Range Of Fiber Diameters Research Articles

Influence of multimodal fiber distribution on the permeability of fibrous media

This article deals with the impact of fiber size distribution on the permeability of nonwoven fibrous media, a major issue in the general field of filtration. The conventional method to determine the permeability of nonwoven fibrous media involves equating complex fibrous media with structures composed of a single equivalent fiber diameter. Based on numerical simulations of flow through tridimensional structures with polymodal and polydisperse fiber size distributions, we proposed a new equivalent diameter. In conjunction with a packing density function, the approach is compared to experimental data and simulations available in the scientific literature and shows better permeability predictions than other existing models for a wide range of solid volume fractions (1 % to 20 %) and fiber diameters (1.5 µm to 30 µm). This predictive model of permeability is an essential step in developing a decision-making tool for the design of fibrous media.

Fabrication and characterization of an electrospun silk fibroin/gelatin transparent graft material for corneal epithelial regeneration

The damaged corneal epithelial causing loss of vision can be restored by epithelial tissue regeneration through tissue engineering approach that provides an engineered corneal substitute with appropriate properties and nanofibrous architecture. This works reports a polymeric matrix that was derived from silk fibroin (SF) and gelatin (GE) natural polymer blend with optimized composition resembling the structure and function of the native epithelial tissue. SF/GE blend spinning solutions prepared with different volume ratios of SF/GE: 70/30, 50/50, and 30/70 were used to fabricate electrospun mats. The fabricated two-dimensional mats had nanofibrous porous architecture having interconnected pores with pore size range of 175–267 nm suitable for corneal epithelial regeneration and 891.2–558 nm fiber diameter range as revealed by scanning electron microscopic image analysis. The performed Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of individual polymers in the scaffolds and the scaffolds are hydrophilic in nature. Among the scaffolds, SF/GE 70:30 and SF/GE 50:50 composition possess desired porosity range of 87–88%. The tensile strength was slightly decreased with increase in GE content and the strength obtained was in the range 2.74–2.26 Mpa. An enhanced transparency was obtained with increased GE concentration, the transparency range of 73–82% observed with SF/GE:50/50 matches with the transparency of natural corneal epithelium. The biocompatibility of the scaffolds was confirmed by cell attachment, cytotoxicity and ROS evaluation by culturing rabbit corneal fibroblast cells (SIRC) on the scaffolds. Among the scaffolds, SF/GE: 70/30 exhibited the highest cell viability, but with less transparency ranging 55–71%. Therefore, considering all the properties, SF/GE with 50:50 ratio scaffold may be a suitable substrate in the field of corneal tissue engineering.

Cleaner and Sustainable Production of Core-Sheath Polymer Fibres.

The amalgamation of sustainable practises throughout the fabrication process with advanced material engineering holds promise not only for eco-conscious manufacturing but also for promoting technological advancements in versatile material design and application. Moreover, technological innovation serves as a catalyst for sustainability initiatives, driving innovation and enabling the adoption of greener practises across industries. This study investigates redefining the production protocol of pressure spinning to produce core-sheath polymer fibres, deepening sustainable practises. It aims to explore innovative approaches such as modifying spinning parameters, optimising polymer solvent configurations and understanding fluid behaviour to curtail material wastage and maintain minimal energy consumption without compromising production efficiency. Utilising Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for the core and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) for the sheath, production rates of up to 64 g/h were achieved with a fibre diameter range of 3.2 ± 1.7 µm to 4.6 ± 2.0 µm. Energy consumption per mass of fibres produced showed a decreasing trend overall with increasing applied gas pressure. These findings highlight the potential for the efficient and scalable production of core-sheath fibres with applications in various advanced materials fields.

Fabrication of electrospun ion exchanger adsorbents with morphologies designed for the separation of proteins and plasmid DNA

