Fertilizer Ingredients Research Articles

The effect of chemical agents on the productivity of crop rotations with legumes and cereals in the conditions of unstable moisture in the south of the Non-Black Soil Zone of Russia

The article summarizes the results of 1990-2012 research conducted during the stationary experiment on leached heavy loam chernozem in the Republic of Mordovia. The objects of the study are two crop rotations (grain-grass-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations) where alfalfa of the VEGA 87 variety was used as a bean component, smooth brome (Bromus inermis) Penza 1 was used as a grain component. It has been established that mineral fertilizers in grain-grass-fallow crop rotations with legumes increased productivity by 0.34-0.55, with cereals – by 0.31-0.73 tons of feed units/ha. That provided to get additional income from 1.19 to 1.40 and 1.09 to 1.47 rub/rub, respectively. Recommended doses of mineral fertilizers against soil liming by 0.5 hydrolytic acidity (h.a,) were N22-39P42K52, for grain-grass-fallow crop rotation with alfalfa and N27-71P42K52. with smooth brome. In the grain-grass crop rotation with legume and cereal components the payback of 1 kg active ingredient (a.i.) of complete mineral fertilizer was 6.13 and 6.17 kg feed units, additional income was 2.00 and 1.99 rub/rub, the productivity increased by 0.86-1.08 and 0.84-1.22 tons of feed units/ha, respectively. The payback of 1 kg of a. i. nitrogen as part of a complete mineral fertilizer in this crop rotation averaged 13.04 kg feed units versus 11.5 kg in legumes. Recommended doses of mineral fertilizers were N26-87P46K65 against the background of liming of the soil by 0.5-1.0 h. a. In crop rotation with smooth brome phosphorus-potash fertilizers should not be applied due to the low additional income (0.97-1.07 rub/rub).

Effectiveness of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of spring barley of the Novichok variety

The results of the research were obtained in 2019-2020 on sod-podzolic middle-loam soil in the conditions of EuroNorth-East of the Russian Federation. There were studied 18 variants of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers in the range from 30 to 150 kg of active ingredient per hectare. Under the conditions of 2019 growing season, nitrogen fertilizers influenced the value of yield of Novichok barley variety to a greater extent (Y = 0.67 - 0. 11x2 + 1.33x, R2 = 0.92), in 2020 - phosphorus fertilizers (Y = 1.48 - 0.02x2 + 0.48x, R2 = 0.99). On average, over 2 years of research, the yield in the control variant without the use of fertilizers was 0.87 t/ha. Yield increase of barley grains because of enlarged fertilizer doses ranged from 1.38 to 3.90 t/ha. The payback of 1 kg of active ingredient of fertilizers with increase of barley yield decreased due to enlarged doses: from 15.3 (N30P30K30) to 8.3 kg (N150P150K150). On average for two years of the research the increasing doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers had no significant effect on technological properties of spring barley seeds. The content of crude protein in grain grew with increase in fertilizer doses (r = 0.55). To obtain grain of the 2nd class of quality it is necessary to apply not less than 90 kg of active ingredient/hectare of ammonium nitrate. According to the content of crude cellulose, the 1st class of grain quality has been obtained, and this indicator did not depend on the application of fertilizers. High profitability of cultivation of the Novichok spring barley variety (from 54.2 to 59.1 %) has been recorded by application of mineral fertilizers in doses N60P60N120, N60P60K60 and N120P120K120.

