FeSiB Ribbons Research Articles

Milling amorphous FeSiB ribbons with vibratory ball and disc mills

Fe, Si and B powders, mixed with atomic composition Fe78Si9B13, are subjected after arc melting to a melt spinning process, which is optimized to obtain the greatest amount of amorphous ribbon. The amorphous ribbons are milled to powder form in a vibratory ball mill and a vibratory disc mill, taking care of maintaining the amorphous character. Ribbons and powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser diffraction, SEM and TEM microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The amorphous character and particle size of the powders are characterized as a function of the mill charge and the milling time. It is shown that the use of the ball mill is appropriate for obtaining small quantities of amorphous or nanocrystalline powder, while the disc mill can process larger quantities of powder in a shorter time. The particle sizes obtained for milling times between 10 and 150 min range between 26 and 412 μm, ready for use in powder metallurgy processes.

Resonant Magnetoelectric Coupling of Fe-Si-B/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Laminated Composites with Surface Crystalline Layers.

The resonant magnetoelectric (ME) effect of Fe78Si9B13/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (FeSiB/PZT) composites with a surface-modified Fe78Si9B13 amorphous alloy has been studied. The surface-modified FeSiB can improve the ME coefficient at the resonant frequency by optimizing the magnetomechancial power conversion efficiency. The maximum ME coefficient of the surface-modified ribbons combined with soft PZT (PZT5) is two-thirds larger than that of the composites with fully amorphous ribbons. Meanwhile, the maximum value of the ME coefficient with surface-modified FeSiB ribbons and hard PZT (PZT8) is one-third higher compared with the fully amorphous composites. In addition, experimental results of magnetomechanical coupling properties of FeSiB/PZT composites with or without piezoelectric layers indicate that the power efficiency of the composites first decreases and then increases with the increase in the number of FeSiB layers. When the surface crystalline FeSiB ribbons are combined with a commercially available hard piezoelectric ceramic plate, the maximum magnetoelectric coupling coefficient of the ME composite reaches 5522 V/(Oe*cm), of which the electromechanical resonant frequency is 23.89 kHz.

Interpretation of magnetostrictive sensor data in Mode 1 and Mode 2 of carbon fibre reinforced polymers

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) provides a valuable way to assess the condition of these materials, which possess desirable traits, but exhibit little elastic failure. Further complications arise due to their multi component nature, which means they can fail in a variety of ways. High-fidelity magnetostrictive SHM technology exhibits higher cost when utilising top-end materials that contain rare-earth elements. At the expense of fidelity, cost can be reduced by using Fe-based ribbons and cheap transducers. This reduction in accuracy can be overcome by coupling a detection array with the development of specific detection schemes for each failure type to reduce signal complexity. In this work, we investigate the failure of CFRP coupons in Mode 1 and 2 failure, using FeSiB ribbons as the actuator either bonded between the CFRP ply or co-cured on the surface. During the measurement, a set of 4 pancake coils are used to measure the change in inductance, as the CFRP fails, thus demonstrating that this magnetostrictive-coil set-up can be used to measure cracks forming and propagating within the CFRP, hence it is a promising SHM system. For the first time, it is demonstrated that there is a correlation between the induction signal and the elastic energy stored within the CFRP coupon.

Air surface crystallization with quenched-in Fe crystallites and associated magnetomechanical properties in Fe–Si–B amorphous ribbons

The effect of surface crystallization on the magnetomechanical properties is studied for amorphous ribbons with a nominal composition of Fe80Si9B11 that are prepared with the single roller melt-spinning method. Our results indicate that the magnetomechanical power efficiency of surface crystallization ribbons is twice as higher as that of its amorphous counterpart. The surface configuration for such ribbons has been investigated through a prism of microstructures and chemical compounds. The surface crystallization with quenched-in α-Fe(Si) crystallites is confirmed by means of x-ray diffraction measurements and the surface polishing process, inducing irregular in-plane domain patterns, which are observed by magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy. The vibrational absorption peak for polymerized B–O bonds is observed by means of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, being ascribed to the presence of pre-precipitated boron atoms from the crystalline film, which is confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanism that enhances the magnetomechanical power conversion efficiency in FeSiB ribbons with quenched-in crystallites is quite different from the ones with annealing induced “surface-interior” configurations in the previous investigations.

