Fertility Norms Research Articles

Assessment of leaf nutrient and fertility norms for sweet orange under black soil in Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India

Assessment of leaf nutrient and fertility norms for sweet orange under black soil in Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India

Harmony in diplomacy, convergence in choices: Low fertility diffusion through Sino‐Korean normalization

AbstractDoes fertility preference spill over to other countries? This paper investigates the influence of South Korea's exceptionally low fertility rate on neighboring China, particularly the Korean Chinese community. Through an analysis of historical events, including the diplomatic restoration between China and South Korea in 1992, it examines how this reconciliation affected fertility and marriage rates among Korean Chinese. The findings reveal a notable decline in both fertility and marriage rates post‐reconnection, suggesting a potential adoption of South Korea's fertility norms within the Korean Chinese community.

Ideals and realities: Chinese singleton daughters negotiating family size preferences and migrant motherhood in Spain

ABSTRACT Chinese young women’s fertility choices have attracted growing interest in the last years, however, the effects of women’s singleton status and transnational motherhood experience on their fertility behaviours remain understudied. Using 12 qualitative interviews with Chinese migrant mothers in Spain, we firstly examine how women’s family size preferences are constructed by their singleton status associated with changing gender norms and strong normative expectations of future family caregiving obligations; secondly, we explore the challenges faced by participants towards realizing their fertility expectations in transnational spaces from a gendered perspective. We find that although singleton status can contribute to women’s larger ideal family size, their gendered roles as only-daughters and migrant mothers increase care responsibilities, which negatively influence their childbearing decisions. By situating singleton daughters’ experiences within a broader institutional and sociocultural context, our study offers a unique opportunity to examine how changing gender norms, care, and responsibility structure fertility norms of one generation at the micro level.

Cultivation Technologies and Inorganic Fertilizer Norms when Growing Potatoes in Azerbaijan

Technologies for applying granular fertilizers when growing potatoes in the farms of the Gazakh-Tuz economic region of Azerbaijan are presented. An analysis of existing technical means used to effectively prepare soil for growing potatoes was carried out. By means of a stepwise supply of inorganic fertilizers to the soil using the method of differentiated distribution, theoretical studies were carried out and analytical expressions were obtained to substantiate the parameters of the working bodies of the corresponding unit. An analysis of existing technologies and technical means for growing potatoes shows that the application of fertilizers, which provide the required amount of nutrition for the cultivated crop, prevents sufficient nutrition of the soil when carried out in a surface manner and subsequent incorporation into the soil. To avoid this, inorganic fertilizers are applied to the soil by working groups and converted into the soil by cutting off lower layers to protect the mound and optimal soil structure. By systematically filling the soil through differentiated distribution of inorganic fertilizers, analytical studies were carried out and analytical expressions were obtained to check the parameters of the unit’s labor force.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВЕ

The principle of differentiated technologies is to process fields in accordance with the actual needs of agricultural crops at each specific point of the field. The amount of irrigation water, processing agents and fertilizers supplied varies in different areas of the field, ensuring a reduction in resource consumption and minimizing environmental damage. The problem is to find the optimal level of use of fertilizers and chemicals, to determine the dose of their application. The purpose of the work was to analyze the effectiveness of the use of differentiated fertilization technologies in the cultivation of winter wheat of the Moskovskaya variety. Field studies were conducted in three variants: without the use of fertilizers, fertilization using traditional technology (a single norm) and differentiated technology. Preliminary mapping with determination of the content of humus, mobile phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium showed a significant unevenness in the distribution of elements. To optimize the application of nitrogen fertilizers, nitrate nitrogen was determined in the soil before sowing. The doses and norms of fertilizers were determined differentially depending on the availability of soil. The minimum nitrogen content of 2.5% was in the first variant. In the same variant, there was a minimum NDVI reading of 0.51. In the second variant, when nitrogen was added to the leaves, it was increased to 3.2%, and NDVI was increased to 0.7. The use of full fertilization with mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in the nitrogen content to 3.71% and, accordingly, NDVI to 0.80. For nitrogen in the tubulation phase, it is 4.0–4.5%, potassium – 3.0–3.5%, phosphorus – 0.35–0.40%. The plants in the second and third variants were much larger. With differentiated technologies, plants had a more powerful root system. The plants of the first variant looked much weaker: pale color, fewer shoots. Nitrogen fertilization has led to increased tillering and the development of stronger plants. The use of fertilizers using traditional fertilization technology allowed for an increase in yield of almost 32%. With the use of differentiated technologies, the yield increased by 82%.

