications are far behind, even in extensively researched aspects such as Radio Frequency Identification, ultra-wideband technology, and Fiber Optic Sensing technology. This review systematically investigates the current status of sensing technologies in construction from 187 articles and explores the reasons responsible for their slow adoption from 69 articles. First, this paper identifies common sensing technologies and investigates their implementation extent. Second, contributions and limitations of sensing technologies are elaborated to understand the current status. Third, key factors influencing the adoption of sensing technologies are extracted from construction stakeholders’ experience. Demand towards sensing technologies, benefits and suitability of them, and barriers to their adoption are reviewed. Lastly, the governance framework is determined as the research tendency facilitating sensing technologies adoption. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the governance framework development. It will promote the sensing technologies adoption and improve construction performance including safety, productivity, and quality.

Monitoring Reinforced Concrete Cracking Behavior under Uniaxial Tension Using Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology

AbstractFiber-optic sensing (FOS) provides distributed strain measurement that can enhance both structural health monitoring (SHM) and laboratory testing capabilities. In particular, optical freque...

Artificial Intelligence Technology in Optical Fiber Communication Engineering

Optical fiber communication engineering as a kind of “wired” optical communication mode which uses light wave as carrier and optical fiber as transmission medium to transmit information from one place to another, especially optical fiber has a special position in the communication industry due to its unique advantages of wide transmission frequency band, high anti-interference and small signal attenuation. It has important practical value for the deep research of the area setting and protection of optical fiber and cable in the optical fiber communication engineering. However, at present, there is no complete management system in the aspects of hardware processing, fiber optic cable protection and the guarantee of the introduction of related talents, so it is urgent to innovate and develop the existing path. Based on this, this paper first analyzes the problems of optical fiber guarantee in the intelligent technology system construction of optical fiber technology in the field of communication engineering, and then puts forward the construction strategy of intelligent protection and breakthrough technology in optical fiber communication technology system.

Perspectives on Assembling Coronavirus Spikes on Fiber Optics to Reveal Broadly Recognizing Antibodies and Generate a Universal Coronavirus Detector

In time of COVID-19 biological detection technologies are of crucial relevance. We propose here the use of state of the art optical fiber biosensors to address two aspects of the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and other pandemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Fiber optic biosensors functionalized with HCoV spikes could be used to discover broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) effective against known HCoVs (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and likely future ones. In turn, identified bnAbs, once immobilized onto fiber optic biosensors, should be capable to detect HCoVs as diagnostic and environmental sensing devices. The therapeutic and preventative value of bnAbs is immense as they can be used for passive immunization and for the educated development of a universal vaccine (active immunization). Hence, HCoV bnAbs represent an extremely important resource for future preparedness against coronavirus-borne pandemics. Furthermore, the assembly of bnAb-based biosensors constitutes an innovative approach to counteract public health threats, as it bears diagnostic competence additional to environmental detection of a range of pandemic strains. This concept can be extended to different pandemic viruses, as well as bio-warfare threats that entail existing, emerging and extinct viruses (e.g., the smallpox-causing Variola virus). We report here the forefront fiber optic biosensor technology that could be implemented to achieve these aims.

Application of fiber optic measurement in textile‐reinforced concrete testing

AbstractIn research on concrete constructions, fiber optic sensor technology is becoming increasingly important. It enables high‐frequency and quasi‐continuous measurement of temperature and strain distribution. Furthermore, this technology offers the opportunity to determine the crack width within the cross section of specimens and not, as with conventional instrumentation, only from the outside. While experience for application of fiber sensors in steel‐reinforced concrete research already exists for several years, only few findings are available for textile‐reinforced concrete (TRC). This article gives a short overview of the principle of fiber optic sensor technology, presents possible concepts for utilization in TRC testing, and explains the necessary post‐processing steps for the preparation of the measurement results by means of an example from current research. Finally, the results are validated with conventional measuring methods and the applicability and further challenges are discussed.

Optical singular and dark solitons to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in magneto-optic waveguides with anti-cubic nonlinearity

The present paper aims to investigate the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation in magneto-optic waveguides having anti-cubic (AC) law nonlinearity. The solitons secured to magneto-optic waveguides with AC law nonlinearity are extremely useful to fiber-optic transmission technology. Three constructive techniques, namely, the $$(G^{\prime }/G)$$ -expansion method, the modified simple equation method, and the extended tanh method are utilized to find the exact soliton solutions of this model. Consequently, dark, singular, combined dark-singular and periodic soliton solutions are obtained. The behaviours of soliton solutions are presented by 3D and 2D plots.

Highly sensitive fiber optic microseismic monitoring system for tunnel rockburst

By capturing the micro-crack signals of rock mass structure, the microseismic (MS) monitoring technology is a good candidate for the forecasting and early warning of dynamic disaster. In this paper, MS sensors based on fiber optic interferometric scheme are studied and fabricated, and authors develop an 8-channel highly sensitive fiber optic MS system based on space division multiplexing technology to monitor the whole process of rock mass from micro-fracture to macro-damage. Field test of the system is carried out in Hanjiang River to Weihe River Water Diversion Project. The results show that it can realize continuously monitored with high accuracy and reliability in the tunnel and obtain the characteristic of temporal-spatio-strong of MS events, which are superior to the commercialized electrical monitoring equipment. This work shows that using fiber optic interference technology to develop accelerometer for MS monitoring system is both advantageous and feasible with the character of intrinsically safe.

