Fertilizer Ingredients Research Articles

녹비작물-양배추 작부체계에서 양배추 수량증대 효과 및 경영성과 분석

This study was carried out to analyze the effect of the farm management and productivity increase of cabbages growing in the plastic house based on application of green manure crops such as silage corn, haussolgo (Sorghum bicolar L. Moench), hairy vetch, etc. According to the effect of green manure crop grown in summer season, the biomass amount of the silage corn was the highest; 7,630 kg per 10a, the next was haussolgo, 5,620 kg per 10a. In terms of the fertilizer ingredients, the first of forage soybean was 3.84% of nitrogen, whereas hairy vetch was 1.74% of phosphate and kalium, 4.74%. Productivity increase of cabbages was the highest in the haussolgo plot of which the yield of showed 10,090 kg per 10a and the farm household income would be worth 8,053 thousand won. By growing forage crops in the winter season, the biomass amount was the highest in the mixed sowing plot with rye (50%) and hairy vetch (50%) of 3,590 kg per 10a, whereas the productivity in the mixed seeding with rye (70%) and hairy vetch (30%) was highest, 6,249 kg per 10a and the farm household income would be worth 7,387 thousand won. Judging from these results, more practical on-farm research on applying different green manure crops as a basal fertilizer with cabbage in the plastic house should be considered to analyze the farm management and the farm household income at different sites.

Trace element content of phosphorite reference materials (BCR-RM-032, PRH and IAEA-434)

Analysis of geological materials requires the use of matrix specific reference materials (RMs). Phosphate rocks (PR), the basic ingredient of phosphate fertilizers, are very important in agriculture. A project was undertaken to study the PRs of the Hazara Deposits of Pakistan. Due to the unavailability of phosphate rock reference materials (PR-RMs) with a large number of certified elements, validation of the results was problematic when carrying out elemental analysis of PR samples and their derived products. Therefore a parallel study was performed to determine the composition of three phosphate based RMs; BCR-RM-032 (Natural Moroccan Phosphorite), IAEA-434 (Phosphogypsum) and PRH (a local PR-RM from the Hazara Deposits of Pakistan). Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was used for this purpose and more than 30 elements including rare earth elements were determined in the three PR samples.

FOOD SAFETY GAMBIT

FIRST, animals eating pet food contaminated with melamine got sick in 2007. Then the next year, hundreds of thousands of babies in China drinking milk tainted by the plastics and fertilizer ingredient fell ill, and six died. When scientists in industry, regulatory agencies, and academia started searching for melamine where nobody had looked for it before, it took just under a month to develop the first analytical methods to detect it. Now, instrument maker Thermo Fisher Scientific aims to do better. In April, the U.S. company opened a research lab just outside Frankfurt charged with developing analytical techniques for emerging food crises within “one to two weeks,” said Klaus Mittendorf, the Food Safety Response Center’s manager. Officially, the center’s mission is to “rapidly mobilize during widespread, chemical-contamination-based food safety crises to help government institutions, independent labs, and food companies isolate and control the contamination.” The lab is something of an experiment. “We ar...

