Ferry Vessel Research Articles

Simulation of sea passenger port operation on the basis of a digital transport model taking into account different priorities of cruise and ferry vessels

Simulation of sea passenger port operation on the basis of a digital transport model taking into account different priorities of cruise and ferry vessels

Research of the model for assessing the workload of passenger port infrastructure using decision-making models under uncertainty

The current situation formed by the changeable influence of the external environment on the interaction of “sea passenger port — sea ferry/cruise company” systems has formulated new decision-making tasks under uncertainty to justify infrastructural changes. It is not enough for the managers of sea passenger ports and terminals to make decisions only on the basis of deterministic models. Probabilistic nature of the processes predetermines the need to form new models and methods to substantiate strategies for the sea passenger ports development. The problem field considered in the paper is topical because today due to such trends as increase in dimension of cruise and ferry vessels and changes in route networks it is necessary to solve the problem of development forecasting on the basis of scenario modeling. Modeling should be performed on the basis of new digital transport models, which take into account the peculiarities of marine ports and terminals infrastructure, and priority of berths. The digital model of “Passenger Port of St. Petersburg “Sea Façade”, developed by the author, is used in the paper and the necessity to single out separate states in the development of sea passenger ports is substantiated. The validity of singling out a set of boundary points, turning points of uncertainty of future development of a complex system of a sea passenger port or terminal, connected with the presence of bifurcation zones — “ramification” of possible ways of the port system evolution is proved. The proof of the proposed approach is presented by means of allocation of individual stages in the development of the sea passenger port of St. Petersburg. Based on the presented approach, a new model for the evolution and management of the sea passenger port system development is proposed. This model on a single assembly field reflects temporary changes in the development of the sea passenger port and analytical data on the increase or decrease in the number of berths. The presented set of transition points allows to determine the time model of the sea passenger port development. A new model of working with data for making decisions on modernization of sea passenger port infrastructure is offered. On the basis of modeling, taking into account different distribution laws (gamma distribution, Poisson distribution, normal distribution and others) the conditions for formation of the individual “fields of utility”, cones of preference and target functions are presented. For precise description of decision-making situation under uncertainty faced by the head of the sea passenger port, the choice of Savage criterion (S-criterion) is substantiated and mathematical model and criteria are given. A solution for formation of acceptable interval on the basis of Dataset utility field data on intensities of ferry and cruise lines work is given. On the basis of the experiment, the accuracy of the proposed decision-making model under uncertainty to justify the conditions on the need for modernization of infrastructure (modernization of berths) of the sea passenger port is substantiated. The presented model and results can be applied to other sea passenger ports and terminals, which determines the universality of the presented approach.

New development of regional delivery models that link a regular ferry vessel and a drone

New development of regional delivery models that link a regular ferry vessel and a drone

The heel influence on ship manoeuvrability: Single and twin-screw surface vessels

Low transverse metacentric height and high speed are peculiar destabilising factors in ship manoeuvrability according to the attainable large heeling angles. The phenomenon indeed occurs in the case of vessels characterised by loading conditions with low transverse stability — e.g. high centre of mass of container vessels and RoRos. Starting from Kijima’s single-screw container vessel evidence, an extension of the study to twin-screw ferry vessels is undertaken, with the scope of quantifying its effect in terms of turning and zig-zag IMO margins at an early design stage. Given the relevant impact, an enlarged captive model testing campaign executed on a sample of reference vessels was analysed to further characterise and extend the concepts to a broader class of modern single and twin-screw vessels, thus motivating the study. As a further result, this analysis allowed to underline the need of a review of the IMO intact stability code when dealing with heeling angle during a turn.

STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR FORECASTING OF CRUISE OR FERRY SHIP ARRIVAL AT SEAPORT FOR INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT

The topic of the research is the development of new models and methods to assess the efficiency of port operations of sea passenger ports and terminals in order to effectively plan the work and accurate forecasting of infrastructure development. It is noted that changes in cruise and ferry route networks, especially relevant in the conditions of passenger traffic recovery after the gradual lifting of restrictions due to Covid-19, will directly affect port congestion. It is proposed to include into the sphere of decision-making on management of the sea passenger port the models based on consideration of probabilistic processes of cruise or ferry vessels calls. The Baltic Sea region is chosen as an object of research. The main modern directions in the sphere of sea passenger transportations confirming the gradual recovery of the route networks operation are presented. The flow of cruise and ferry vessels of the sea passenger port “Passenger port St. Petersburg “Marine Facade” is chosen as an object of research. The analysis of loading of berths, the analysis of the size of cruise and ferry ships, the route networks of ferry and cruise lines are carried out. As a result of the research a new stochastic model is presented and comparison with known distribution laws is carried out. Based on the data obtained, a confidence zone for making decisions on port congestion is determined. This area is formed on the basis of an assessment of the study of the dynamics of ship traffic nonstationary intensity, followed by the application of correlation-regression analysis and the characteristics of the random function describing the intervals between individual arrivals of cruise and ferry ships. The proposed model includes the ability to consider different priorities, primarily in terms of vessel length. Digital transport model is built in AnyLogic environment for port congestion study. The received data are used for optimization experiments in AnyLogic software environment with the purpose of complex estimation of the seaport operation for a year. Based on the optimization experiment and simulation, data are generated considering different distribution laws and used for decision making in case of uncertainty for infrastructure modernization. The presented model can be used for substantiation of management decisions both on strategic and tactical levels for assessing the efficiency of investment projects on development of sea passenger ports and terminals.

쌍축선의 정적 횡경사각에 따른 조종성능 변화에 관한 실험적 연구

The manoeuvrability of a ship with an unwanted heel angle due to a maritime accident is changed from the original characteristics. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate the change in the manoeuvring performance of a twin-screw ship under various hee angles and speed conditions. A series of free running model test campaigns were performed in the Ocean Engineering Basin of Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO) for a twin-screw car ferry vessel. Turning circle test and zig-zag 10/10 and 20/20 tests were carried out on the heel angles of 0, -10, and -19.5 degrees. In addition, two-speed conditions were considered to understand the effect of ship speed. In order to examine the effect of the bilge keel, a heel angle of -22 degree where the bilge keel is exposed outside the water surface, was considered. Finally, the change of manoeuvring characteristics according to the heel angle for a twin-screw and a single-screw vessel is discussed.

Collection and delivery system for coastal areas and islands by a drone deployed on a ferry vessel

Collection and delivery system for coastal areas and islands by a drone deployed on a ferry vessel

Influence of propellers and operating conditions on underwater radiated noise from coastal ferry vessels

Underwater radiated noise from marine ships represents the largest source of anthropogenic noise in oceans the world over, representing a substantial and persistent stressor to the health of marine ecosystems. The radiated noise from vessels can often be related to their velocity, and slowing vessels in critical habitat areas has been shown to reduce the average level of ambient noise in those regions; however, universal speed limits ignore the significant variation in speed-noise behaviour between vessels. We investigated the underwater radiated noise signatures and levels from eight coastal ferry vessels each operating at a range of speeds in order to examine the underlying causes of the atypical speed-noise correlations. The analysis revealed discrete patterns associated with speed ranges, suggesting that the increase in noise radiated at low velocities that was observed from some vessels was the result of a change in the regime of the physical mechanism generating the sound. Propeller-induced cavitation is the strongest possible explanation for noise of this type. The present results suggest that controllable-pitch propellers may be susceptible to changes in cavitation regimes resulting in increased radiated noise when operated under reduced loads, a finding that corroborates previous model-scale experimental evidence of the same behaviour.

