Fiber Mass Fraction Research Articles

Fractal approach to structure and thermal property of down fiber assembly

ABSTRACTDown fiber assembly is a heterogeneous and hierarchical system whose structure can be hardly characterized. At the meantime, its thermal property is valuable for usage, it would guide design if the correlation between thermal performance and structure can be understood. In this paper, fractal approach was introduced to characterize the microstructure of down fiber assembly. Fractal dimensions of fiber assemblies are calculated by box-counting method and are found to be positively correlated with basic structural parameters such as fiber mass and volume fraction. Meanwhile, the results indicate that increasing fractal dimension will lead to an enhancement of thermal insulation performance.

Mechanical and viscoelastic study of functionalized MWCNTs/epoxy/Kevlar composites

Nanomaterials‐strengthened diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin and aramid fiber composites were investigated for 0.16 wt% and 0.32 wt% of industrial and COOH‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Epoxy/Kevlar fiber/MWCNT hybrid composites were prepared using a vacuum resin‐infusion molding method (VRIM) based on 0.68 aramid fiber mass fractions. The effects of MWCNTs on the viscoelastic, mechanical, and thermal properties of composites were investigated. The chemical structure of composites was studied using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Samples with COOH‐functionalized nanotubes showed a strong impact on thermogravimetric analysis, in contrast to composites having the equivalent amount of industrial grade MWCNTs. The outcomes show that addition of MWCNTs to epoxy has a substantial influence on viscoelastic properties. The viscoelastic and thermal analyses show that storage modulus escalates with the addition of functionalized MWCNTs. Micrographs of MWCNTs‐enriched epoxy and Kevlar/epoxy samples revealed the uniform distribution of COOH‐functionalized MWCNTs in epoxy (as compared to industrial grade MWCNTs), resulting in increased interfacial strength between fiber/matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2064–E2073, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Large‐Area, All‐Solid, and Flexible Electric Double Layer Capacitors Based on CNT Fiber Electrodes and Polymer Electrolytes

This work presents a scalable method to produce robust all‐solid electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), compatible with roll‐to‐roll processes and structural laminate composite fabrication. It consists in sandwiching and pressing an ionic liquid‐based polymer electrolyte membrane between two carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber sheet electrodes at room temperature, and laminating with ordinary plastic film. This fabrication method is demonstrated by assembling large‐area devices of up to 100 cm2 with electrodes fabricated in‐house, as well as with commercial CNT fiber sheets. Freestanding flexible devices operating at 3.5 V exhibit 28 F g−1 of specific capacitance, 11.4 W h kg−1 of energy density, and 46 kW kg−1 of power density. These values are nearly identical to control samples with pure ionic liquid. The solid EDLCs could be repeatedly bent and folded 180° without degradation of their properties, with a reversible 25% increase in energy density in the bent state. Devices produced using CNT fiber electrodes with a higher degree of orientation and therefore better mechanical properties show similar electrochemical properties combined with composite specific strength and modulus of 39 and 577 MPa SG−1 for a fiber mass fraction of 11 wt%, similar to a structural thermoplastic and with higher specific strength than copper.

Performance of scrap tire steel fibers in OPC and alkali-activated mortars

In this study, the mechanical strength, total porosity and corrosion performance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), class F fly ash (PFA) and metakaolin (MK) alkali-activated mortars (AAM) reinforced with 1 and 2% mass fraction of scrap tire steel fibers (SSF) were investigated. The accelerated corrosion test comprised of immersion of specimens in a 5% NaCl solution and specimen electrical resistivity measurements over a three-month period. Thereafter, surface and internal corrosion of SSF in these matrices were also characterized using image analyses. Compressive and the four-point flexural strength were assessed before (28-day cured specimens) and after accelerated corrosion testing. The results indicate that SSF may be employed as discrete fiber reinforcement for OPC and AAM mixtures, as the former improves deformation and toughness of the mortars even after the accelerated corrosion testing. Nonetheless AAM presented higher porosity and reduced electrical resistivity than OPC mortars, probably due to alkali leaching. While the surface and internal corrosion performance of the SSF-reinforced MK-based AAM was poor, PFA-based AAM presented internal corrosion comparable to that of the OPC mortar, as well as the lowest surface corrosion among the mortars studied.