Phosphate Solubilizing-based Peat Soil Carier Applied to Potato

Purpose : The indigenous phosphate solubilizing stored in peat soil as a carier is still a prospect as an ingredient of biological fertilizer, so it still needs to review how the indigenus phosphate solubilizing area of Tanjungsari, Sumedang worthy to be used as an ingredient Biological fertilizer.Research Method : The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture Univeritas Winaya Mukti with the land type Andisol and the altitude of 850 m asL, carried out in March to June 2019. Environmental design using random draft group combination repeated 3 times with treatment consists of 13 treatments that are a type of phosphate solubilizing combined with a dose of peat soil carier. The data was analyzed further with Duncan’s test at 5%. Findings : Results showed that the Tanjungsari’s indigenus phosphate solubilizing with peat soil effect on the Phosphate is available on the soil, Phosphate total domain, potato shoot root ratio, number of the cropping bulbs, the weight of the tuber per plant and the weight per tuber, but has no effect on pH Soil, bacterial population, cation exchange capacity soils and absorption Phosphate in plants.Limitations : This research is done at medium place height where not the optimum altitude for potato.Value : Phosphate solubilizing bacteria indigenous from Tanjungsari Sumedang with carrier materials peat soil has the potential to be used organic fertilizer.

The Chemistry, Biology, and Modulation of Ammonium Nitrification in Soil.

Approximately two percent of the world's energy is consumed in the production of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gas. Ammonia is used as a fertilizer ingredient for agriculture and distributed in the environment on an enormous scale to promote crop growth in intensive farming. Only 30-50 % of the nitrogen applied is assimilated by crop plants; the remaining 50-70 % goes into biological processes such as nitrification by microbial metabolism in the soil. This leads to an imbalance in the global nitrogen cycle and higher nitrous oxide emissions (a potent and significant greenhouse gas) as well as contamination of ground and surface waters by nitrate from the nitrogen-fertilized farmland. This Review gives a critical overview of the current knowledge of soil microbes involved in the chemistry of ammonia nitrification, the structures and mechanisms of the enzymes involved, and phytochemicals capable of inhibiting ammonia nitrification.

Properties of Fertilizer Ingredient, Heavy Metal and Fiber Content of Composting Process for Swine Manure with Varying Aeration

Properties of Fertilizer Ingredient, Heavy Metal and Fiber Content of Composting Process for Swine Manure with Varying Aeration

Utilization of Organic Fertilizer Made Out of Oil Palm Midrib in Oil Palm Nursery

Few studies found the organic fertilizer made out of oil palm midrib despite the usage has been performed in many oil palm plantations. Dry and fallen dry oil palm midribs around oil palm are often used as mulch and left alone to be decomposed naturally. This research is aimed to find out the utilization of decomposed oil palm midrib that turned into organic fertilizer which then to is given to oil palm seedling as mix ingredient of organic fertilizer to reduce inorganic fertilizers’ usage. Moreover, this treatment is expected to enhance oil palm midrib value as oil palm plantation waste. This experiment was carried out in experimental farm Ciparanje, Faculty of Agriculture Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang District, West Java Province from January to April 2017. The materials are oil palm seedlings from Simalungun varieties from the breeding of Dura and Pisifera, Ultisols order topsoil, NPK 15-15-15 compound fertilizers, organic fertilizer made out of oil palm midribs. The research method was using field experiments with randomized group design with a factorial pattern that consists of two factors. Factor I: Oil Palm Midrib fertilizer dose (P) consists of three levels: p0 = 0 g/polybag, p1 = 800 g/polybag, p2 = 1600 g/polybag. Factor II: compound fertilizers dose consists of four levels: m0 = 0 g/polybag, m1 = 20 g/polybag, m2 = 40 g/polybag, m3 = 60 g/polybag. Organic fertilizer made out of oil palm midrib is causing a good effect on oil palm seedlings growth. The usage application together along with inorganic fertilizers is to add nutrient that needed by plants to reduce inorganic fertilizers. The main focus of this research is sustainable fertilization.