INFRASTRUCTURE CHANGES OF THE SEA PASSENGER PORT BASED ON A DIGITAL TRANSPORT MODEL

Marine passenger ports and terminals are key transport facilities that influence the development and positioning of a region, city or country. The port infrastructure should provide the world requirements in service of cruise and ferry ships, and ensure the efficiency and convenience in service of passengers and associated cargo flow. This circumstance determines the necessity of infrastructure modernization, and hardware and software renewal. At the same time, the existing equipment in ports and terminals is gradually becoming outdated, hence the necessity of modernization on the basis of development of a decision-making system. This decision-making system should no longer be based on analytical models, but on new digital transport models of sea passenger ports and terminals. These digital models must take into account both passenger handling processes and external processes for handling cruise and ferry ships. The model should have high computational power and take into account the influence of the external environment. These models should answer development forecasting questions and provide an accurate decision-making system for the validity of infrastructure changes. The Passenger Port of Saint Petersburg "Marine Façade” (St. Petersburg) was chosen as the subject of research. To construct a numerical model, port operation intensity, passenger, cruise and ferry vessel handling processes were investigated; port and terminal development strategies and the mutual influence of the "city-port" systems on each other were studied. As a result of the analysis, a new digital transport model of the sea passenger port was built, which has a high level of detail and accuracy of process implementation, high productivity and efficiency of analysis of various infrastructure changes in the port, allowing the inclusion of dynamic changes from the external environment. The numerical model has been fully implemented for this port, and new conclusions have been derived from it. The use of these new models allows justification of infrastructure upgrades and to study the position of the port in the region in relation to competitors' ports. The developed tool allows solving the problem of research on port processes at any level of planning and enables integration into the information systems already existing in ports and terminals.

������������ ���������� ����� ������� �������� � �������� ����� � ������ �������� ��������� ���������������

An assessment of the maritime ferry market for the Baltic Sea region is carried out on the basis of a group of carrier companies and statistics for 2019. To assess the impact of sea passenger ports on each other, the pie charts are used. This research is carried out on the basis of the Princess Anastasia ferry ship and cruises using St. Petersburg port as a start and end point. Based on the research, it is established that there is a trend to increase the passenger traffic in this region and increase the size of cruise and ferry vessels. At the same time, it is found, that a trend of decreasing the cruise ships is observed, but their sizes are significantly increasing, which requires the modernization of passenger port infrastructure and investments in it. Based on the research, the assessment of constraints in the development of new route lines in the Baltic Sea region is given. To solve the route estimation problem, a mathematical model and an objective function that seeks to minimize possible costs are presented. Solving this problem requires observing a large number of boundary conditions, which in practice leads to a simplification of this objective function and finding only some boundary solutions. On the other hand, although this model has the accuracy of the process description, it does not allow taking into account the dynamics of passenger flows. To eliminate this circumstance, the maximum flow problem is stated and a new model for choosing a ferry transport network between different marine passenger ports is presented. The developed model takes into account the interests of passengers traveling on their own vehicles. It is established that the results of using the model can be used to build a methodological basis for the route ferry network for the selected region of the sea. The results of when building model should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the systems «sea ferry line - passenger sea port - urban transport space near the terminal» and projected new ring ferry routes.

Research on waterborne collision avoidance and early warning algorithm based on location data

Zhenjiang Dagang Ferry, located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River Jiangsu section, is full of different types of ships. The steam ferry crosses the waterway and frequently meets with the passing ships, inducing water collision accidents. This article, taking cross-river ferrys and normal navigation ships as research subjects, proposes an algorithm for water navigation collision avoidance based on position data. First, by analyzing the dynamic coordinate of the ferry and navigation vessel, their navigation trajectories are predicted respectively. Second, the time when they arrive at the possible collision point is calculated, the type of traffic conflict is determined, the drive’s collision avoidance response time is considered, and a warning criterion for early warning is established. Finally, the proposed warning algorithm is analyzed to check to what extent the warning can help the ship avoid the collision. Sixteen sets of data showing the navigation of the ships are selected to compare the effect of the warning algorithm with the radar warning method. The research results show that the application of the algorithm can avoid unnecessary alarm, false alarm, and alarm failure the radar warnings have, improving the accuracy and helping avoid the collision accidents.

Model predictive energy management in hybrid ferry grids

High performance and cost-effective ferry boats are of capital interest for customers and marine industry companies. On the other hand, the traditional ferry boats, operated by diesel generators, spatter the atmosphere with CO2 emissions and detrimental particles. Hence, electric propulsion in marine applications, especially in ferry vessel systems, has gained a lot of attention during the last decade as a promising technology to decrease fuel consumption and emissions. However, one of the main issues in the electric ferries (E-Ferry) is to keep the voltage and frequency within an acceptable range according to the large dynamic load fluctuations. In order to solve this issue, this paper presents a model predictive energy management based on a modified black hole algorithm (BHA) for the hybrid E-Ferry systems. Finally, to study the efficiency of our proposal, we run a real-time simulation using the d-Space simulator and compare the effect of the prediction horizon on the system performance.