Electrospun cellulose adsorbents are an emergent class of materials applied to a variety of bioprocess separations as an analogue to conventional packed bed chromatography. Electrospun adsorbents have proven to be effective as rapid cycling media, enabling high throughput separation of proteins and viral vectors without compromising selectivity and recovery. However, there is a current lack of knowledge in relation to the manipulation and control of electrospun adsorbent structure with function and performance to cater to the separation needs of emerging, diverse biological products.In this study, a series of electrospun cellulose adsorbents were fabricated by adjusting their manufacturing conditions. A range of fiber diameters (400 to 600 nm) was created by changing the electrospinning polymer solution. Additionally, a range of porosities (0.4 to 0.7 v/v) was achieved by varying the laminating pressures on the electrospun sheets. The adsorbents were functionalized with different degrees of quaternary amine ligand density to create 18 prototype anion exchangers. Their morphology was characterized by BET nitrogen adsorption surface area, X-ray computed tomography, capillary flow porometry and scanning electron microscopy measurements.The physical characteristics of the adsorbents were used in an adapted semi-empirical model and compared to measured permeability data. Permeabilities of prototypes ranged from 10−2 to 10−4 mDarcy. The measured data showed good adherence to modelled data with possible improvements in acquiring wet adsorbent characteristics instead of dried material. Finally, the electrospun adsorbents were characterized for their binding capacity of model proteins of different sizes (diameters of 3.5 nm and 8.9 nm) and plasmid DNA. Static binding capacities ranged from 5 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml for the proteins and plasmid DNA and showed <20 % deviation from monolayer coverage based on BET surface area. Therefore, it was concluded that the electrospun adsorbents most likely adsorb monolayers of proteins and plasmid DNA on the surface with minimal steric hindrance.

Morphological Properties of Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Gelatin contained Indonesian Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Abalone Nanofibrous Scaffold by Electrospinning

One strategy for dealing with bone defects is replicating and reconstructing artificial bone for bone tissue engineering (BTE) application, known as the scaffold. Bone consists of an extracellular matrix (ECM) which, at the nanoscale, has a fibrous structure that can be replicated in synthetic scaffolds using an electrospinning method. This work describes the analysis of the morphological properties of Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/Gelatin contained Indonesian carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) abalone nanoparticle scaffold by electrospun nanofiber. CHA nanoparticles were produced using a co-precipitation method, and nanofibrous PVA/Gelatin/CHA 5 wt% scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning. The synthesized CHA produced the same condition as B-type CHA, ensured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) tests. The morphological properties of PVA/Gelatin/CHA are analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM image indicated that PVA/Gelatin nanofiber tended to have a fine morphology without beads. The agglomeration of the PVA/Gelatin/CHA 5 wt% nanofiber scaffold can be neglected because it is still on the sub-micron scale (1 μm–100 nm). Moreover, adding CHA 5 wt% in the PVA/Gelatin matrix decreased the average fiber diameter. The diameter fiber results are within the fiber diameter range (100–450 nm) in native bone ECM. Therefore, PVA/Gelatin/CHA 5 wt% has the potential to serve as an alternative scaffold material for BTE application.

Recessive and dominant inheritance patterns associated with synonymous differences in wool fibre curvature and medullation

ABSTRACT Segregation into lustrous and wild-type birth coats suggested both dominant and recessive inheritance patterns associated with birth coat and subsequently with low wool fibre curvature at lamb and yearling shearing. The hypothesis that these phenotypes also differ in the proportion of medullated fibres (%) was tested here. Progeny expressing dominant segregation of lustre at birth showed significant differences in medullation of lambs wool (P < 0.001), where 42.3% (SEM ± 6.5%) of fibres were medullated in the lustrous phenotype, and 4.8% (± 1.0%) in the wild-type. Medullation at yearling shearing had declined to 19.7% (± 5.3%) and 1.8% (± 0.3%) respectively but the significant difference prevailed (P < 0.001). Progeny expressing recessive segregation of lustre also exhibited more medullation as lambs (54.6% ± 6.0%) with only 9.5% (± 2.6%) in the wild-type (P < 0.001). Again, medullation declined in yearlings but the difference (P < 0.001) between phenotypes remained (22.6 ± 8.2 vs. 4.0 ± 1.7%). For both inheritance patterns medullation increased as fibre diameter increased in lambs wool (P < 0.001), but across the range of fibre diameter observed, more fibres were medullated in those lustrous at birth (P = 0.001).