미세기포와 교반을 이용한 호기성 액비특성에 관한 연구

본 연구는 양돈축사에서 발생하는 슬러리형의 폐수를 원수로 하여 미세기포(M.A)와 교반기(Mixer)을 통한 호기성 조건으로 액비화 처리시 특성을 분석하고자 한다. 실험초기 pH는 7.6으로 액비의 적정 pH 범위보다 조금 상회하는 것으로 나타났으며, pH상승은 VFAs와 연관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 호기성 조건으로 액비처리를 수행하였을 경우 BOD와 COD제거효율에 있어서 혐기성 조건에 비해 효과적으로 나타났으며, BOD의 경우 호기성조건에서 M.A+Mix는 70.9%, M.A는 67.8%로 나타났으며, COD는 M.A+Mix가 39%, M.A가 19%의 제거효율이 나타났다. $NH_3-N$ 의 경우 모든 조건에서 시간 경과에 따라 점차 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, 이는 질소의 특성과 pH상승에 따른 것으로 판단된다. $NO_3-N$ 에서는 모든 조건에 증가추세로 나타나 반응조 내에 $NO_3-N$ 이 축적되어 탈질율이 낮아지는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 돈분뇨 액비의 비료성분 분석결과, 혐기성 조건에 비해 호기성 조건인 M.A+Mix에서 비료성분 함유율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 【The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of swine slurry wastewater from bogen, in the treatment of Aerobic Liquid-Composting treatment by Aerobic Liquid-Composting using a mixer and Micro Air Diffusion pH level was at the beginning and its rise was seemingly related to VFA. It appears that removal of BOD and COD are more effective by Aerobic than by Anaerobic. In terms of removal efficiency, it shows 70.9% of BOD and 39% of COD in M.A+Mix and 67.8% of BOD and 19% of COD in M.A. $NH_3-N$ decreases in all conditions, which is caused by both the characteristic of nitrogen and the rise of pH. $NO_3-N$ increases in all conditions. It is judged that the accumulation of $NO_3-N$ affects the reduction of the ratio of denitrification. In the result of the analysis of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients, content of Manure in swine slurry of liquified fertilizer ingredients in aerobic conditions (M.A+Mix) is higher than anaerobic conditions.】

Clay, Phosphate Adsorption, Dispersion, and Rheology

Soluble phosphate is a common ingredient of fertilizer used in agriculture production all over the world. This chemical mixed with soil is transported into the water and marine environment via rainfall causing a range of environmental problems such as toxic algae bloom. Kaolin clay is a common material found in soil and is used as a model system to understand the effects of phosphate adsorption on the flocculation/dispersion of the clay slurries. In the topics, torrential downpours are common. The large water flow will easily disperse the unflocculated or weakly flocculated sediments over a wide area including river and marine environments. Phosphate adsorption was found to weaken the interparticle forces between clay platelets in the slurries. At high enough concentration, it will completely deflocculate the clay slurries, i.e. the net interparticle force is repulsive. A deflocculated slurry is characterised by a low viscosity and no yield stress. As a result, it is much easier to disperse this slurry over a wide area possible even in a small downpour. This study will present the flow and yield stress behaviour of kaolin clay slurries under the influence of adsorbed phosphate.

내린천수계 비점오염원 오염물질 유출량조사

This study evaluates the water quality of the river near the alpine farmland in the upper Naerin stream, which is a typical stream of the upper Bukhan River with muddy water generation, by the flow examination, it aims to estimate the characteristics of nonpoint sources flowing out from the investigated area and figure out effective methods to reduce them. According to the result of water quality examination, the average BOD of the area not affected by the cultivated land among the areas of the upper Naerin River was 0.47mg/l, and total phosphorous was 0.007mg/l; thus, it maintained the cleanliness level of Ia. The average BOD of the area with the alpine farmland was 0.52mg/l, which was similar to the one of the non-cultivated land. But total phosphorous concentration was 0.023mg/l, which was more than three times higher than the area belonging to level II due to the effect of fertilizer ingredients discharged from the cultivated land. About the loadings of the investigated area generated from each of the pollution sources, BOD was 878.5kg/day and total phosphorous was 79.7kg/day. Moreover, for the load density, BOD was <TEX>$2.22kg/day.km^2$</TEX> and total phosphorous was shown as <TEX>$0.20kg/day.km^2$</TEX>. Regarding the rates generated from nonpoint sources like land among the loadings per pollution sources, BOD was 54%, total nitrogen was 91%, and total phosphorous was 73.4%. Therefore, it was shown that most of the nutrients were produced from the nonpoint sources. The level of BOD runoff loading in the Jaun River area, where nonpoint sources were mainly generated, was 37.1kg/day and total phosphorous was 1.33kg/day. The flow rates to the generated amount were estimated as 10.5% and 4.7% each.