Malting barley in the Northern Urals

The article presents the results of studying the yield and grain quality of malting barley varieties grown on different backgrounds of fertilizers. Barley grain is a valuable raw material for the cereal, brewing, and feed processing industries. In the Northern Trans-Urals, barley is the most important forage and food crop. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of increasing norms of mineral fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of malting barley varieties in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. Studies were conducted in 2022 and 2023 with the varieties Acha, Despina, KVS Hobbs, Beatrice. The experiment options included: 1) control without fertilizers; 2) N30P30K30; 3) N60P60K60. The soil cover of the experimental field is leached chernozem, heavy loamy in granulometric composition. The chemical composition of the soil is characterized by an average humus content in the arable layer, an average supply of phosphorus, potassium, low nitrogen and a slightly acidic reaction of the soil solution. The conditions of the 2022 growing season were characterized by high air temperature and sufficient precipitation. Meteorological indicators in 2023 were characterized by excessively high air temperatures and uneven precipitation, which negatively affected the yield of barley varieties. In the conditions of 2022, the varieties showed responsiveness to fertilizers. The greatest increase in yield was obtained against an increased background (N60P60K60): in the Acha variety – 1.48 t/ha; in the Despina variety – 2.71 t /ha, in the KVS Hobbs variety – 2.12 t/ha, in the Beatrice variety - 1.60 t/ha. In 2023, reliable increases from the action of fertilizers were obtained in two varieties – Acha (+0.57 t/ha) and Beatrice (+0.67 t/ha) against an increased background of fertilizers. Barley varieties were characterized by high indicators of grain nature and germination ability. The protein content corresponded to the standards for brewing in the Despina and KVS Hobbs varieties in the version without fertilizers and in the N30P30K30 variant, in the Beatrice variety – in all variants, in the Acha variety – only in the version without fertilizers.

The effect of using of organic and mineral origin raw materials in agriculture on soil fertility

The presented work relates to ecology, chemical technology, in particular, methods for the production of fertilizers from sewage sludge and agriculture.The scale of production activity increases with population growth, so the problem of optimizing the interaction between man and nature is relevant and its solution is of great importance in improving the environment. Wastewater is one of the by-products of anthropogenic activities. When it is cleaned, a precipitate (sludge) is formed. The volume and the toxicity of sludge are, of course, increasing due to urban growth and the intensification of industrial production. About 25-30 kg of dry sediment is formed per person per year in European countries.There is no single rational and environmentally safe, currently tested technology for sludge disposal in our republic, and its appearance is unlikely to be created shortly since the sediments of different treatment facilities have different physicochemical and biological properties, as well as entirely different qualitative and quantitative compositions of elements.Purifying and disposing of such waste (sludge) is a serious environmental problem. The main principles of its solution are a set of environmental and economic interests of society, environmentally safe disposal and use of sludge, and their involvement in the economic cycle. The problem of using waste for fertilizer has various aspects and it is inseparable from the problem of soil fertility and ecology.The exceptional importance of organic matter in increasing soil fertility has long been known. In this regard, application of organic-mineral complexes that affect the productivity and quality of plants, determination of effective fertilizer norms and application of new technologies are an urgent issue and are of great theoretical and practical importance.The fertility of the soil is very dependent on the intensity of the biological processes taking place in it. Sufficient moisture, organic matter and a favorable reaction of the soil solution are required for the activity of microorganisms in the soil.He worked on the technology of organic-mineral complex preparation and applied it under agricultural plants (cotton) in order to achieve the set goal in the direction of solving this issue.

The yield of cucumber hybrids in double cultivation at different mineral nutrition and stand density

The article presents the results of studying the growth, formation of the leaf surface area, the weight of the tops and roots, the productivity and yield indicators of the isolated hybrids of Fontina F1 and Record F1 cucumbers when cultivated in a repeated crop at different norms of organomineral fertilizers and standing density. Based on the results, it was found that the largest leaf area (58.0-62.8 thousand m2) in cucumber hybrids was noted with the scheme (180 + 60): 2x40 cm with a density of 35.7 thousand plants per 1 ha and joint fertilization normally 20 t/ha of manure + N200P160K100 kg/ha. At the same time, the leaf surface area from a bush was 1546-1624 dm2, the weight of the tops was 1408-1517 g, the weight of the roots in the arable layer was 98.1-106.2 g, the yield of the bush was 7.9-8.5 kg, the average weight of one fruit per bush 180.6-196.0 g. However, due to the increase in the density of bushes, the highest yield (204.1-219.6 centners/ha) was obtained in both hybrids of cucumbers, that is, the increase was 21.6 per hectare-26.2 centners or 113.5-118.5%.