Optical Fiber Sensors for Ultrasonic Structural Health Monitoring: A Review.

Guided waves (GW) and acoustic emission (AE) -based structural health monitoring (SHM) have widespread applications in structures, as the monitoring of an entire structure is possible with a limited number of sensors. Optical fiber-based sensors offer several advantages, such as their low weight, small size, ability to be embedded, and immunity to electro-magnetic interference. Therefore, they have long been regarded as an ideal sensing solution for SHM. In this review, the different optical fiber technologies used for ultrasonic sensing are discussed in detail. Special attention has been given to the new developments in the use of FBG sensors for ultrasonic measurements, as they are the most promising and widely used of the sensors. The paper highlights the physics of the wave coupling to the optical fiber and explains the different phenomena such as directional sensitivity and directional coupling of the wave. Applications of the different sensors in real SHM applications have also been discussed. Finally, the review identifies the encouraging trends and future areas where the field is expected to develop.

Nano-optical trapping using an all-dielectric optical fiber supporting a TEM-like mode

Fiber optical tweezers benefit from compact structures and compatibility with fiber optic technology, however, trapping of nano-objects are rarely demonstrated. Here, we predict stable optical trapping of a 30 nm polystyrene particle using an all-dielectric coaxial optical fiber supporting an axisymmetric TEM-like mode. We demonstrate, via comprehensive finite-difference time-domain simulations, that the trapping behavior arises from a significant shift of the fiber-end-fire radiation directivity originated from the nanoparticle-induced symmetry breaking, rather than the gradient force which assumes an invariant optical field. Fabrication of the fiber involved is entirely feasible with existing techniques, such as thermal-drawn and electrospinning, and therefore can be mass-produced.

Proposal for fiber-optic data acquisition system for Baikal-GVD

The first stage of the construction of the Baikal-GVD deep underwater neutrino telescope is planned to be completed in 2024. For the second stage of the detector deployment, a data acquisition system based on fiber-optic technologies has been proposed, which will allow for increased data throughput and more flexible trigger conditions. A dedicated test facility has been built and deployed at the Baikal-GVD site to test the new technological solutions. We present the principles of operation and results of tests of the new data acquisition system.

A multi-point heart rate monitoring using a soft wearable system based on fiber optic technology

Early diagnosis can be crucial to limit both the mortality and economic burden of cardiovascular diseases. Recent developments have focused on the continuous monitoring of cardiac activity for a prompt diagnosis. Nowadays, wearable devices are gaining broad interest for a continuous monitoring of the heart rate (HR). One of the most promising methods to estimate HR is the seismocardiography (SCG) which allows to record the thoracic vibrations with high non-invasiveness in out-of-laboratory settings. Despite significant progress on SCG, the current state-of-the-art lacks both information on standardized sensor positioning and optimization of wearables design. Here, we introduce a soft wearable system (SWS), whose novel design, based on a soft polymer matrix embedding an array of fiber Bragg gratings, provides a good adhesion to the body and enables the simultaneous recording of SCG signals from multiple measuring sites. The feasibility assessment on healthy volunteers revealed that the SWS is a suitable wearable solution for HR monitoring and its performance in HR estimation is strongly influenced by sensor positioning and improved by a multi-sensor configuration. These promising characteristics open the possibility of using the SWS in monitoring patients with cardiac pathologies in clinical (e.g., during cardiac magnetic resonance procedures) and everyday life settings.

(INVITED)Review of Optical Fiber Technologies for Optogenetics

Research in the field of Optogenetics has matured to the extent that in vivo implementations are more frequent in the literature. The majority of these employs different variants of optical fibers, including standard optical fibers, fiber bundles and tapered fibers. In the present contribution we review the application of optical fibers in optogenetics, in terms of critical requirements (biocompatabiliy, minimal invasiveness, spatial accuracy, etc) for in vivo demonstrations.

Design and Implementation of the Temperature Sensor for Health Care Monitoring Based on Optical Fiber Technology

Human health is represented due to the measurement of vital signs. The basic vital signs are temperature, heart pulse rate, oxygen percentage in blood, blood pressure, etc. These signs are changes according to the physical and mental status of the individual. So measuring and monitoring those signs are very important. In this work, design and implementation of human Temperature Sensor are submitted. This is achieved using optical fiber technology. Two sensor diameters were tested; 125 µm and 60µm. The obtained results show a shifting in wavelength towards the red region due to temperature application. The submitted sensor has good sensitivity and linearity. Both sensors exhibit good responsivity, sensitivity, and high linearity. The sensitivity is increased about five times when the diameter is decreased.