Enhancing the selective electrical activation of human vagal nerve fibers: a comparative computational modeling study with validation in a rat sciatic model

Objective. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an emerging treatment option for a myriad of medical disorders, where the method of delivering electrical pulses can vary depending on the clinical indication. In this study, we investigated the relative effectiveness of electrically activating the cervical vagus nerve among three different approaches: nerve cuff electrode stimulation (NCES), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and enhanced TENS (eTENS). The objectives were to characterize factors that influenced nerve activation and to compare the nerve recruitment properties as a function of nerve fiber diameter. Methods. The Finite Element Model, based on data from the Visible Human Project, was implemented in COMSOL. The three simulation types were compared under a range of vertical and horizontal displacements relative to the location of the vagus nerve. Monopolar anodic stimulation was examined, along with latency and activation of different fiber sizes. Nerve activation was determined via the activating function and McIntyre-Richardson-Grill models, and activation thresholds were validated in an in-vivo rodent model. Results. While NCES produced the lowest activation thresholds, eTENS generally performed superior to TENS under the range of conditions and fiber diameters, producing activation thresholds up to three times lower than TENS. eTENS also preserved its enhancement when surface electrodes were displaced away from the nerve. Anodic stimulation revealed an inhibitory region that removed eTENS benefits. eTENS also outperformed TENS by up to four times when targeting smaller diameter nerve fibers, scaling similar to a cuff electrode. In latency and activation of smaller diameter nerve fibers, eTENS results resembled those of NCES more than a TENS electrode. Activation threshold ratios were consistent in in-vivo validation. Significance. Our findings expand upon previously identified mechanisms for eTENS and further demonstrate how eTENS emulates a nerve cuff electrode to achieve lower activation thresholds. This work further characterizes considerations required for VNS under the three stimulation methods.

Bacteriophage-loaded functional nanofibers for treatment of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus wound infections

The increasing incidence of infected skin wounds poses a major challenge in clinical practice, especially when conventional antibiotic therapy fails. In this context, bacteriophages emerged as promising alternatives for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, clinical implementation remains hampered by the lack of efficient delivery approaches to infected wound tissue. In this study, bacteriophage-loaded electrospun fiber mats were successfully developed as next-generation wound dressings for the treatment of infected wounds. We employed a coaxial electrospinning approach, creating fibers with a protective polymer shell, enveloping bacteriophages in the core while maintaining their antimicrobial activity. The novel fibers exhibited a reproducible fiber diameter range and morphology, while the mechanical fiber properties were ideal for application onto wounds. Further, immediate release kinetics for the phages were confirmed as well as the biocompatibility of the fibers with human skin cells. Antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the core/shell formulation maintained the bacteriophage activity for 4 weeks when stored at − 20 °C. Based on these promising characteristics, our approach holds great potential as a platform technology for the encapsulation of bioactive bacteriophages to enable the translation of phage therapy into clinical application.

SOFTWARE FOR MODELING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE WITH THIN CONDUCTING FIBERS INTERACTION

The article is devoted to the development of software for modelling electromagnetic wave with thin conductive fibers interaction in the form of a circular cylinder. The software allows you to adjust such physical parameters as the electrical conductivity of the investigated fiber, the range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, the range of fiber diameters and the complex refractive index. Software calculates the values of the efficiency factors of attenuation, scattering and absorption of the electromagnetic wave by the fiber, followed by their visualization in the form of graphs on the basis of the received data.

Express method for measuring the refractive index of transparent fibres

An express method for measuring the refractive index, which is one of the main optical parameters of transparent fibres, is suggested. The method uses focusing properties of a cylindrical lens, which such a fibre is. The possibility to accurately measure such characteristics of optical fibres as the shell and core diameters, numerical aperture, refractive index profile, loss, and dispersion is equally important for fibre manufacturers and designers of optical communication systems who should choose the fibre that meets their requirements best. Almost all measurement methods use the refraction of light rays at the interface between the media. To do this, one should make samples of given shape and size, which are individual for each measuring instrument. The suggested method takes into account the fact that when light strikes upon a refractive cylinder (glass rod, fibreglass), the focusing occurs perpendicular to its axis with a focal region where light rays converge. Behind this region, the rays diverge again. The position of the focal region is determined by the refractive index of the cylinder. It can be inside the cylinder, outside it, or on the surface of the cylinder. During the observation of the fibre using a microscope, one can see that the light, which has passed through the fibre, forms a bright band on its backside against a dark background. The bandwidth depends on the refractive index of the fibre. The calculations using the methods of geometric optics were carried out. These methods may be applied over a wide range of fibre diameters. Using strict formulas of diffraction theory, the distribution of radiation energy in the fibre and its vicinity was calculated. A digital analysis of the resulting pattern was carried out. The results of the analysis coincided with the results obtained using the methods of geometric optics. An algorithm for determining the refractive index was worked out. The measurements of the refractive indices of artificial and natural fibres like fibreglass, webs and human hair (blonde-haired person, brown-haired person, grey hair) were provided.