The Influence of Sowing and Mineral Fertilizer Norms on The Growth, Development, Yield and Crop Qualities of Seeds of Autumn Soft Wheat

Wheat worldwide (Triticum aestivum L.) the main food crop is cultivated, and demand for it and production are growing paralellously. "According to the UN International Organization, the total grain production in the world is around 2 billion 450 thousand tons, of which 2 billion 194 thousand tons corresponds to the share of cereal crops (wheat, rye, barley, oats, triticale, rice, corn, oats, millet, marjumak), 256 million tons of legumes.".It is considered of important scientific and practical importance to study the research work of soft wheat, aimed at creating high-yielding, grain quality, resistant varieties to diseases and pests, lying down, unfavorable factors of the environment using short stem control killing genes.

Home Drying Apples Technology and Cultivation of Malus Some Varieties in Nakhchivan

The article provides information about some varieties and forms of apple trees cultivated in the territory of the Nakhchivan. Original images of these apple varieties are also reflected. Information is provided on the cultivation of fruit seedlings on the territory Nakhchivan, methods of planting them in gardens and planting patterns. Also, when selecting fruit varieties, it is recommended to plant varieties suitable for each soil and climatic conditions. The correct observance of the norms of fertilizers and watering norms given when planting an orchard, and the correct observance of the rules for pruning fruit trees are shown. The rules for drying technology for apples of the indicated varieties and shapes are given.

Influence of different norms of fertilizers and application of growth stimulant on growth, development and productivity of sweet pepper variety in the conditions of Kashkadarya region

The article presents the results of a study of growth, development, leaf surface area, the formation of a mass of tops and roots, the total and marketable yields of the Dar Tashkent sweet pepper variety at various norms of organomineral fertilizers with the use of growth stimulant, in particular gibberellin. It was revealed that with the joint application of organomineral fertilizers at a rate of 20 t/ha + N200P160K100 kg/ ha and the treatment of plants during the flowering period with gibberellin solutions (0.6-0.7 g per 10 l of water) in sweet pepper variety Dar Tashkent has a positive effect on growth , development of plants, resulting in the formation of tall (86 cm) with the largest leaf surface (0.71 m2 ), powerful tops (905 g) and root system (191 g), productivity (917 g) and marketable yield (34.7 t/ha). At the same time, the yield increase amounted to 5.9-8.8 hectares.

Effect of Potash Fertilizers on Changes in Some Physiological Parameters of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. esculenta Salisb.) under Absheron Conditions

During the years of research, depending on the norms of fertilizers, the leaf surface area, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves, the photosynthetic potential of the sowing field, the coefficient of economic efficiency of photosynthesis, the specific surface density of the leaves, the total wet and dry biomass were studied plants, and the results were subjected to statistical processing and their level of reliability was assessed. The introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers for beetroot plants has a positive effect on the leaf surface area, the value of photosynthetic potential, the indicators of coefficient of economic efficiency of photosynthesis and specific surface density of the leaves, as well as on the amount of total dry and wet biomass.

The influence of mineral fertilizers on the formation of dry matter and the yield of spring rapeseed in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

Relevance. The current trend in the development of agricultural production is the cultivation of spring rape, as a highly profitable and export crop. Mineral nutrition is an integral part of increasing the resistance of rapeseed to adverse environmental factors, increasing and stabilizing yields.The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of various forms and norms of mineral fertilizers on the yield and morphobiological parameters of spring rape.Methods. Field experiments were laid on the experimental field of the North Kazakhstan Agricultural Academy in 2018–2020. The climate of the zone is arid, the sum of positive temperatures is 2400–2700 °C, the average annual precipitation is 240–330 mm, GTC is 0.8–0.7. The soil is ordinary heavy loamy chernozem with a neutral reaction, humus is 4.5–5.0%.The object of the study is a hybrid of spring rapeseed SALSA CL F1 (00-type, medium early). Records and observations were carried out according to current state standards, as well as the methodology for conducting state variety testing of agricultural crops.Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of various types and norms of mineral fertilizers provides an increase in the yield of spring rapeseed of 0.42–0.68 t/ha. The greatest effect was obtained for the P80:N80 nitroammophos variant, with a yield of 1.72 t/ha, exceeding the standard by 64%. These facts are confirmed by the structural analysis of the obtained crop, as well as observations of the dynamics of the increase in dry matter.

Productivity of corn Ross 140 depending on the level of the chemicalization of zonal soils of the republic of Tatarstan

It is known that one and the same corn plant material can be used to produce silage, cornage, milled grain, or grain for fodder. Each of them contains completely different amounts of nutrients and a wide range of gross yield of fodder units. The results of the research show the direct dependence of the choice of corn use on zonal features of the soil cover and the existing level of chemicalization of agricultural formations of the Republic of Tatarstan, which are considered in detail in this paper. Thus, in order to produce the ploughed grain or corn with the gross harvest of fodder units 7.94–8.82 t/ha and profitability of 78.7% on leached chernozems, which account for 38% of soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, it is recommended to cultivate corn using the complex application of agromeliorants and calculated norms of mineral fertilizers. Liming of acidic dark gray and gray forest soils with phosphorite and zeolite application in combination with NPK provides increase in gross harvest of fodder units of corn silage from 4.22 to 6.13 and 3.34 to 5.86 t/ha respectively. The high efficiency of agrochemicals application on corn crops and forage harvesting of different types of fodder taking into account zonal features of soil cover of the Republic of Tatarstan is also confirmed by economic indicators. The profitability of production of rolled grain reaches the maximum value (78.8%) in the variant with liming and phosphating of leached chernozem combined with the application of mineral fertilizers in rates calculated for obtaining the planned 35 t/ha of green mass. At the same time, on dark gray and gray forest soils as the yield of green mass increases under the influence of agromeliorants the total costs of silage production increases by 13.1 and 16.5 thousand rubles/ha compared with the control variants of the experiment (without agrochemicals). However, the costs of production of 1 000 fodder units are reduced to 9.9 and 10.4 thousand rubles respectively, provided that the sale price is about14 thousand rubles.

Influence of calcium nitrate on potato productivity and soil condition in the forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region

The article discusses the results of field experiments to study the effect of calcium on the formation of the planned yield and quality of potato tubers in the conditions of the Chelyabinsk region. The objectives of the study included assessing the effect of mineral fertilizers on the agrochemical properties of the soil. It has been proven that the use of balanced norms of mineral fertilizers based on a planned yield of 40 t/ha (both with calcium and without it) has a significant impact on the mineral nutrition regime of plants. The introduction of calcium increases the adaptive ability of plants to drought conditions, while an increase in nitrogen nutrition of potatoes is observed in the first half of the growing season, and phosphorus and potassium nutrition throughout the growing season. As a result, in the variant (N130P150K130Ca158) with the introduction of calcium, the highest yield (+41.3% of the control) and the marketability of tubers (+5.1%), as well as high product quality, are observed, while in the variant without calcium (N130P150K130) a decrease in the content of dry matter in tubers by 1.7%, and starch - by 0.99% compared with the control (without fertilizers).

Theoretical and Experimental Verification of Organic Granular Fertilizer Spreading

Due to the continuous creation of organic granular fertilizers of the new composition, there is a lack of knowledge about their properties and the influence of the norm on spreading efficiency. To increase the efficiency of the use of granular organic fertilizers, their spreading aims are to properly choose the most rational spreading parameters and fertilizer norms, considering the characteristics of the fertilizer. To determine this quickly and with lower costs, various theoretical models and computer programs are used to study the dynamics of fertilizer spreading. The purpose of this work was to perform theoretical and experimental comparative studies of the influence of the characteristics and dosage norms of granular fertilizers of poultry manure on the spreading efficiency. During the research, the physical properties of granular poultry manure fertilizers were determined, which have an impact on the quality of spreading. Experimental studies of fertilizer spreading were carried out using two centrifugal spreaders with the same parameters (Amazone ZA-M-1001 (spreading dosage norm, 200 kg ha−1 and 400 kg ha−1; driving speed, 10 km h−1) and ZA-M-1201 (spreading dosage norm, 600 kg ha−1, 800 kg ha−1, and 1000 kg ha−1; driving speed, 5 km h−1)). Before the fertilizer was spread, measurements were made of the flow rate of the spreadable fertilizer through one bunker shutter. Fertilizer application simulations were performed using the discrete element simulation program EDEM. Research has shown that spreading the studied granular fertilizers at the dosage norm of 600 and 800 kg ha−1 allows for the future expansion of the limits of spreading research using a spreading simulation. The most important directions of research would be the research of the spreader vanes’ shape, length, and rational settings positions, using the standard commonly used centrifugal spreader, after making small modifications of the spreader, to achieve that the spreader could spread larger norms of fertilizer or drive faster during spreading.