Condensed-phase pyrolysis mechanism of ammonium nitrate based on detailed kinetic model

Ammonium nitrate (AN) is widely used as a fertilizer ingredient and an oxidizer in industrial explosives; however, it can also cause environmental harm through the discharge of nitrogen species such as ammonia and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere or by catastrophic explosion accidents that injure people and damage surrounding buildings. The purpose of the present work is to fully understand the condensed-phase pyrolysis of AN. Detailed kinetic models for the condensed-phase pyrolysis of AN were developed based on quantum chemistry calculations with the incorporation of solvent effects. Optimized structures for reactants, products, and transition states were obtained at various levels of theory. Rate coefficients were determined to allow the application of transition state theory and variational transition state theory to reactions identified in this study. Models were employed to simulate the pyrolysis of liquid AN under specific heating conditions. The model based on the G4//ωB97XD/SMD method successfully predicted the thermal properties; the shape of the heat flow curve, onset temperature, heat of decomposition, and gases that resulted from condensed-phase pyrolysis. The model also revealed that the condensed-phase pyrolysis mechanism starts with three parallel reactions; NH4+ + HNO3 → NH3NO2+ + H2O, HNO3 + HNO3 → N2O5 + H2O, and HNO3 → NO2 + OH.

Bimetal Cu and Pd decorated Z-scheme NiGa2O4/BiVO4 photocatalyst for conversion of nitride and sulfide dyes to (NH4)2SO4

In general, the conversion of nitride organic dyes in wastewater to ammonium ions (NH4+) depends on the choice of co-catalysts. In this work, a Z-scheme (Cu,Pd)-NiGa2O4/BiVO4 photocatalyst with dual co-catalysts is prepared for photocatalytic conversion of organic dyes to NH4+. Some influence factors, deposited order, molar proportion and deposited amount of Cu and Pd, on the photocatalytic activity are considered. The effects of irradiation time, NO2− and SO32− concentrations and catalyst used times are also evaluated. The results display that the Z-scheme (Cu,Pd)-NiGa2O4/BiVO4 photocatalyst has an excellent performance in conversions of NO2− and SO32−. The generation ratio of NH4+ is 4.4-fold as much as that in the presence of Z-scheme NiGa2O4/BiVO4 photocatalyst. Also, NH4+ as a main product can be generated in the actual photocatalytic conversion of nitride organic dyes. It is wished that this work could provide a feasible route to convert organic dyes in wastewater to selectively generate NH4+ and SO42−, forming (NH4)2SO4 (the main ingredient of fertilizer), respectively.© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PENGARUH NORMALIZING TERHADAP BAJA 20Mn Cr6 HASIL PENGECORAN UNTUK SUPPORT ROLLER

Rotary Kiln machine is used in fertilizer plant which is function to mix the fertilizer ingredients. Part of the Rotary Kiln is support by using a roller. Support roller is made of 20MnCr6 material, AISI 5120 (0.18% C) with casting process. Normalizing phase on casting processes is using to increase strength of the material The objectives of the normalizes process is to eliminate residual stresses, softening, increasing toughness, homogenization of micro structures and to ease machining processes. The effect of normalizing can be measured by using mechanical test, ie tensile test, hardness test and microstructure analysis. Test specimens were made the same material with normalizing and without normalizing process. Normalizing process temperature at 900oC heating for 150 minutes with air cooling for 7 hours. The results has shown that normalizing material has lowest tensile strength of 41.05 kgf/mm2 is compared to 42.16 kgf/mm2. However, the ductile fracture is higher 41.2% is compared to 29.52%, the microstructure formed uniformly evenly compared without normalizing. The softening process also makes the roller support rotate due to rubbing with riding ring.

Effect of Elemental Sulfur as Fertilizer Ingredient on the Mobilization of Iron from the Iron Pools of a Calcareous Soil Cultivated with Durum Wheat and the Crop’s Iron and Sulfur Nutrition