The Applicability of Current Turbidimetric Approaches for Analyzing Fibrin Fibers and Other Filamentous Networks.

Turbidimetry is an experimental technique often used to study the structure of filamentous networks. To extract structural properties such as filament diameter from turbidimetric data, simplifications to light scattering theory must be employed. In this work, we evaluate the applicability of three commonly utilized turbidimetric analysis approaches, each using slightly different simplifications. We make a specific application towards analyzing fibrin fibers, which form the structural scaffold of blood clots, but the results are generalizable. Numerical simulations were utilized to assess the applicability of each approach across a range of fiber lengths and diameters. Simulation results indicated that all three turbidimetric approaches commonly underestimate fiber diameter, and that the “Carr-Hermans” approach, utilizing wavelengths in the range of 500–800 nm, provided <10% error for the largest number of diameter/length combinations. These theoretical results were confirmed, under select conditions, via the comparison of fiber diameters extracted from experimental turbidimetric data, with diameters obtained using super-resolution microscopy.

Optimum telescope focal ratios for microlens-to-fiber coupled integral field spectrographs

We describe the optimum telescope focal ratio for a two-element, three surface, telecentric image-transfer microlens-to-fiber coupled integral field unit within the constraints imposed by micro-optics fabrication and optical aberrations. We create a generalized analytical description of the micro-optics optical parameters from first principals. We find that the optical performance, including all aberrations, of a design constrained by an analytic model considering only spherical aberration and diffraction matches within +/-4% of a design optimized by ray-tracing software such as Zemax. The analytical model does not require any compromise on the available clear aperture; about 90% mechanical aperture of a hexagonal microlens is available for light collection. The optimum telescope f-ratio for a 200{\mu}m core fiber fed at f/3.5 is between f/7 and f/12. We find the optimum telescope focal ratio changes as a function of fiber core diameter and fiber input beam speed. A telescope focal ratio of f/8 would support the largest range of fiber diameters (100 to 500{\mu}m) and fiber injection speeds (between f/3 and f/5). The optimization of telescope and lenslet-coupled fibers is relevant for the design of high-efficiency dedicated survey telescopes, and for retro-fitting existing facilities via introducing focal macro-optics to match the instrument input requirements.

Engineered Bacterial Cellulose Nanostructured Matrix for Incubation and Release of Drug-Loaded Oil in Water Nanoemulsion.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose produced by bacteria, which possesses numerous advantages such as good mechanical properties, high chemical flexibility, and the ability to assemble in nanostructures. Thanks to these features, it achieved a key role in the biomedical field and in drug delivery applications. BC showed its ability to modulate the release of several drugs and biomolecules to the skin, thus improving their clinical outcomes. This work displays the loading of a 3D BC nanonetwork with an innovative drug delivery nanoemulsion system. BC was optimized by static culture of SCOBY (symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast) and characterized by morphological and ultrastructural analyses, which indicate a cellulose fiber diameter range of 30–50 nm. BC layers were then incubated at different time points with a nanocarrier based on a secondary nanoemulsion (SNE) previously loaded with a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, namely, coenzyme-Q10 (Co-Q10). Incubation of Co-Q10–SNE in the BC nanonetwork and its release were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy.

In situ preparation of nanohydroxyapatite/alginate composites as additives to PVA electrospun fibers as new bone graft materials

Aiming at new fibers containing hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystal composites for bone graft applications, we successfully induced in situ growth of the ceramic phase in alginate gel (HAL) added them as dried materials at 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5% (w/w) to PVA matrices to prepare electrospun fibers. X-ray diffraction pattern and transmission electron microscopy showed rod-like alginate coated hydroxyapatite nanocrystals with diameter and length of (10 ± 2) nm and (34 ± 7) nm, respectively. Morphological analysis showed that electrospun composite fibers presented a fiber diameter range of (97–170) nm with a greater homogeneity of size distribution and no grain accumulation in 12% PVA fibers containing 0.1% HAL. All the samples showed mechanical strength limits within those expected for bone graft materials but the best tensile strength response among the electrospun scaffolds [(15.2 ± 2.5) MPa] was observed for PVA fiber (12%) containing 0.1% HAL. The swelling ratio of all the composite fibers show that the presence of HAL composites induce a homogeneous swelling throughout the 4-week period, compared to bare fibers. We observe that the presence of HAL composites within the PVA fibers induced a greater degradation rate (54–62) % in one month) compared to PVA bare fibers and we attribute this property to the presence of alginate molecules. Biological assays using human gingival fibroblast cells demonstrated that all the fibrous membranes support cell adhesion and proliferation demonstrating their biocompatibility. The fibers and fibrous scaffolds prepared in the present study show very good morphological and mechanical properties as well as biocompatibility, fundamental conditions for applications as bone graft precursor materials.

In Vitro Biological Evaluation of a Fabricated Polycaprolactone/Pomegranate Electrospun Scaffold for Bone Regeneration.

Different scaffold biomaterials are being investigated as a solution for bone loss due to disease or trauma. The aim of this study is the fabrication, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of a novel polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoscaffold incorporating pomegranate peel extract (PG) for bone regeneration. Using electrospinning, three groups of scaffolds were prepared: the control group PCL and two groups of PCL with PG concentrations (11 and 18 weight %). The antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the fabricated nanoscaffolds were evaluated, in addition to the porosity and degradation measurement. Cultured osteoblasts derived from rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were used for the assessment of cell proliferation and attachment on the scaffold’s surface. Scaffolds’ characterization showed uniform nanofibers (NFs) with a fiber diameter range of 149–168 nm. Meanwhile, higher antioxidant activity and TPC of the PG groups were detected. Furthermore, total porosities of 59 and 62% were determined for the PCL–PG scaffolds. An increased degradation rate and significant improvement in cell proliferation and cell attachment were revealed for the PCL–PG fabricated scaffolds. Such incorporation of natural food waste, PG, in PCL NFs offered novel PCL–PG scaffolds as a promising candidate for bone regeneration applications.

Kaempferol loaded albumin nanoparticles and dexamethasone encapsulation into electrospun polycaprolactone fibrous mat – Concurrent release for cartilage regeneration

Sustained release of bioactive molecules promoting proliferation of chondrocytes, differentiation and deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans is advantageous for cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, Kaempferol was encapsulated into albumin nanoparticle, which was added to polycaprolactone solution containing dexamethasone and electrospun to obtain nanofibrous mats. Herein, three different concentrations of kaempferol loaded albumin nanoparticles (KNP) (2 mg/ml, 4 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml) were added to fixed concentration of dexamethasone (2 mg/ml). Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) images implied a decrease in fiber diameter range with an increase in weight of KNP. XRD analysis revealed amorphization of both the drugs which is beneficial for drug delivery applications. Further, drug release study showed sustained release of kaempferol and dexamethasone for 15 days with initial burst release. Also, increased release of kaempferol from the mats was observed in dexamethasone added groups compared to KNP added groups. In addition, in vitro evaluation of fabricated mats with human chondrocytes induced increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans showing non cytotoxicity as well as pro chondrogenic property. To summarize, this model of nanofibrous mat releasing sustained concentrations of kaempferol and dexamethasone seems to be beneficial for cartilage regeneration.

Development of an acoustic material property database and universal airflow resistivity model

The importance of accurate airflow resistivity predictive models and a subsequent comprehensive database of acoustic material properties for designers cannot be underestimated. With the advances in Finite Element Analysis software, the development of physical prototypes for preliminary testing is becoming obsolete. This is due to the limited resources available and pressure on designers by industry to accomplish tasks in shorter time frames. Therefore, the primary purpose of this research was to develop a comprehensive database of acoustic material properties such as airflow resistivity, bulk density, fibre density and fibre diameter, for designers to draw from, since there is no comprehensive database currently in the literature. Secondly, this research attempts to provide a comprehensive list of available airflow resistivity predictive models, for the designer’s convenience. Furthermore, this research attempts to evaluate the accuracy of the available models by benchmarking each model against experimental data, this will allow for the correct implementation of the model. Finally, this research proposes a universal airflow resistivity predictive empirical model, this is necessary since the current available models are limited in their predictive range. Based on this model, it was found that the predicted percentage error of the airflow resistivity had no visible correlation with the bulk density and fibre diameter. Thus, the range (i.e. the bulk density and fibre diameter range) did not influence the percentage error between the measured and predicted airflow resistivity. Interestingly, it was found that the majority of high percentage errors that occurred came from inaccuracies in the data presented in the available literature. Finally, it was determined that further research to improve the body of knowledge is required.

Crystal Chemical and Structural Characterization of Natural and Cation-Exchanged Mexican Erionite

In this work, the chemical structural characterization of the erionite-type zeolite from Agua Prieta, Sonora, México, was performed on both pristine and Na, Ca, and Mg exchanged samples in order to identify the various modifications due to cation exchange. The samples investigated were those that showed the best behaviour of CO2 and CH4 adsorption at zero coverage levels and the higher values of surface area reported in our previous studies. According to the crystal-chemical formula (Na3.44K1.96Mg0.63Ca0.62)[Al8.21Si27.79O71.85]·29.63H2O, the pristine sample has been classified as erionite-Na. Morphological FE-SEM investigation performed on both pristine (ERIN) and Na-exchanged samples (ERINa3) showed a similar range of fiber diameters (27–37 nm). The chemical analyses of the ion-exchanged samples evidenced the upload of Ca and Mg following ion exchange with Na. Rietveld analysis results allowed the identification of the chemical structural modification caused by the ion exchange process, occurring mainly at the Ca1 site.

Tunable 3D nanofibrous and bio-functionalised PEDOT network explored as a conducting polymer-based biosensor

Conducting polymers that possess good electrochemical properties, nanostructured morphology and functionality for bioconjugation are essential to realise the concept of all-polymer-based biosensors that do not depend on traditional nanocatalysts such as carbon materials, metal, metal oxides or dyes. In this research, we demonstrated a facile approach for the simultaneous preparation of a bi-functional PEDOT interface with a tunable 3D nanofibrous network and carboxylic acid groups (i.e. Nano-PEDOT-COOH) via controlled co-polymerisation of EDOT and EDOT-COOH monomers, using tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as a soft-template. By tuning the ratio between EDOT and EDOT-COOH monomer, the nanofibrous structure and carboxylic acid functionalisation of Nano-PEDOT-COOH were varied over a fibre diameter range of 15.6 ± 3.7 to 70.0 ± 9.5 nm and a carboxylic acid group density from 0.03 to 0.18 μmol cm−2. The nanofibres assembled into a three-dimensional network with a high specific surface area, which contributed to low charge transfer resistance and high transduction activity towards the co-enzyme NADH, delivering a wide linear range of 20–960 μM and a high sensitivity of 0.224 μA μM−1 cm−2 at the Nano-PEDOT-COOH50% interface. Furthermore, the carboxylic acid groups provide an anchoring site for the stable immobilisation of an NADH-dependent dehydrogenase (i.e. lactate dehydrogenase), via EDC/S–NHS chemistry, for the fabrication of a Bio-Nano-PEDOT-based biosensor for lactate detection which had a response time of less than 10 s over the range of 0.05–1.8 mM. Our developed bio-Nano-PEDOT interface shows future potential for coupling with multi-biorecognition molecules via carboxylic acid groups for the development of a range of advanced all-polymer biosensors.

Preparation of nanofibre material based on electrospinning technology and its application in rehabilitation of lower limb joint motion

Tissue-engineered muscle keys provide an effective way to solve medical problems such as muscle key defects and muscle leg injuries. Scaffold materials play a key role in tissue engineered muscle bonds. Composite materials are a focus of research on tissue engineered muscle bonds. Nanocomposite fibre membranes with different proportions were successfully prepared by using the lignin-PLA copolymer by electrostatic spinning technology. In vitro experiments have proved that it has obvious cartilage differentiation ability and can repair superficial articular cartilage defects after implantation. Copolymer was successfully synthesised and a series of poly-L-lactide (PLLA)/Lignin nanocomposite fibre membranes were prepared by electrospinning technology. The fibre diameter range was measured from the largest 712 ± 63 nm to the smallest 350 ± 80 nm through material characterisation experiments; the maximum tensile strength 3.49 ± 0.20 MPa, the lowest is 2.49 ± 0.14 MPa; Young's modulus is 56.8 ± 1.6 MPa, the maximum is 66.8 ± 2.8 MPa. This paper provides guidance for innovative composite biomaterials and theoretical basis for the design of cartilage inducing materials.