Release, movement and recovery of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), ammonium, and nitrate from stabilized nitrogen fertilizer granules in a silty clay soil under laboratory conditions

In model experiments under laboratory conditions the release of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP; ENTEC), NH4 +-N, and NO3 –-N from the ENTEC-fertilizer granules placed on a silty clay soil was studied. The air-dried soil contained in Petri dishes was moistened to 18% or 24% water holding capacity, and incubated for 10 days at 4°C, 15°C or 25°C after placing the granules in the centre of the plates. Plates without granules served as controls. At appropriate intervals, soil cores were taken at 5–20 and 25–40 mm distance from the granules and analysed for DMPP, NH4 +-N and NO3 –-N. Amongst the three fertilizer ingredients, NO3 – was found to be the most mobile showing a fairly uniform distribution in both soil zones during 10 days of incubation. Under the different temperature and moisture conditions, more than 80% of DMPP remained within the 0- to 5-mm region around the granule. Between 5% and 15% of DMPP was found in the 5- to 20-mm region, and <3% moved into the 25- to 40-mm region. Increasing temperature and moisture facilitated the movement of DMPP in soil. NH4 + diffused faster than DMPP and showed a recovery of up to 13% in the 25- to 40-mm region under the given conditions. NH4 + was separated from the DMPP within 10 days, as revealed by an increase in the NH4 +-N to DMPP ratios. An intensive N2O flux was observed within the 5- to 20-mm zone of the fertilizer granules, which was ascribed to heterotrophic denitrification rather than nitrification.

Heavy metals and rare earth elements in phosphate fertilizer components using instrumental neutron activation analysis

The technique of instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied as a sensitive nondestructive analytical tool for the determination of heavy metals and rare earth elements in phosphate fertilizer ingredients. The contents of heavy metals Fe, Zn, Co, Cr and Sc as well as rare earth elements La, Ce, Hf, Eu, Yb and Sm were determined in four samples representing the phosphate fertilizer components (e.g. rock phosphate, limestone and sulfur). These samples were collected from the Abu-Zabal phosphate factory in El-Qalubia governarate, Egypt.The aim of this study was to determine the elemental pattern in phosphate ingredients as well as in the produced phosphate fertilizer. Fair agreement was found between the results obtained for the standard reference material Soil-7 and the certified values reported by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The results for the input raw materials (rock phosphate, limestone and sulfur) and the output product as final fertilizer are presented and discussed.

WINTER TRITICALE ON DRAINED LANDS

Studies with winter triticale were carried out in 2012-2018 in the experimental fields of the FGBNU VNIIMZ (Tver Region).We studied the effectiveness of drainage, fertilizers, combed ribbon-scattering method of sowing, harrowing combed crops, seed sowing rates. The soils of the experimental plot, drained by closed drainage, are soddy-podzolic, light loamy and loamy, gleyic, slightly acidic, the content of mobile phosphorus is high, exchange potassium is high, humus is 2.32-2.70%.On average, over 6 years, the yield of winter triticale (cultivar Nemchinovsky 56) amounted to 5.38 t / ha, or 0.63 t / ha more than rye. Under the influence of drainage, the yield of triticale increased by 1.18-2.71 t/ha or by 53.9-81.7%, against the background of fertilizers - by 1.13-2.66 t / ha (by 51.6 - 78,9 %). Under the combined action of drainage and fertilizers, the yield growth was 3.84 t / ha (175%). The highest payment of 1 kg of the active ingredient of fertilizers with a winter triticale crop was received at the drained site with the addition of N45P15K45 - 18.1 kg of grain. It has been established that it is advisable to grow winter triticale on drained lands on ridges 40-80 mm high with local soil compaction under the ridge and pressing seeds into the soil. With the comb method of sowing, the yield increase was 0.99 t / ha or 22.1% in relation to the existing sowing technology (SZ-3.6). The yield increase was due to a larger number of plants and productive stems per unit area (26.0%). Spring harrowing of winter triticale crops had a positive effect on the development of the root system, biomass and all the main elements of plant productivity, and increased triticale yield by 0.58 t / ha (11.6%). With a combed ribbon-spread method of sowing, high yields of winter triticale are possible in a wide range of seeds sowing rates.

Production and prevention of frenching of tobacco grown in the greenhouse

The induction and elimination of frenching capacity in soils was studied in the greenhouse. It was found possible to induce this physiological disease in tobacco plants grown in normal soils following partial steam sterilization. High counts ofBacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland, the assumed causal agent, also resulted. Lime was added to soil neutrality, together with high dicalcium phosphate and a moderate quantity of cellulose. Growing plants with bottom heat (35°C) was of great aid in shortening duration of tests. Use of a method of successive plantings progressively depleted the soil of nitrogen and was necessary to obtain uniform and reproduceable results. Results with fertilizer ingredients were inconclusive except that low soil nitrogen, low acidity and high phosphate tended to increase frenching. Nitrogen deficiency and frenching symptoms were distinctly different and appeared independently of each other. The converse experiments at three levels of soil acidity and four of potassium nitrate gave coordinating results. Acidity and abundant nitrate diminished or prevented frenching of the plants, without however eliminating frenching capacity of the soil.

The Potash Industry of Europe

TaHE discovery of immense deposits of salts in Germany nearly seventy years ago afforded the first opportunity to secure potash at a low cost. This resulted in its widespread use in agriculture, so that today it is regarded as an essential ingredient of mixed fertilizer. But further, an adequate and unrestricted supply of this mineral has become indispensable in order to effectively produce the food requirements of a continuously growing population.

Relative Growth Response of Crops to Each Fertilizer Ingredient and the use of This Response in Adapting a Fertilizer Analysis to a Crop1

Agronomy JournalVolume 13, Issue 9 p. 353-359 Article Relative Growth Response of Crops to Each Fertilizer Ingredient and the use of This Response in Adapting a Fertilizer Analysis to a Crop1 Burt L. Hartwell, Burt L. Hartwell Director and agronomist, Agricultural Experiment Station of Rhode Island State College.Search for more papers by this author Burt L. Hartwell, Burt L. Hartwell Director and agronomist, Agricultural Experiment Station of Rhode Island State College.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 1921 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1921.00021962001300090003x 1 Presidential address of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. Presented at a joint session of that Society and the American Society of Agronomy at New Orleans, La., November 8, 1921. Contribution 284 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Rhode Island State College, Kingston, R. I. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume13, Issue9December 1921Pages 353-359 RelatedInformation

Water power development and the food problem

The great increase in population of the United States has been chiefly in urban districts while the increase in population in rural districts has been comparatively small. This results in a continuously growing demand for food with a relatively small proportion of our population as food producers. The production of some of our most highly nitrogenous food products has been steadily declining and American farmers have been producing less per acre than European farmers. The food supply depends in the last analysis upon the plant food supply. The production of nitrogen, which is one of the three principal fertilizer ingredients, is distinctly a water power proposition involving the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. More than 80 per cent of mixed fertilizers produced in the United States is used east of the Allegheny Mountains, and for the fertilizer problem the water power must be developed in those parts of the country where the demand for intensive agriculture exists. A feasible and proper plan for water power development in this country will have a profound influence on the development and distribution of cheap fertilizer ingredients which are so necessary under modern intensive conditions in the growth of population and its relation to agriculture.

Water Power Development and the Food Problem

The great increase in population of the United States has been chiefly in urban districts while the increase in population. in rural districts has been comparatively small. This results in a continuously growing demand for food with a relatively small proportion of our population as food producers. The production of some of our most highly nitrogenous food products has been steadily declining and American farmers have been producing less per acre than European farmers. The food supply depends in the last analysis upon the plant food supply. The production of nitrogen, which is one of the three principal fertilizer ingredients, is distinctly a water power proposition involving the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. More than 80 per cent of mixed fertilizers produced in the United States is used east of the Allegheny Mountains, and for the fertilizer problem the water power must be developed in those parts of the country where the demand for intensive agriculture exists. A feasible and proper plan for water power development in this country will have a profound influence on the development and distribution of cheap fertilizer ingredients which are so necessary under modern intensive conditions in the growth of population and its relation to agriculture.