FORMATION OF BUSHINESS OF SPRING TRITICALE VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE PREDECESSOR AND FERTILIZER

The article highlights the influence of precursors and levels of mineral fertilization on the formation of productive bushiness of spring triticale of different varieties. Depending on the influence of meteorological factors and weather, the influence of the studied elements of winter triticale cultivation technology, the indicators of the level of bushiness changed. The highest productive bushiness was formed by plants in the variants in which the best conditions were created for this. Triticale is an artificially bred crop that has not been studied enough in the global economy and requires research, but in Ukraine it is a well-known crop that takes its share in the overall crop structure. For example, the use of different norms of nitrogen fertilizers on the background of P60К60 contributed to an increase in the number of productive stems per unit area, and, accordingly, in the productive bushiness in general. When applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (P60К60), the number of productive stems did not exceed 585-591 pcs./m2, and the productive bushiness was 1.58-1.59, respectively. Triticale consumes a lot of nutrients from the soil to form a crop, which requires additional fertilization. It is not customary to apply organic fertilizers to this crop. only under its predecessors. Depending on the soil fertility, 60 to 90 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied. Phosphorus and potash fertilizers are scattered under the main cultivation. And nitrogen fertilizers are divided into three fertilizing sessions during the phases of active plant growth. Experts also advise to apply superphosphate 10-15 kilograms per hectare during sowing with seeds. Triticale is very sensitive to sowing dates, which roughly coincide with the middle of the optimal sowing period for winter wheat. For sowing, it is necessary to select seeds with a germination rate of at least 92% and a purity of at least 98%. Treatment with compositions designed for winter wheat has a good effect on the yield. In most farms, the crop is sown using intensive technology in a row with the skipping of technological paths. Some farms use a cross-row or narrow-row sowing method. The seeding rate is usually between 1.5 and 5.5 million germinating grains per hectare. The recommended sowing depth is 4-6 cm, reduced on heavy soils and increased by 1-2 cm on light soils. By selecting the best predecessors, namely soybeans, sunflower and corn, we created optimal conditions for the productivity of this crop. In addition, mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the formation of bushiness of spring triticale.

Religion or language? How family socialisation shapes the influence of parental origin-country fertility norms on the ideal family size among children of immigrants in France

ABSTRACT How do immigrant parents transmit their origin-country fertility ideals to their children? Drawing on a national sample of immigrants and their children in France (the ‘Trajectories et Origins’ survey), this study argues that the two main aspects of cultural practices in migrant families, religion and language, influence the fertility socialisation of immigrant children in different ways. Religion, often regulating family life and sexuality, directly shapes the ideal family size of immigrant children. Among children of immigrants, those growing up in Muslim families and those in highly religious families desire more children. By contrast, the use of parental origin-country language does not directly affect ideal family size but instead moderates country-of-origin influence. Those who (solely or partly) spoke their parental origin-country language at home during childhood conform more closely to parental origin-country fertility ideals than those who grew up speaking French. These findings highlight that religion and language play different roles in fertility socialisation in migrant families.

Effect of Norms of Complex Fertilizers on the Main Phases of Development and Dynamics of Growth of Corn

The article presents the results of experiments on the influence of the norms of complex fertilizers on the dynamics of corn development. It was revealed that the complex fertilizers used in the study area have a different effect on the beginning of the development phases of the corn plant, as well as on the height and development of the plant. When applying mineral fertilizers (NH4)2HPO4, the vegetation period is 104-105 days. In variants with different doses of fertilizer (NH4)2SO4+(NH4)2HPO4+K2SO4 — 98-100 days. The application of fertilizers in accordance with the phases of plant growth has a positive effect on all structural indicators. In the control variant without fertilizers, the height of the AGAU-80 corn variety was 295.8 cm, which is significantly lower than in the fertilized variant. Fertilizer (NH4)2HPO4 was applied in different doses, the height of the main stem in the phase of milky ripening was 349.4-374.6 cm, and (NH4)2SO4+(NH4)2HPO4+K2SO4 (in different doses) was 342.2-375.2 cm. In all cases, the green and dry weight of corn was significantly higher.

Effect of Watering Number and Inorganic Fertilizers on Accumulation of Total Phosphorus in Above Ground Biomass of Avena in Gray-Brown Soils of Azerbaijan

An assessment of the effect of mineral fertilizers on the accumulation of total phosphorus in the above-ground mass of oat plants on irrigated gray-brown soils of Azerbaijan was carried out. The studies were carried out in 2021. As a result of the work, it was found that, depending on the number of irrigations and the norms of mineral fertilizers on irrigated gray-brown soils of the western region, the yield of the aerial part varied. Various fertilization methods and rates tested. High total phosphorus was observed with double vegetative irrigation with N90P90K60 and triple irrigation with N120P120K90.