Study on the Characteristics of Maneuvering Ferry Vessel as Effect of the Sea Waves

Wave is one of the natural phenomena that gives effect to the cruise ship. The energy produced by the wave is very large that makes the ship turn directions. Therefore the turn has an error coordinates of the starting point of a ship. Deviation of the coordinates has made a further distance and increase fuel consumption, so the operational costs being higher. The research would predict the drift angle, the ship speed and rudder angle to be used after the ship got the influence of wave by taking into account the motion of surge, sway, yaw. Simulations are performed by using Delphi software, with variations of the wind height of 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m, and 2 m, the wave flatness of 0.01, the speed of the wind of 0 and 10 m/s and incoming wave direction 0° - 180° on the side of the ship. It is obtained that the biggest of drift angle happened on 50° wave direction. The biggest of rudder angle happened on 110° wave direction while that fastest ship speed happened on 160° wave direction.

손상된 카페리 선박의 파랑중 자항상태 CFD 해석

This paper provides the numerical results for the self-propulsion performance in waves of a car ferry vessel with damage in one of its twin-screw propulsion systems without flooding the engine room. The numerical simulations were carried out according to the Safe Return to Port (SRtP) regulation made by the Lloyd’s register, where the regulation requires that damaged passenger ships should have an ability to return to port with a speed of 6 knots in a Beaufort 8 sea condition. For the validation of the present numerical analysis study, the resistance performance and the self-propulsion performance of the car ferry in intact and damaged conditions in calm water were calculated, which showed a satisfactory agreement with the model test results of Korea Research Institute of Ship and Ocean engineering (KRISO). Finally, the numerical simulation of self-propulsion performance in waves of the damaged car ferry ship was carried out for a normal sea state and for a Beaufort 8 sea state, respectively. The estimated average Brake Horse Power (BHP) for keeping the damaged car ferry ship advancing at a speed of 6 knots in a Beaufort 8 sea state reached about 47% of BHP at MCR condition or about 56% of BHP at NCR condition of the engine determined at the design state. In conclusion, it can be noted that the engine power of the damaged car ferry ship in single propulsion condition is sufficient to satisfy the SRtP requirement.

Regulation for Providing Medical First Aid/Medical Care on Board Ferry Vessels in Croatia: Update Proposal

The Republic of Croatia is a leader in maritime passenger transport in the Adriatic with indications of the further growth. The paper analyses current regulations for providing medical care on board vessels in Croatia for the category C2 of navigation, referring to vessels in the national coastal navigation. The prescribed quantities of medicinal products and equipment on ferry vessels were compared with the data of most common diseases and injuries of passengers on board, retrieved from the relevant literature. The comparison was conducted based on two indicators: the frequency and urgency of diseases and injuries. The analysis indicated the insufficient quantity of medicines and equipment, especially in the cases of life-threatening medical conditions. The regulations should follow the growing maritime passenger transport, where the large inflow of passengers is expected regularly in the summer period. All the personnel on board appointed for the provision of medical care are required to provide immediate treatment, increase the level of preparedness, and improve the prevention of possible health risks onboard vessels. The authors want to emphasize the importance of passenger safety on board as well as the preservation of strategic resource for the Croatian economy.

A Study on the Analysis of the Safety Management System of Korea-China Car Ferries

The purpose of this study is to keep the safety of the car ferry passengers and vessels by investigating and analyzing vessel safety management systems in Korea and China. To this end, we investigated Korea-China car ferries and the current status and causes of global marine accidents corresponding to the sizes of the vessels from Korea and China. Furthermore, we investigated car ferries’ crew management and safety management. As a result of the analysis of the ferry accident, the causes of human error and ship’s age were the greatest, but the ship’s companies showed a negative stance regarding the age restriction. It seems that it is necessary to utilize the near-miss accident reporting system and differentiate the management of ship’s aging. Also, it was analyzed that both the ship company and the crew of the ship need to strengthen their awareness of safety management.