Towards a perennial biomass sorghum crop: A comparative investigation of biomass yields and overwintering of Sorghum bicolor x S. halepense lines relative to long term S. bicolor trials in northern Italy

The purpose of this work was to assess biomass and grain yields, path modelling of yield components, and perenniality in 97 Sorghum bicolor x S. halepense (SB x SH) lines, and compare their biomass production to a series of 38 historic (1987–2015) biomass SB trials. Perenniality was evaluated as rhizome overwintering, while other traits were scored using standard procedures. Contrary to SB, several SB x SH lines developed rhizomes and overwintered, depending mostly upon increased dosage of SH genome in SB background. A few backcross-derived SB x SH lines overwintered, indicating that perenniality can be introgressed in sorghum using backcrossing approach. SB x SH lines were competitive in terms of grain and aboveground dry biomass yields compared to SB. SB x SH selections outperformed or were comparable to the best commercial biomass SB hybrid checks, and ranked among the best selections from the historic trials. Grain yield in SB x SH lines depended mainly on number of culms, whereas biomass yields depended mainly on plant height, dry mass and fiber mass fractions of dry material, and number of culms. We identified superior dual purpose SB x SH genotypes producing 5–11 and 38–45 t ha−1 of grain and aboveground biomass, respectively, most of which displayed satisfactory overwintering rates (56–100%) and high levels of fiber (61–69%) mass fraction. These lines represent high energy sorghums suitable for biofuel and food production. The best SB x SH crosses for developing perennial biomass and grain sorghums were represented by perennial/perennial, annual/perennial/perennial, and annual/perennial combinations.

Estimation of the thermophysical properties of date palm fibers/gypsum composite for use as insulating materials in building

This work aims to develop a new composite material to improve the thermophysical properties and the lightness of gypsum plaster made with date palm fibers for the purpose of reducing the building energy consumption. This composite material is intended to be used in walls or false ceilings. Date palm fibers- gypsum boards could be used instead of plaster boards as thermal insulators in buildings. By varying the mass fraction of date palm fibers (from 0 to 20%), an experimental investigation of the thermo physical proprieties of gypsum reinforced with date palm fibers was mainly performed using the periodical and flash methods which were coupled to an inverse technique. The experimental results of thermal conductivity showed a good agreement with the theoretical model developed by Woodside and Mesmer for the determination of equivalent thermal conductivity.

ПЕКТИН КАК ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПИЩЕВОЙ ИНГРЕДИЕНТ В СОСТАВЕ ЗЕФИРА

Fruit pastries are in high demand due to their relatively low energy value, reasonable price, and the presence in their composition of semi-finished products made of natural fruit raw material. Marshmallow, produced on the basis of pectin as a gelling agent, is one of the most common sort of marshmallow. Along with high technological properties, pectin has proven its functional effectiveness: it eliminates toxins, heavy metals and other harmful substances from the body, improves the microflora and intestinal peristalsis, promotes cholesterol level reduction. The properties of pectin laboratory samples obtained from marc of chokeberry Aronia ( Arónia melanocárpa ) with the use of conventional method followed by drying of powders to a moisture content of 5–6 % are studied. It is found that the prototypes of pectin powder are high-ester pectins, they demonstrate a good gelling ability, have characteristic coloring of raw materials due to its high content of anthocyanins which possess P-vitamin activity. Rheological parameters of pectin (viscosity of solutions, elasticity and density) are confirmed by suitable technological properties of the test sample, which is used as a stabilizer in obtaining laboratory samples of marshmallow. Freshly produced marshmallow samples are tested for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents. In addition, the values of quality indicators, determining functional properties such as mass fraction of dietary fiber and anthocyanins, are calculated. It is found that the replacement of apple and citrus pectin in a recipe for the pectin obtained from marc of chokeberry Aronia improves the organoleptic characteristics of marshmallow and increases its functional properties due to high content of apple puree (37,5 %), the presence of dietary fiber (1,5 %) and anthocyanins (0,05 %).