Flat Inkjet‐Printed Copper Induction Coils for Magnetostrictive Structural Health Monitoring: A Comparison with Bulk Air Coils and an anisotropic magnetoresistive sensor (AMR) Sensor

Structural health monitoring (SHM) represents the next generation of carbon fiber‐reinforced composite nondestructive testing. One challenge facing the application of magnetostrictive SHM is the lightweighting and ease of installation of actuators and sensors. Inkjet printing (IJP) technology is well suited to produce miniaturized electronic induction sensors that can be paired with magnetostrictive actuators to detect strain. These sensors have several advantages: their thicknesses can be minimized, the surface area can be maximized to increase sensitivity, and complex multifilar coil configurations can be fabricated. A parametric study of the efficacy of IJP induction coils with different parameters (number of coils, monofilar/bifilar, size) tested on a number of actuator‐functionalized composite coupons (FeSiB ribbon and impregnated epoxy sensors) is conducted. The samples are characterized by measuring their inductance response through induced strains. Increased sensitivity and accuracy of the 10‐turn monofilar IJP sensor are shown with respect to 1) 70‐turn hand‐wound coils, 2) a three‐axis AMR sensor, and 3) other IJP actuators with <10 turns. This is attributed to increased contact area to the composite surface and the requirement of minimum sensitivity (i.e., the number of turns and surface area) for strain detection.

Mechanical and Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Amorphous FeSiB Ribbon–Reinforced Gypsum Composite Board

AbstractGypsum-based composite boards reinforced with mono- and multilayer perforated amorphous Fe78Si9B13 ribbons were fabricated by pouring gypsum slurry directly into molds with prelaid epoxy-re...

The influence of periodical, interference laser micromachining on nano-crystallization of amorphous magnetic ribbons

The main problem connected with crystallization of amorphous magnetic materials from the FeSiB(X) group is the increase of their fragility with the increasing content of crystalline phase. To overcome this defect the possibilities offered by the interference, pulse laser heating of FeSiB ribbons were utilized. A simple, interference prismatic system at the output of Nd:YAG laser (8-10 ns, 2 J, 1064 nm) was used. The investigations included the influence of laser radiation energy density, number of laser pulses and their periodical, spatial surface arrangement on the crystallization process. Full Text: PDF ReferencesY.R. Zhang and R.V. Ramanujan, "A study of the crystallization behavior of an amorphous Fe77.5Si13.5B9 alloy", Mater. Sci. Eng. A 416, 161 (2006). CrossRef T. Alam, T. Borkar, S. Joshi, S. Katakamb, X. Chenc and N.B. Dahotre, "Influence of niobium on laser de-vitrification of Fe-Si-B based amorphous magnetic alloys", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 428, 75 (2015). CrossRef K.G. Pradeep, G. Herzer, P. Choi and D. Raabe, "Atom probe tomography study of ultrahigh nanocrystallization rates in FeSiNbBCu soft magnetic amorphous alloys on rapid annealing", Acta Mater. 68, 295 (2014). CrossRef S. Katakam, J.Y. Hwang, H. Vora, S.P. Harimkar, R. Banerjee and N.B. Dahotre, "Laser-induced thermal and spatial nanocrystallization of amorphous Fe-Si-B alloy", Scr. Mater. 66, 538 (2012). CrossRef J. Kusiński, A. Sypień, G. Kusiński and C. Nilson, "Microstructure and nanochemistry of Ca-doped cobalt oxide single crystals", Mat. Chem. Phys. 81, 390 (2003). CrossRef C. Smith, S. Katakam, S. Nag, X. Chen, R.V. Ramanujan, N.B. Dahotre and R. Banerjee, "Improved soft magnetic properties by laser de-vitrification of Fe-Si-B amorphous magnetic alloys", Mater. Lett. 122, 155 (2014). CrossRef Ch. Lu and R. H. Lipson, "Interference lithography: a powerful tool for fabricating periodic structures", Laser Photonics Rev. 4, 568 (2010). CrossRef K. Czyż, J. Marczak, R. Major, A. Mzyk, A. Rycyk, A. Sarzyński and M. Strzelec, "Selected laser methods for surface structuring of biocompatible diamond-like carbon layers", Diam. Relat. Mater. 67, 26 (2016). CrossRef A. Sarzyński, J. Marczak, M. Strzelec, A. Rycyk, K. Czyż and D. Chmielewska, "Laser micro-structuring of surfaces for applications in materials and biomedical science", Proc. SPIE, 10159, 101590A (2016). CrossRef

Investigation on transverse defect and cavitation depth in ferrous pipe using melt spun FeSiB ribbon as magnetostrictive sensing element

The investigation addresses the scope of rapidly quenched Fe80Si8B12 ribbons as magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) material to generate guided waves in galvanised iron pipe and evaluation of defects with different geometries and dimensions. Enhancement in the effective defect size (EDS) of transverse and pit type defects increased the MsS signal. However, the backwall echo showed opposing trend (transverse: reduced and pit: increased) with increase in dimensions of these defects. Such behaviour of backwall intensities has been correlated to different type of guided wave strain field distributions around these defects and reflection coefficients.

Phase Control of Magnetic Susceptibility of Multiferroic Composites

Dynamic magnetic susceptibility of a laminated composite of FeSiB/Pb(ZrTi)O3/FeSiB was measured. Alternating magnetic and electric fields in the ultrasonic range were simultaneously applied to excite the first mode of the longitudinal resonant vibrations of the composite sample. Significant enhancement of the susceptibility was observed when both fields had the same phase. However, the susceptibility was reduced by almost two orders of magnitude when the phase between the electric and magnetic field was shifted by 180°. This effect is interpreted in terms of combined magnetomechanical and electromechanical resonances that cause large dynamic strains in the magnetostrictive FeSiB ribbons and give rise to large changes of the magnetization when the strains in the magnetic and piezoelectric act in unison. In contrast, when the excitation fields have different phases, the strains in both materials oppose each other and the magnetoelastic contribution to the susceptibility is suppressed. The phase control of the magnetic susceptibility offers an interesting mechanism for applications, where fast modulation or rapid ON/OFF switching of susceptibility signal is required.

Influence of Tensile Stress on the Surface Magneto-Optical Hysteresis Loops in Amorphous and (Nano)Crystalline Ribbons

The behavior of the surface magnetic anisotropy in the amorphous and (nano)crystalline ribbons is investigated using the magneto-optical (MO) methods. In this paper, the differential intensity MO method is extended by the specially designed sample holder suitable for applying the tensile stress in the ribbon axis. Measured surface hysteresis loops, represented as a function of tensile stress <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\sigma$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , offer an interesting insight into the magnetoelastic properties of the ribbon surface phases. These dependencies are studied and discussed in the case of the surface-crystallized <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">${\rm Co}_{66}{\rm Fe}_{4}{\rm Si}_{15}{\rm B}_{15}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and the as-quenched amorphous <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">${\rm Fe}_{77.5}{\rm Si}_{7.5}{\rm B}_{15}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ribbons. It is shown that the response of the surface crystalline phases and the amorphous matrix on applied stress is significantly different. This is manifested by the changes in the value and sign of magnetostriction coefficient <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\lambda_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Good agreement between the surface and bulk magnetostriction is obtained for the FeSiB ribbons that are amorphous in the volume as well as on the surface.

Inelastic neutron scattering investigation of ball-milled FeSiB described as a magnetic nanoglass-like structure

An inelastic neutron scattering study has been carried out to assess the effects of mechanical milling treatments (10, 20 and 70h) on an amorphous melt-spun FeSiB ribbon. Faint traces of crystallization were observed after 10 and 20h milling by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy and a minor fraction of bcc-Fe was clearly detected after 70h. Whilst the neutron spectrum S(E) of the 10h-milled sample, at temperature T=300K, does not differ from that of the precursor FeSiB ribbon, the area of the inelastic region of S(E) decreases more and more after 20 and 70h milling. Moreover, in the samples milled for 20 and 70h, also the area of the elastic region of the S(E) spectrum is definitely smaller than the one of the FeSiB ribbon. This is consistent with a reduction of the magnetic cross section upon milling and it agrees also with magnetization measurements. We interpret this behavior assuming that the milling treatment causes local alterations of the short-range atomic order within the amorphous phase, and hence of the precursor collinear ferromagnetic order, finally giving rise to a sort of magnetic nanoglass structure.