The granules of conventional fertilizers have been enriched recently with 2% elemental sulfur (S0) via a binding material of organic nature and such fertilizers are suitable for large scale agriculture. In a previous work, we demonstrated that a durum wheat crop that received the enriched fertilization scheme (FBS0-crop) accumulated a higher amount of Fe compared to the durum wheat crop fertilized by the corresponding conventional fertilization scheme (F-crop). In this study, we investigated the effect of S0 on the contingent mobilization of iron from the iron pools of the calcareous field that affiliated the durum wheat crop and the corresponding effect on the crop’s iron nutrition and sulfur nutrition. A sequential extraction of Fe from root zone soil (rhizosoil) was applied and the fluctuations of these fractions during crop development were monitored. The fertilization with FBS0 at sowing affected the iron fractions of the rhizosoil towards iron mobilization, thus providing more iron to the crop, which apart from the iron nutrition fortified the crop’s sulfur nutrition, too. No iron was found as iron attached to carbonates of the rhizosoil. Fluctuations of the iron pool, bound or adsorbed to the organic matter, were exactly the opposite to those of the iron pool associated with the clay particles in both treatments, suggesting iron exchange between the two pools. Replenishment of the F-crop’s Fe content and a deficit in the FBS0-crop’s Fe content in the rhizosoil were found at the end of the cultivation period. Furthermore, the initiation of the fast stem elongation stage (day 125) constituted a turning point. Before day 125, the use of FBS0 increased the iron concentration in the main stems and this was an early fortification effect, followed by an increase in the organic S concentration. Following day 125, the FBS0-crop consisted of plants with higher main stems and less tillers. A late fortification effect was observed in the iron concentration of the main stems and their heads after the stage of complete flowering. Prior to harvesting in the FBS0-crop, all plant parts were heavier, with more iron and organic sulfur accumulated in these plant parts, and the obtained commercial yield of the FBS0-crop was higher by 27.3%.

Influence of Biofertilizers and Liming on Vetch–Oat Mixture Productivity and Change in Sod-Podzolic Soil Microbocenosis

The influence of modification of granules of organomineral fertilizer (OMF) by BisolbiFit (Bacillus subtilis Ch-13), Phosphatovite (Bacillus mucilaginosus), and PhosphoActiv (Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 + Bacillus mucilaginosus) biopreparations on the productivity of vetch–oat mixture, as well as on changes in the structure of soil microbocenosis, has been studied under the conditions of a two-factor field experiment. The research was carried out on a soddy medium podzolic light loamy soil. The experiment included six versions: control (without fertilizers); N30P30K30; organomineral fertilizer (OMF); OMF + BisolbiFit modifier; OMF + Phosphatovite; OMF + PhosphoActive with liming (pHKCl 5.9) and without liming (pHKCl 5.1). The fertilizers were introduced with equal portions of nitrogen (30 kg a.i./ha). On average, the highest yield increase for the period from 2015 to 2017 (11.7% with application of N30P30K30 and 10.6% with application of unmodified OMF) was obtained in the OMF + BisolbiFit combined with liming version. The use of other modifiers increased the yield of the herbage of vetch–oat mixture only at the trend level. The use of all types of fertilizers increased the content of crude protein by 1.24–3.34% compared to the control. A trend towards an increase in the concentration of phosphorus and potassium in the herbage has been recorded. The highest yield increase per 1 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) of fertilizers was obtained with application of BisolbiFit: 18.0 kg of feed units without liming and 20.7 kg of feed units with liming. The modern method of high throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene has detected the leading phylums, the share of which in the soil was significantly higher than that of the others: Acidobacteria (7.1–11.5%) and Actinobacteria (13.6–20.4%), Bacterroidetes (7.2–19.3%), Proteobacteria (45.3–56.2%), and Verrucomicrobia (4.3–10.3%). The highest proportion of Actinobacteria (15–20%) was recorded in versions with application of N30P30K30, OMF, and OMF + BiosolbiFit and the highest proportion of the Proteobacteria phylum was recorded in the version with application of OMF + BisolbiFit, which indicates intensive nitrification processes.

IbM Pemanfaatan Limbah Jerami di Desa Banjarsari Kecamatan Sumberasih Kabupaten Probolinggo