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭКСТРУЗИОННОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ НА ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ И ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА СЕМЯН ТЫКВЫ

The purpose of research is assessment of thermoplastic extrusion influence with Ternova-quannum effect on chemical composition and functional and technological properties of pumpkin seeds, processed together with the shell. Raw crude from shell pumpkin seeds were processed within 10-15 s at a temperature of 130-1400С using a single screw press extruder KMZ-2U, equipped with a vacuum chamber, contributing to the implementation of the new technological possibilities of extrusion processing of vegetable raw materials. Determination of the mass share of moisture, fat, crude fiber and ash was performed using standard techniques. The substance total nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method and then converted to crude protein. Water and fat absorption of flour made from extruded pumpkin seeds with shell was determined on the basis of generally accepted methods. The results are presented as the mean value of three repeated measurements. The chemical composition of the extruded pumpkin seeds with shell (mass fraction of moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fiber) and wheat flour used for production of bakery and flour confectionery products. The results obtained indicate a high content in the extrudate pumpkin seeds with the shell of protein, dietary fiber, palingenesy whelping fatty acids, as well as a wide range of minerals that characterizes the resulting product as an effective Supplement for development of the technology of bakery and flour confectionery products of functional purpose. In addition, high water and fat absorption of the extrudate pumpkin seeds with the shell will generate the given structure, nutritional value, taste indicators and losses in the development of such products.

Effect of surface treatment with potassium permanganate on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced natural rubber composites

The effects of surface treatment using potassium permanganate on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated. The results showed the surface roughness and the oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the modified fibers were effectively increased. The NR matrix composites were prepared with as-received and modified UHMWPE fibers added 0–6 wt%. The treated fibers increased the modulus and tensile stress at a given elongation. The tear strength increased with increasing fiber mass fraction, attained maximum values at 4 wt%. The hardness of composites exhibited continuous increase with increasing the fiber content. The dynamic mechanical tests showed that the storage modulus and the tangent of the loss angle were decreased in the modified UHMWPE fibers/NR composites. Several micro-fibrillations between the treated fiber and NR matrix were observed, which meant the interfacial adhesion strength was improved.

The effects of carbon nanofiber on the mechanical properties of glass/coir fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites

Glass and coir fiber hybrid composites were characterized for the addition of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt% functionalized fCNFs produced from waste coal fly‐ash and were used also as secondary reinforcements for producing both glass and coir fiber composites. Before choosing the hybrid composites fabrication parameters, an optimum fiber mass fraction of glass and coir fibers were obtained by fabricating and mechanically testing the composites specimens with mass fraction of 24, 32, and 40 wt% for glass and 10, 15, and 20 wt% for coir fibers, respectively. From the test results, the glass fiber composites with 32 wt% and coir fiber composites with 15 wt% were found to be the most suitable mass fraction for fabricating the hybrid composites. Based on the functionalization results, the surface‐treated CNFs for 6 hr in an acid solution were the best secondary reinforcement in fabricating glass and coir fiber hybrid composites. The hybrid composites testing results showed that both glass and coir fiber hybrid composites reinforced with 0.5 wt% functionalized CNFs were better than those of 0.1 and 1 wt% of CNFs. At higher weight fraction of 1 wt% CNFs, agglomerations could not be prevented and this led to poor mechanical properties. It could also be concluded that the functionalization of these CNFs improved their dispersion within the matrix and resulted in better mechanical properties. One of the future recommendations is that the researchers must focus on utilizing the waste products for producing carbon nanoparticles which could further be used for manufacturing hybrid composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:318–328, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Reduced graphene oxide deposited carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for electromagnetic interference shielding

Reduced graphene oxide deposited carbon fiber (rGO-CF) was prepared by introducing GO onto CF surface through electrophoretic deposition method, following by reducing the GO sheets on CF with NaBH4 solution. The rGO-CF was found to be more effective than CF to improve the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding property of unsaturated polyester (UP) based composites. With 0.75% mass fraction of rGO-CF, the shielding effectiveness of the composite reached 37.8dB at the frequency range of 8.2–12.4GHz (x-band), which had 16.3% increase than that of CF/UP composite (32.5dB) in the same fiber mass fraction. The results suggest that rGO-CF is a good candidate for the use as a light-weight EMI shielding material.