6PM2-D-2 FeSiB/PZTコンポジットによるMagneto-Electric磁気センサ(6PM2-D OS7 スマート・インテリジェント材料・デバイス)

Magnetoelectric(ME) coupling in multi-ferroic composite designed by (PZT) and ferromagnetic amorphous alloy FeSiB was investigated to apply to small magnetic sensor. Magnetostrictive FeSiB (25-75μm) ribbons rapid solidified were glued on both surfaces of PZT. The magnetostriction of the FeSiB ribbon was about 30 ppm at low magnetic field of 100 Oe, and the value of annealed FeSiB increased. When a driving ac magnetic field H^ of frequency f = 0.07 Hz〜70 kHz and low dc bias magnetic field of 30 Oe were applied along the length by coil about the laminate composites, the ME charge generated across the samples was measured by charge amplifier. The output ME voltage for the FeSiB - PZT laminate composites exhibited large peak at a resonant frequency of 61 kHz〜72 kHz and a maximum V_<ME> was 1.8 V/Oe.

Magnetostrictive–piezoelectric composite structures for energy harvesting

In this paper, harvesters coupling magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials are investigated. The energy conversion of quasi-static magnetic field variations into electricity is detailed. Experimental results are exposed for two macroscopic demonstrators based on the rotation of a permanent magnet. These composite/hybrid devices use both piezoelectric and magnetostrictive (amorphous FeSiB ribbon or bulk Terfenol-D) materials. A quasi-static (or ultra-low frequency) harvester is constructed with exploitable output voltage, even in quasi-static mode. Integrated micro-harvesters using sub-micron multilayers of active materials on Si have been built and are currently being characterized.

Structure and magnetic anisotropy of rapidly quenched FeSiB ribbons

Using small scattering of X-rays, ferromagnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopy, the structure and magnetic properties of the amorphous ribbons Fe 80Si 6B 14 are studied. It is shown that the high temperature treatment of the melts before spinning results in short-range atomic ordering of the liquid solution inherited due to rapid quenching. Two kinds of non-equiaxial clusters having different magnetic properties are the reason for the magnetic anisotropy in the absence of the crystal structure. A phenomenological model of magnetic anisotropy is proposed. The increase in the temperature of the heat treatment affects the magnetization of the cluster systems, does not change the saturation magnetization and decreases magnetic anisotropy.

High Strength Stainless Austenitic CrMnCN Steels ‐ Part II: Structural Changes by Repeated Impacts

Phase transformations and changes in the structure caused by impact loading of steel Cr18Mn18CN alloyed with carbon+nitrogen are studied in comparison with Hadfield steel using X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and TEM. It is shown that the surface layer of all the studied steels impacted by mineral particles of greywacke remains austenitic, although their magnetic structure within a depth of about 10 μm is similar to that of martensite. TEM studies reveal a mixture of amorphous, nanocrystalline and thin‐twinned fcc crystal structures. The suggestion is made that the atomic configuration at the twin boundaries is similar to that in the bcc lattice and induces the high‐spin state of the iron atoms in the thin twins. At the same time, the amorphous structure of the surface layer can be also a source of ferromagnetism like this occurs in rapidly quenched FeSiB ribbons. The extremely high wear resistance of the newly developed CrMnCN steels and of Hadfield steel seems to be related to the impact‐induced surface structure in its amorphous + nanocrystalline + thin‐twinned austenitic states.

Scratching-induced large-area and tunable perpendicular anisotropy in flexible metallic glass under ambient conditions

The scratching-induced tunable perpendicular anisotropy in amorphous FeSiB ribbon surface has been directly observed in room temperature and air atmosphere. The magnetic stripe domain width and contrast strength can be easily tuned according to the scratch size, and the magnetic signature is erasable in nano-scale by indentation, which greatly facilitates the direct magnetic patterning. The result presents a simple way of fabricating the large-area magnetic film with controllable perpendicular anisotropy, remarkable intrinsic flexibility and high strength directly from amorphous FeSiB ribbon under ambient conditions, which may simulate much scientific and engineering interest, leading to the novel applications of metallic glasses.