Most of the people in the village of Banjarsari, which is located in Sumberasih District at Probolinggo Regency,have the main livelihood as traditional farmers and ranchers. Rice straw is one of the agricultural byproducts that areavailable quite abundant in each planting season, and can be utilized as the basic ingredients of feed that can help theavailability of livestock nutrition supply in the dry season. Rice straw as the main ingredient of bokashi fertilizer, can alsobe used to increase the organic material content of paddy fields. One of the main causes the farmer and racher groupprefer to burn and not using this rice straw, is the process of choping the straw that takes up time and man hour. Thepurpose of the implementation of this event, is to raise awareness of farmers in order to increase yield productivity infarmers and farmers, since it would be easier for livestock to digest the straw and thus becoming more nutritious feed;also that the finely chopped straw will also improve the quality of composting in bokashi fertilizer processing. Themethods used to achieve these objectives are: Demonstration and Training, both theoretical and practical on the subjectof: (1) the engineering techniques of straw chopper machines; (2) procedure of straw chop machine maintenance andsafety; (3) usefulness and method of making straw-based feed; (4) usefulness and method of making bokashi fertilizermade from straw, (5) training farmer’s mindset of organization management, production and marketing good. The resultshows that most traditional farmers and ranchers never heard or understood about the usage of straw in for livestock feedand bokashi fertilizer, thus the technology and machine introduction were so welcomed in positive manner

Transformation of Phosphorus Pools in an Agricultural Soil: An Application of Oxygen‐18 Labeling in Phosphate

Core Ideas Transformation of P pools in soils can be tracked by 18O labeling of phosphate. A suite of HCl‐extractable Pi with different δ18OP values can be precipitated in soil over time. An interplay of biological and abiotic cycling of P could be better analyzed using δ18OP values. Phosphorus is a key ingredient of fertilizers, and there is no other substitute for P in sustaining life and food production. Excess P in soils may be fixed and become agronomically inactive or removed as a result of leaching and soil erosion. In this research, we aimed to explore how a particular P pool transforms into another pool by applying 18O‐labeled phosphate in an agricultural soil. We analyzed the changes in concentrations and phosphate O‐isotope ratios (δ18OP) of four inorganic P (Pi) pools (H2O‐Pi, NaHCO3–Pi, NaOH‐Pi, and HCl‐Pi) along with soil chemistry to understand the roles of different biogeochemical processes changing isotope composition. By monitoring δ18OP values of four P pools, an active transformation from H2O‐Pi and NaHCO3–Pi to NaOH‐Pi and HCl‐Pi was identified. Transformation of originally bioavailable P to unavailable P such as HCl‐Pi allowed us to conclude that a suite of HCl‐Pi with different δ18OP values could be precipitated from the originally biologically cycled or bioavailable P pools. Thus, the isotope technique allowed tracking of short‐term transformation of readily bioavailable P to a less or non‐bioavailable P pool and to discriminate biological and chemical reactions during transformation. These findings support the burgeoning applications of δ18OP as a tracer of P cycling in soil and are expected to be useful for fertilizer application as well as nutrient management in soils.

The effect of sulfur fertilization on macronutrient concentrations in the post-harvest biomass of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg)

Brassica oilseed crops have very high sulfur requirements. The progressive decrease in the sulfur content of soil, the growing share of cruciferous vegetables in agricultural ecosystems and a significant drop in annual wet and dry deposition of sulfur have prompted a growing body of research into sulfur as a valuable fertilizer ingredient. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sulfur fertilizers applied to soil on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur concentrations in the root residues, straw and oil cake of winter and spring rapeseed. The experimental material was collected from a field experiment conducted in 2005-2008 at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Balcyny (Poland). The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and sulfur were noted in the oil cake of both winter and spring rapeseed. Potassium levels were highest in the root residues of winter and spring rapeseed. Winter rapeseed accumulated the highest amounts of calcium in roots, and spring rapeseed – in straw. Sulfur fertilizers applied to soil decreased nitrogen concentrations and increased calcium and sulfur levels in the roots of both spring and winter rapeseed, whereas phosphorus concentrations increased only in the roots of winter rapeseed. Sulfur fertilization led to a drop in the potassium content of winter rapeseed roots (by 0.7 g kg-1 DM) and an increase in potassium levels in spring rapeseed roots (by 1.2 g kg-1 DM). The application of sulfur fertilizers significantly increased potassium and sulfur concentrations in the straw of both spring and winter rapeseed (by 1.3-1.7 and 0.5-0.6 g kg-1 DM, respectively). The application of sulfur fertilizers at optimal dr hab. Krzysztof Jankowski, Chair of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Production Management and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 8/117, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland, e-mail: krzysztof.jankowski@uwm.edu.pl * Supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Project No. N310 031 32/167.