Sedimentation of particles in shear flows of fluids with fibers

The sedimentation of particles in a dense suspension supplemented by two additional factors is the subject of the current study. The addition of a small amount of thin flexible fibers into a base viscous suspending fluid is the first additional factor. The second additional factor is the subjection of the test fluid volume to shear flow in the plane perpendicular to the gravitational acceleration vector. Glycerol was used as the base Newtonian fluid. The mass fraction of monolithic synthetic fibers with length and diameter of 6 mm and 12 μm was varied from 0 to 0.4 %. Ceramic spheres with mean diameter of 0.66 mm were used to create suspensions with volume concentrations of 0–30 %. The sedimentation was observed in a transparent channel with a shear rate up to 108 s−1. The sedimentation process was monitored by video recording and image processing techniques. It was found that fiber additives suppress the sedimentation significantly. The decrease in sedimentation velocity is more noticeable at low shear rates, whereas fibers do not markedly affect sedimentation at high shear rates of the order of 100 s−1. The effect of the deceleration of the sedimentation increases as the fiber and particle concentrations increase. The linear relationship between the sedimentation velocity and viscosity of the suspension was demonstrated.

Unidirectional Cordenka Fibre-Reinforced Furan Resin Full Biocomposite: Properties and Influence of High Fibre Mass Fraction

A full biocomposite was fabricated from Cordenka CR fibre and furan resin. High fibre mass fractions (FMF) were achieved by pressing the CR fibres into unidirectional sheets prior to incorporation into the resin. Results of testing indicated that the tensile properties of the biocomposite were improved by the initial increase of FMF from 51 to 64%, with a subsequent increase of FMF to 75% resulting in a deterioration of those properties. Examination of the tensile fracture surfaces with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed moderate deterioration in fibre-matrix adhesion after the initial increase of FMF. Further increase of the FMF to 75% was shown by SEM to result in worse fibre-matrix adhesion. On the other hand, the flexural, interlaminar-shear, and dynamic mechanical properties were adversely affected by the increase in fibre-mass fraction from 51 through 75%. These effects were mainly attributed to reduced fibre wetting that resulted in weakened fibre-matrix interfacial bonding and subsequent poor stress exchange at the fibre-matrix interface. Observations made with a digital microscope revealed normal crack behaviour in the laminated composite, and the shear fracture modes were I and II. This biocomposite has mechanical properties comparable to those of flax and glass fibre-reinforced furan resin biocomposites.

Mechanical properties of surface‐modified ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced natural rubber composites

The mechanical properties of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were determined, and the effects of fiber surface treatment and fiber mass fraction on the mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. Chromic acid was used to modify the UHMWPE fibers, and the results showed that the surface roughness and the oxygen‐containing groups on the surface of the fibers could be effectively increased. The NR matrix composites were prepared with as‐received and chromic acid treated UHMWPE fibers added 0–6 wt%. The treated UHMWPE fibers increased the elongation at break, tear strength, and hardness of the NR composites, especially the tensile stress at a given elongation, but reduced the tensile strength. The elongation at break increased markedly with increasing fiber mass fraction, attained maximum values at 3.0 wt%, and then decreased. The tear strength and hardness exhibited continuous increase with increasing the fiber content. Several microfibrillations between the fiber and NR matrix were observed from SEM images of the fractured surfaces of the treated UHMWPE fibers/NR composites, which meant that the interfacial adhesion strength was improved. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:1215–1220, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Analogue experimental study on centrifugal-air blast granulation for molten slag

Blast furnace slag is a by-product in iron and steel production process which has a high yield with extremely high discharge temperature. Aiming at energy and water saving as well as emission reduction, dry granulation technique appears to be a good application for the treatment of blast furnace slag. In this study, a granulation technique combining a high-speed rotating cup with air blast is proposed. The performance of this design was investigated by adopting a mixture of rosin and paraffin wax as the analogue of blast furnace slag. The effects of rotating speed of the atomizer, liquid flow rate and blast air flow rate on particle size, particle mass distribution and fiber mass fraction were studied. The effect of the function of air blast on the granulation performance was particularly discussed. The results showed that at a higher rotating speed and a smaller liquid flow rate, smaller particles can be easily obtained, yet the fiber mass fraction also increases. However, the increasing blast air leads to the increase of particle size and fiber mass fraction. For the operating conditions tested in this study, over 60% of total mass of particles fall within the size range of 0.5–1 mm, which means that the present system has a good performance in centrifugal granulation.

Mechanical properties of Mo fiber-reinforced resin mineral composites

Mo fiber-reinforced resin mineral composite (RMC) belongs to a multiphase material, whose mechanical strength depends on the property of components and microstructure characteristics of Mo fibers including surface state, fiber content, fiber shape, and so on. The reinforcing mechanism of Mo fiber is analyzed and the reinforcing effects of new and scrap fibers on RMC are studied, respectively, in the paper. Typical samples with different fiber parameters are prepared to validate the aforementioned assumptions. Experimental results and finite element simulation prove that scrap Mo fibers can improve the mechanical properties of RMC better than ordinary new Mo fibers because of the discharge pits randomly distributed on the surface of scrap fibers. The reinforcing effect is best while the fiber content is 1.2% of the total mass. If the length, diameter, and mass fraction of fibers are identical, special-shaped fibers such as U, V, N, W perform better obviously, and their maximum pulling load is much bigger than ordinary linear fibers.

Functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes strengthened GRP hybrid composites: Improved properties with optimum fiber content

Nano-strengthened hybrid GRP composites were mechanically characterized for different multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) mass fractions of 0.1wt%, 0.5wt% and 1wt% based on a 32wt% glass fiber mass fraction. The selection of fabrication parameters for hybrid composites was based on tensile, flexural, and impact property results obtained from plain glass reinforced fiber composites (GRPs) by varying fiber mass fractions of 24wt%, 32wt% and 40wt%. Results obtained indicated the 32wt% as being the optimum mass fraction for the fabrication of GRP hybrid composite. For hybridization, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were selected as a secondary reinforcement and the optimum functionalization parameters were determined by considering three different functionalization times of 6h, 24h and 48h respectively. The optimum functionalization time was then selected based on morphological characterization of functionalized MWCNTs which was performed using Raman, TEM and FTIR techniques. Based on the results obtained, the 24h functionalization period on MWCNTs with nitric acid was found to be the most suitable. The final hybrid was then fabricated based on 32wt% fiber fraction however with three different MWCNTs mass fractions for further characterization. The results obtained show that the nano-strengthened GRP hybrid composites reinforced with 0.5wt% functionalized MWCNTs exhibit substantially better properties than those of plain GRP, 0.1wt% and 1wt% of functionalized MWCNT composites. At higher fiber mass fraction of 40%, the load transfer efficiency was reduced resulting in poor mechanical properties and similar behavior was also observed for hybrid composite with 1wt% of CNTs. This anomalous behavior can be attributed to the poor quality of specimens due to fiber agglomerations in some places due to higher mass fraction which caused poor penetration of resin into the fiber mat resulting in inefficient load transfer.

Thermal and Mechanical properties of epoxy-jute fiber composite

Chopped jute fiber-epoxy composites with varying fiber length (2-12 mm) and mass fraction (0.05-0.35) had been prepared by a heat press unit. The cross-linked product was characterized in terms of specific gravity, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, Young modulus and elongation at break. The transverse thermal conductivities for randomly oriented fibers in the composite were investigated by Lees and Charlton’s method. The tensile strength, Young modulus and elongation at break were investigated by a Universal Tensile Tester. With an increase in the fiber content (irrespective of the fiber length), the thermal conductivity of the composite decreases; the decreasing rate being highest for the fiber length of 2 mm followed by that for the fiber length of 6 and 12 mm. The decreasing rate of the thermal conductivity of the jute-epoxy composite is comparatively higher to that reported in literature for acrylic polymer hemp fiber composite. The tensile strength also decreases with the increase of the fiber content in the composite. The fiber length does not show to have significant effect on the tensile strength of the composite; the variation in strength being masked within experimental error. The Young modulus increases with the increase of fiber content within elastic limit; showing the highest values for the fiber length of 6 mm followed by those for the fiber length of 2 mm and 12 mm. The elongation at break shows slightly increasing trend up to 15% fiber content, but beyond that it decreases drastically. The specific gravity decreases with the increase in the fiber content and thus the recalculated specific tensile strength is found to keep at a stable level of 36MPa up to the fiber content of 20%, and beyond that the specific tensile strength decreases with the increase in the fiber content. It is concluded that jute fiber-epoxy composite could be used as a good heat-insulating material. Further investigation is recommended on the improvement of the thermal insulation keeping the mechanical properties unchanged or even improved. The TGA study is also required to ascertain the field of application of the material. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i2.17807 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 2, December 2012: 77-82

Effect of Surface Treatment and Fiber Orientation on the Tensile and Morphological Properties of Banana Stem Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composite

A mixture of NaOH and Na2SO3 was used in modification of banana stem fibers (BSF). Unidirectional BSF reinforced natural rubber (NR) lamina composites were made using compression moulding method. The results of the tensile loading in 0°, 45° and 90° to the fiber directions of the composite with fiber mass fraction of 30% were studied. Surface modification of the BSF with a mixture of 4% NaOH and 2% Na2SO3 increased the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composite to 4.03 MPa and 147.34 MPa respectively from 3.12 MPa and 84.30 MPa of the untreated. Variation in properties due to fiber orintations was observed indicating a higher value of properties in the 0° fiber orientation than in 45° and 90° directions. The result of scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of the surfaces of the fibers indicted an improvement in bonding of the fiber bundles prior to lamination with natural rubber as a result of surface treatment which resulted in its higher tensile strength.

Hybrid Biological Fiber-Reinforced Resin-Based Friction Materials Friction and Wear Performance Test

Friction material is essential for automotive braking system. Based on previous study of existing friction material problems, hybrid biological fiber-reinforced resin-based friction materials (HBRMs, from the reinforced fiber component of resin-based friction materials) were explored in this study. Bamboo fiber, jute fiber and wool fiber (all have length of 3-5 mm) were processed to make three types of HBRMs and considered as three factors of biological reinforced fiber in test using orthogonal experimental design. Each factor had three levels of 1%, 2% and 3% fiber mass fraction while the ratio of other raw materials remains unchanged. According to the orthogonal experimental design table, nine formulations (denoted as M1-M9) were determined to test the HBRMs. For comparison, non-bio-fiber reinforced friction material (NBM) was added in the test. The properties of the HBRMs tested included Rockwell hardness, impact strength and density. The friction and wear performance of the braking materials was examined by a speed friction tester. The results show that the friction coefficient of the HBRMs was slightly higher than that of the NBM, indicating biological fibers affected the friction coefficient. The friction coefficient of the HBRMs decreased firstly with the increase of temperature and had the lowest value when the temperature reached 300°C, and it increased then as temperature increased. During recovery process, the friction coefficient of the HBRMs firstly increased with the decrease of temperature and then decreased greatly when the temperature dropped to 100°C. The wear rates of the HBRMs increased with the increase of temperature and reached maximum value when temperature reached 200°C, then it decreased with the increase of temperature. The results of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation analysis on the friction coefficient and wear rate show that the best comprehensive properties were presented when the mass fraction of bamboo, jute and wool fiber were 3%, 3% and 1%，respectively.