The Effect of Waves on the Maneuvering Characteristics of Ferry Vessel

Wave is one of the natural phenomena that give effect to the cruise ship. The energy produced by the wave is very large that makes the ship turn directions. Therefore the turn has an error coordinates of starting point of ship. Deviation of the coordinates has made ​​a farther distance and increase of fuel consumption, so the operational costs being higher. In the research would predict the drift angle, the ship speed and large of rudder angle to be used after the ship got the influence of wave. Taking into account the motion of surge, sway, yaw. Simulations performed by using Delphi software, with variations of the height of wind Hw = 0,5 m, 1 m, 1,5 m and 2 m, flatness of the wave = 0,01, the speed of the wind ratio Uw/U= 0 – 20 m/s and wave direction coaming ψw = 0o - 180o on the side of the ship . Obtained that the biggest of drift angle happened on 50o wave direction. The biggest of rudder angle happened on 110o wave direction while that ship speed happened on 160o wave direction.

Long Term Validation of High Precision RTK Positioning Onboard a Ferry Vessel Using the MGBAS in the Research Port of Rostock

In order to enable port operations, which require an accuracy of about 10cm, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) operates the Maritime Ground Based Augmentation Service (MGBAS) in the Research Port of Rostock. The MGBAS reference station provides GPS dual frequency code and phase correction data, which are continuously transmitted via an ultra-high frequency (UHF) modem. Up to now the validation of the MGBAS was rather limited. Either a second shore based station was used as an artificial user, or measurement campaigns on a vessel with duration of a few hours have been conducted. In order to overcome this, we have installed three separate dual frequency antennas and receivers and a UHF modem on the Stena Line ferry vessel Mecklenburg Vorpommern which is plying between Rostock and Trelleborg. This paper concentrates on the analysis of the highly accurate phase based positioning with a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) algorithm, using correction data received by the UHF modem onboard the vessel. We analyzed the availability and accuracy of RTK fix solutions for several days, whenever the ferry vessel was inside the service area of the MGBAS.

A Survey of Transient Fire Load on Passenger Ferry Vessels

Aluminum ferries in the United States are unique in that they have policy requirements limiting the weight of luggage carried per fixed passenger seat, which is accomplished by controlling the weight of baggage per passenger, but no means to enforce this requirement. A survey of passenger ferry vessels was performed to determine the type of baggage loading present in these passenger compartments. The type, carriage rate, and weight were recorded to determine the transient fire load as well as the average weight of luggage brought on board. The average baggage weight for the commuter vs. non-commuter ferries surveyed in this study were found to be 2.8 and 3.7 kg per person, respectively. These numbers are in close agreement with the average weight per person calculated for carriage on trains. Survey data indicates that the current average baggage weight of 3.7 kg exceeds that allowed by Coast Guard policy for 93% of vessels, with the remaining 7% falling within the policy requirements due to unusually low seat density in the main passenger compartment. This highlights a potential pitfall in current regulatory standards that may present a mismatch for performance and prescriptive based requirements. As few baggage surveys have been conducted on commuter vessels, this data which includes both number and weight distributions per baggage type may also be useful for transient fire load calculations in the future.

English

Reef HQ Aquarium (Townsville, Australia) pumps its new exhibit seawater from a tidal inlet. This study presents the in-house calibration of a bioassay based on juvenile mysids to do a rapid assessment (presence or absence) of toxicity in the new seawater. Calibration tests were carried out for several substances: copper, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS or SDS), ammonia, antifouling paint, bilge oil from a yacht, oil from a dive compressor, seawater cooling effluent from a commercial ferry vessel, and aquarium tank water. Results were compared with two other bioassays already in use at Reef HQ Aquarium, based on (a) artemia hatched from aquaculture cysts and (b) Vibrio fischeri bacteria (Microtox®). This study determined (a) that the juvenile mysids bioassay yielded meaningful results and was viable operationally, (b) its sensitivity with respect to likely local pollutants, and (c) how it compares in terms of sensitivity with the artemia and the Microtox® bioassays.   Key words: ARTOX, bioassay, mysid, Microtox®, Reef HQ Aquarium, seawater, toxicity.