Corrosion-Initiated Rotating Bending Fatigue Failure of a Fertilizer Conveyor Belt Head Roller

This paper presents the experimental process and findings of a forensic investigation of a failed fertilizer plant conveyor belt head roller shaft. A 25-year service life was expected but failure occurred following only 10 years. A gearbox which provided direct power to the roller had been replaced only several weeks earlier. The primary aim for the plant owner was to determine if the gearbox replacement had caused failure of the shaft, or, if the two incidents were unrelated. If incorrect installment of the gearbox had caused failure, liability would fall on the gearbox suppliers in terms of mitigation. However, it was revealed that the shaft had failed due to low-stress rotating bending fatigue, over an extended period of time. A premeditated change of material selection at the manufacturing stage, substituting carbon steel for 304L stainless steel, resulted in reduced corrosion resistance. Fertilizer ingredients tend to pose limited problems in their dry form in terms of corrosion; in the presence of moisture, however, can change the ingredients into aggressive corrosion species. Thus, corrosion allowed multiple fatigue cracks initiated from corrosion pitting under rotating bending load. The cracks then eventually joined together to form a single fatigue crack which propagated through the cross section.

Nitrogen ‐ A Crucial Element in a Complex World

Nitrogen is an essential element to living organisms. Thus it is indispensable in agriculture, and it also is the primary ingredient of fertilizers. Nevertheless, an excess of this boost to plant growth leads to several environmental problems.

Tracing nitrate in watersheds

Plants need nitrogen to grow, and nitrate is a common fertilizer ingredient, but high levels of nitrate contamination in drinking water sources can cause health problems. It is generally known that nitrogen flows through watersheds from upslope areas down to streams, but the relationships between upslope soil solution or groundwater nitrate concentrations and stream water nitrate levels—and the ways in which land use changes may alter this relationship—are not fully understood.

이앙직전 벼 육묘상자 살포용 완효성 비료의 처리 효과

벼 재배시 본답의 기비와 분얼비를 대체하여 묘판에 1회 시비하는 용출제어형 입상배합(Bulk Blending) 피복비료를 시용 후 벼 생육과 수량, 품질, 경제성 등 완효성비료의 처리효과를 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 개발된 육묘상비료의 T-N용출량은 온도가 높을수록 빨라졌고 온도에 관계 없이 분얼비 시용 시점인 14일경부터 높아져 21일경 최고에 달했다. 2. 이앙 후 60일에서 질소흡수이용율은 표준시비 28.6%에 비하여 개발된 육묘상 비료가 높았으며 200 g시비구에서 73.1%, 300 g시비구에서 66.1%로 나타났다. 3. 생육단계별(최고분얼기, 유슈형성기 등) 초장, 경수, SPAD값 생육상황은 개발된 육묘상비료 300 g/상자 시비에서 표준과 대등하였다. 4. 성숙기에도 간장, 수장, 단위면적당 수수는 개발된 육묘상비료 300 g/상자 이상 시비구에서 표준과 같거나 많았다. 5. 10a당 백미수량은 개발된 육묘상비료 시용량이 많을수록 증가하였다. 시비량별로 보면 표준시비 528 kg 대비 개발된 육묘상 비료 300 g/상자 이상 시비구에서 525~552 kg으로 대등하거나 많았다. 6. 백미 품질은 개발된 육묘상비료 시용량이 많을 수록 단백질함량은 증가하였으며 완전미율, 아밀로스함량, 백도, 투명도는 비료량이 적을수록 증가하는 경향이었다. 7. 따라서 표준시비량 이상의 수량과 품질 및 경제적인 측면을 고려한 개발된 육묘상 비료의 적정 시비량은 300 g/상자(실비. 9 kg/10 a)이었다. 8. 시비량은 육묘상비료가 표준시비에 비해 49.3% 절감되었고, 시비노동력도 49.2% 절감되었다. The newly developed fertilizer is the slow-releasing fertilizer which can be used as a basal fertilizer without no additional fertilization at tillering stage. It has 30-4-6% of <TEX>$N-P_2O_5-K_2O$</TEX> and was coated with mixture of LDPE (Low density polyethylene), EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate), BDP (Bio degraded polymer), TALC and nonionic surfactant for the controlled release up to 50 days after application. Coating materials were designed to be decomposed naturally. This fertilizer can be applied directly to the seedling tray mechanically just before transplanting, resulting in significant labor saving effect. The developed slow-release fertilizer, which can replace both basal fertilization and top dressing at tillering stage by single application directly to seedling tray, showed the highest release at 14~21 days after transplanting. Considering the plant growth at different growth stages and yield, the optimal application rate of developed slow-release fertilizer was 300 g per rice nursery tray and the yield of rice at this application rate was 5.25 MT/ha. Rice quality in terms of head rice grain ratio, amylose content, whiteness, and taste value decreased as fertilization rate increased from 200 g to 500 g per nursery tray. Fertilization rate based on quantity of fertilizer ingredients (N, P, K) was reduced by 49.3% compared to the standard application rate and there was 49.2% reduction in labor input for fertilization.

맞춤형비료 시용에 따른 벼 재배 효과

The importance of environment-friendly agriculture is being magnified as a new growth engine industry in pursuit of low carbon, green growth policies. Since 2010, the Korean government has been promoting the supply of customized fertilizers which were manufactured based on chemical properties of agricultural soils. This aims focused to improve the efficiency of fertilizer used and to protect the agricultural environment. In order to provide technical supports for pushing ahead with the environment-friendly agriculture policies, we have estimated the effects of customized fertilization (CF) on growth and yield of rice and fertilizer reduction compared to conventional fertilization (farm practice fertilization) and single-element fertilization. In rice plant growth and rice yield, no statistically significant difference between the three fertilization treatments was observed. The fertilizer reduction rate with CF compared to conventional fertilization of investigated farms was on average 17%, which covered 6% through 33%. With split ratio, CF 70 reduced the amounts of fertilizer ingredient by 5% compare to CF 50. This paper shows that the customized fertilizer application reduced the amounts of fertilizer used in rice cultivation without decrease of yields.

Haber process for ammonia synthesis

Fixed nitrogen from the air is the major ingredient of fertilizers which makes intensive food production possible. During the development of inexpensive nitrogen fixation processes, many principles of chemical and high-pressure processes were clarified and the field of chemical engineering emerged. Before synthetic nitrogen fixation, wastes and manures of various types or their decomposition products, and ammonium sulfate, which is a by-product from the coking of coal, were the primary sources of agricultural nitrogen. Chilean saltpetre, saltpetre from human and animal urine, and later ammonia recovered from coke manufacture were some of the important sources of fixed nitrogen [1]. During the first decade of the twentieth century, the worldwide demand for nitrogen-based fertilizers far exceeded the existent supply. The largest source of the chemicals necessary for fertilizer production was found in a huge guano deposit (essentially sea bird droppings) that was 220 miles in length and five feet thick, located along the coast of Chile. Scientists had long desired to solve the problem of the world’s dependence on this fast disappearing natural source of ammonia and nitrogenous compounds. Priestly and Cavendish passed electric sparks through air and produced nitrates by dissolving the oxides of nitrogen thus formed in alkalis. Commercial development of this process had proved elusive, for much electrical energy was consumed at low efficiency. Nitrogen had been fixed as calcium cyanamide, but the process was too expensive except for producing chemicals requiring the cyanamide configuration. Other processes, such as thermal processing to mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOX), cyanide formation, aluminum nitride formation and decomposition to ammonia, etc., showed little commercial promise although they were technically possible. It was Fritz Haber, along with Carl Bosch, who finally solved this problem. Haber invented a large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas, reactants Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis