Ferroalloy Industry Research Articles

Preliminary Studies on the Utilization of Silicomanganese Slurry

Abstract Silico-manganese sludges are a waste resulting from the ferroalloy industry, more precisely from the manufacture of silico-manganese. From a technological point of view, they come from the sludge resulting from the filtration of furnace gases. From a chemical point of view, they are made up of a large number of combinations of manganese and silicon. The manganese content varies widely between 5-35% MnO. Due to the fact as there are limitations for the manganese content in waters and soils, the presence of these sludge deposits constitutes a permanent risk of environmental contamination. In addition to the definitive closure (greening) of the deposit, there is also the possibility of valorizing this waste. The present paper presents the preliminary research carried out to identify a sustainable technology for the recovery of useful elements from the sludge.

Sex-specific associations of a ferroalloy metal mixture with motor function in Italian adolescents.

Motor function is critical for children's health, yet remains an understudied neurodevelopmental domain. Exposure to metals has been linked with motor function, but no study has examined the joint effects of metal mixtures. We evaluated cross-sectional associations between a metal mixture and motor function among 569 adolescents (10-14 years old) living near the ferroalloy industry. Concentrations of blood lead, hair manganese, hair copper, and hair chromium were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Neuropsychologists administered multiple fine motor function assessments: pursuit aiming, finger tapping, visual reaction time (VRT), and subtests from the Luria Nebraska battery. We estimated associations between motor function and the metal mixture using quantile-based g-computation and multivariable linear regression, adjusting for child age, sex, and socioeconomic status. We explored sex-specific associations in stratified models. Associations between the metal mixture and motor function were mostly null but were modified by sex. We observed a beneficial association among females: a quartile increase in all metals in the mixture was associated with a 2.6% faster average response time on the VRT (95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.7%, -0.5%), driven by Cu and Cr. In contrast, this association was adverse among males (ß = 1.5% slower response time [95% CI = -0.7%, 3.9%]), driven by Cu and Mn. Results suggest that males may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of metal exposure on motor function during adolescence than females. Future studies, particularly prospective study designs, are warranted to further understand the associations of metal mixtures with motor function.

Feasibility of Biochar from Seaweed for Ferroalloy Production

Biochar from seaweed, specifically sugar kelp, cultivated on the Norwegian coastline has been investigated as a possible biocarbon source for the metal industry to reduce the dependency on terrestrial biomass. Pre-processing of the biomass prior to pyrolysis is needed to reduce the water and ash content and was performed by water and acid washing followed by drying. The three types of biochar were obtained after pyrolysis at a temperature of 550 °C. Characterization of the three batches of biochars showed that pre-processing of the seaweed as was done during the water and acid washing, plays an important role on the removal of ash content. Due to the enormous amount of woody biomass needed for example in the ferroalloy industry to replace fossil coal, replacing only parts of the woody biomass with kelp biochar could have a significant impact. Water washing combined with acid washing had the best results considering the ash and fixed carbon contents. Microstructural analysis of the seaweed biochars showed a very porous material with the crystal structure resembling that of charcoal, albeit a lower degree of crystallinity.Graphical

Optimised performance of ultrahigh-performance silicomanganese slag concrete by water glass immersion

Silicomanganese slag (SS) is a byproduct of the ferroalloy industry. It causes environmental pollution and consume resources. In this study, water glass immersion was used to improve the performance of SS, which was utilised in the production of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC). The results show that SS treated with a 2% water glass concentration for 24 h had 16 MPa higher compressive strength for composite than pure UHPC. Additionally, the treated composite had approximately half the mass and compressive strength losses of pure UHPC after freeze–thaw testing, indicating that the treatment had a significant positive effect on the freeze–thaw resistance of ultrahigh-performance silicomanganese slag concrete (UHPSSC). Microstructural analysis also showed that water glass immersion optimised the morphology of UHPSSC, contributing to improved mechanical performance and freeze–thaw resistance of the composite.

Influence of NaOH molarity and Portland cement addition on performance of alkali activated cements based in silicomanganese slags

The aim of this research is to explore the potential of recycling the waste of silicomanganese slag (SiMnS) from the ferroalloy industry in the synthesis of alkali-activated cements. The influence of the concentration of the activator NaOH (4, 6, 8, and 10 M) and the partial substitution of the waste with Portland cement (PC) (10–30 wt%) on the technological properties and microstructure of binders cured at room temperature has been studied. The SiMnS binders and the hybrid cements incorporating PC have been characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that compressive strength improve with an increase in molarity from 4 to 6 M from 7.8 up to 14.0 MPa, respectively, at 28 curing days. Similar mechanical properties are observed for higher molarity increments (8 M and 10 M) (12.9 and 13.6 MPa, respectively). The main reaction product formed is a (C,N)-A-S-H gel with different morphologies. Partial substitution of SiMn slag with PC led to hybrid cements with a denser structure due to a greater amount of C-S-H gel, coexisting with C,N-A-S-H gel. Therefore, the optimal combination of SiMn slag (70 wt%) and PC (30 wt%) significantly enhances the technological properties of the SiMn slag binders obtaining optimum compressive strengths of 24.7 MPa. The results of this study demonstrate that silicomanganese slag can be utilized as an environmentally friendly solution in the production of binders and hybrid cements that meet the required technical specifications and standards for use and application in the construction sector in the line of current circular economy policies and Sustainable Development Goals.

The Effect of Process Conditions on Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Manganese Sludge.

Manganese sludge, an industrial waste product in the ferroalloy industry, contains various components and holds significant importance for sustainable development through its valorization. This study focuses on characterizing a manganese sludge and investigating its behavior during sulfuric acid leaching. The influence of process conditions, including temperature, acid concentration, liquid to solid ratio, and leaching duration, was examined. The results revealed that Mn, Zn, and K are the main leachable components, and their overall leaching rates increase with increasing temperature, liquid to solid ratio, and time. However, the acid concentration requires optimization. High leaching rates of 90% for Mn, 90% for Zn, and 100% for K were achieved. Moreover, it was found that Pb in the sludge is converted to sulfate during the leaching, which yields a sulfate concentrate rich in PbSO4. The leaching process for Mn and Zn species appears to follow a second or third order reaction, and the calculation of rate constants indicated that Mn leaching kinetics are two to five times higher than those for Zn. Thermodynamic calculations were employed to evaluate the main chemical reactions occurring during leaching.

113 Nanoparticle Exposure Assessment

Abstract Assessment of nanoparticle exposure is not an established routine among occupational hygienists. One of the discussions is about methods of quantification, if we should use number concentration, surface concentration or mass concentration for assessment, this is however also influenced by the access to proper measurement equipment. In this paper we discuss five available methods for exposure assessment. One is the Discmini from Testo, which has the advantage that it could be used for personal measurements, but on the other hand has some limitation according to measurement principles; used for Chimney sweepers. Another is the Nanoscan SMPS from TSI, which not is portable for personal measurements, but still is battery operated and could be moved around at a workplace, Nanoscan SMPS measure particle size distribution; this instrument have been used for logbook measurements among Ferrosilicon alloy workers. Number three is the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and the Fast mobility particle sizers from TSI , which is large, power demanding and only useable for stationary measurements, but on the other hand highly demandable for quantification. Number four is the Fast Mobility Particle Sizer, also from TSI, with the advantage of 1 second measurements, used in Ferroalloy industry and among Fire fighters. The fifth is the ELPI instrument from Dekati, which enable collection of samples for subsequent analysis on electron microscope, used in Ferroalloy industry. In this poster we compare type of results and discuss the advantages and disadvantages with the different methods and how useful they are for exposure assessment.

"INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF THE CHARGE DURING FERROSILICON ALUMINIUM SMELTING"

"This paper presents the results of a study on the change in the electrical resistivity of charge mixtures for smelting ferrosilicon aluminum and the possibility of using iron sands in the composition of the charge. Traditionally, iron shavings, a by-product of metal cutting, are a part of the charge mixture for producing ferrosilicon aluminium. In this paper, two charges were selected for comparison. The first charge was a mixture of high-ash coal, quartzite and iron shavings. The second charge was a mixture of high ash coal, quartzite and iron sand. The task set in this study was to compare the resistivity of the components of the experimental mixture consisting of high-ash coal, quartzite and iron shavings and the possibility of obtaining ferrosilicon aluminium from the mixture based on iron shavings. The results of the research have shown the possibility of replacing steel chips with metallized iron ore sinter, which can significantly reduce the consumption of scarce steel chips in the ferroalloy industry. Iron-ore sands, in turn, are an anthropogenic waste of alumina production. Thus, their involvement in processing can also partially solve the environmental problems of Pavlodar region. Keywords: ferroalloy, electrical resistivity, steel shavings, ash, high ash coal."

Associations of an industry-relevant metal mixture with verbal learning and memory in Italian adolescents: The modifying role of iron status

BackgroundBiomarker concentrations of metals are associated with neurodevelopment, and these associations may be modified by nutritional status (e.g., iron deficiency). No prior study on associations of metal mixtures with neurodevelopment has assessed effect modification by iron status. ObjectivesWe aimed to quantify associations of an industry-relevant metal mixture with verbal learning and memory among adolescents, and to investigate the modifying role of iron status on those associations. MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from 383 Italian adolescents (10–14 years) living in proximity to ferroalloy industry. Verbal learning and memory was assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test for Children (CVLT-C), and metals were quantified in hair (manganese, copper, chromium) or blood (lead) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum ferritin, a proxy for iron status, was measured using immunoassays. Covariate-adjusted associations of the metal mixture with CVLT subtests were estimated using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression, and modification of the mixture associations by ferritin was examined. ResultsCompared to the 50th percentile of the metal mixture, the 90th percentile was associated with a 0.12 standard deviation [SD] (95% CI = −0.27, 0.50), 0.16 SD (95% CI = −0.11, 0.44), and 0.11 SD (95% CI = −0.20, 0.43) increase in the number of words recalled for trial 5, long delay free, and long delay cued recall, respectively. For an increase from its 25th to 75th percentiles, copper was beneficially associated the recall trials when other metals were fixed at their 50th percentiles (for example, trial 5 recall: β = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.48). The association between copper and trial 5 recall was stronger at the 75th percentile of ferritin, compared to the 25th or 50th percentiles. ConclusionsIn this metal mixture, copper was beneficially associated with neurodevelopment, which was more apparent at higher ferritin concentrations. These findings suggest that metal associations with neurodevelopment may depend on iron status, which has important public health implications.

Current state of the ferroalloy industry in Russia and prospects for its development in the Asian part of the country

Ferrous metallurgy, as a supplier of metal products and a major consumer of energy and engineering products, is an industry that can act as one of the source for Asian Russia complex development impulse. The different ferroalloys and ligatures have used in the process of steelmaking to ensure the required range of steel products. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an audit of the current state of the Russian ferroalloy industry and its Asian part in order to identify possible growth points of the industry to ensure the development of ferrous metallurgy and sustainable socio-economic growth of the Asian Russian space. In the article it is shown that Asian part is one of the ferroalloy industry centers in Russia, which, as in the industry as a whole, has a high dependence on imported supplies of ore which neces-sary for ferroalloys production. Its own raw materials provided only for production of silicon alloys. In the issue of oth-er alloys and ligatures production, the existing conservative approach in the organization of the ferroalloy industry does not allow the use of poor domestic ore in production. The growth in demand for silicon alloys can be achieved by reori-enting export flows to domestic consumption but the most important alloys for the development of Asian Russia based on manganese, chromium, vanadium and niobium may have difficulties in providing ferrous metallurgy with them. The solutions of such problems are implementation of new technologies for raw materials processing, development of non-standard types of alloys, introduction of technogenic waste processing. This will contribute to the realization of Russia’s desire for import substitution, including the provision of metallurgy with its own raw materials.

Feasibility of silicomanganese slag as cementitious material and as aggregate for concrete

The need to reduce environmental impact inevitably leads to research on new, more sustainable construction materials. In recent times, the use of the main slags from the steel industry has been vigorously investigated; however, the use of other industrial by-products should also be considered. This study aims to analyze the viability of the use of value-added silicomanganese slag (siderurgical aggregates from ferroalloy industries) in two ways. On the one hand, the potential of ground silicomanganese siderurgical aggregates as a binder or supplementary cementitious material (SCM) due to their high content of silica and alumina. On the other hand, the use of silicomanganese siderurgical aggregates for the manufacture of concrete. The hydraulicity of the ground material has been determined by designing mortars with 20 % replacement of cement and comparing the mechanical performance with Portland cement and fly ash at different ages. Its application as a granulometric skeleton of concrete has been analyzed by comparing the physical-mechanical performance and docility in the fresh state with a conventional limestone aggregate concrete. The results obtained guarantee the pozzolanicity of the material, obtaining resistances similar to Portland cement mortar at 90 days. Furthermore, the material as an aggregate meets the geometric, mechanical and leaching requirements imposed by current regulations, although its use with almost total replacement leads to mechanical losses of 25–30 %. For this reason, its use is only recommended in small replacement proportions or in concrete for non-structural use.

Study on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Alkali-Activated Silicomanganese Slag Concrete (AASSC)

Alkali-activated materials are produced by chemically polymerizing the aluminosilicate materials using alkaline activators, which can effectively lower the greenhouse-gas emissions (approximately 73%) released by ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Silicomanganese slag is a large solid waste discharged from the ferroalloy industry in China that can pollute the environment and occupy resources. In this paper, the slag in alkali-activated material was replaced with silicomanganese slag to address the disposal of silicomangaese slag. The flowability, setting times, compressive and flexural strengths, micro-structure and freeze-thaw resistance of alkali-activated silicomanganese slag concrete (AASSC) with varied substitution ratios, volume fractions of steel fibers and alkali-activated modulus (MS) were exploited. As a results the compressive strengths at 56 days of AASSC with a 10% substitution ratio of silicomanganese slag reached over 80 MPa and over 132 MPa with the 3% steel fiber dosage. AASSC still reached 91 MPa and 45 MPa with 60% and 100% substitution ratios by cooperating 2% steel fibers, respectively. When the freeze-thaw cycle number reached 300, the compressive strengths of AASSC with the replacement ratios of 10%, 60% and 100% were 84%, 74% and 51% of their original values by cooperating 2% steel fibers, respectively; AASSC with the numerous substitutions of 60% and 100% were destroyed at 600 and 300 freeze-thaw cycles, respectively. AASSC with a 10% substitution ratio and 2% steel fiber content is suitable for excellent performance, and a 60% substitution ratio can also be applied to construction for the massive utilization of silicomanganese slag.

Use of a Distributed Micro-sensor System for Monitoring the Indoor Particulate Matter Concentration in the Atmosphere of Ferroalloy Production Plants

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a concern for both occupational health and the environment, and, in the ferroalloy industry, the level of such particles in the air can be considerable. Small, low-cost sensors for measuring PM have generated interest in recent years, providing widespread monitoring of PM levels in the environment. However, such sensors have not yet been sufficiently tested under conditions relevant for the indoor environment of the metallurgical industry. This study aims to bridge this gap by benchmarking the commercial, low-cost Nova PM SDS011 particle sensor in two different ferroalloy plants. Benchmarking was performed against the Fidas 200S, which has been suitability-tested and certified according to the latest EU requirements (EN 15267, EN 16450). Twelve Nova sensors were tested over 3 months at a silicomanganese alloy (SiMn) plant, and 35 sensors were tested during 1 month at a silicon (Si) plant. The results showed that the low-cost Nova sensors exhibited all the same trends and peaks in terms of PM concentration, but measured lower dust concentrations than the Fidas 200S. The difference was larger at the silicon plant, which is in line with expectations, due to the size and mass fractions of particles in Si dust compared to SiMn dust, and to the larger measurement range of the Fidas, measuring down to 180 nm compared to the Nova which measures down to 300 nm. Despite the difference in absolute values, the Nova sensors were found to provide data for comparing dust levels over time for different processes, at different locations, and under different operational conditions.

Tekhnogen-Invest Software Program for Assessing the Effectiveness of Recycling Techogenic Formations of the Ferroalloy Production. Part 2

Under contemporary conditions of social development, it is necessary to rethink the role of waste produced due to economic activity and, in particular, industrial formations of the ferroalloy industry. In order to evaluate the expediency of involving industrial formations in the production process and substantiate the efficiency of design solutions in the field, a functional approach was proposed and its algorithm created in the Tekhnogen-Invest software. This article continues a study aimed at assessing the efficiency of processing industrial formations of the ferroalloy industry. In this part, the developed software was tested using data from the production of high-carbon ferrochrome. The relevance of the applied methodology for assessing the ecological and economic efficiency associated with processing industrial formations of ferroalloy production is confirmed, taking into account the strategic flexibility of projects. The conducted testing the developed Tekhnogen-Invest software produced positive results. The algorithm used in the software allows the cost of implementing an investment project for processing industrial formations of high-carbon ferrochrome production under current conditions of the Urals to be evaluated and the feasibility of its implementation under changing market conditions to be substantiated. The obtained results demonstrate a high potential for producing marketable products from ferroalloy industry waste, confirming the economic efficiency and feasibility of processing industrial formations.

MgO-ZrO2 Ceramic Composites for Silicomanganese Production.

The deterioration of the refractory lining represents a significant problem for the smooth operation in the ferroalloys industry, particularly in the production of silicomanganese, due to the periodic requirements of substitution of the damaged refractory. Within this context, magnesia refractories are commonly employed in the critical zones of the furnaces used in silicomanganese production since the slag involved in the process has a basic character. The behavior of MgO–ZrO2 ceramic composites with different ZrO2 nanoparticles (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt.%) contents in the presence of silicomanganese slags is proposed in this manuscript. XPS, XRD and SEM–EDX were used to evaluate the properties of the ceramic composite against the silicomanganese slag. The static corrosion test was used to evaluate the corrosion of the refractory. Results suggest that corrosion is controlled by the change in slag viscosity due to the reaction between CaZrO3 and the melted slag. Besides, ZrO2 nanoparticles located at both triple points and grain boundaries act as a barrier for the slag advance within the refractory. The utilization of MgO refractories with ZrO2 nanoparticles can extend the life of furnaces used to produce silicomanganese.

Multi‐scenario simulation on reducing CO2 emissions from China's major manufacturing industries targeting 2060

AbstractCO2 emissions from industrial processes are the main components of global greenhouse gas emissions. Based on analyzing the industrial activity level, technological progress, raw material substitution, and CO2 recycling ratio from the cement, aluminum, ammonia, steel, lime, and ferroalloy industries, this paper considers three scenarios, namely, national determined contribution (NDC), carbon mitigation scenario (CMS), and deep mitigation scenario (DMS), and systematically explores the CO2 emissions from future industrial processes as well as relevant cumulative emissions, emission sources, mitigation potentials, and mitigation sources in China. The results demonstrate that CO2 emissions of the six main industrial processes can be continuously and significantly reduced in China. In the scenarios, compared with the 2020 level (1448 million metric tons of CO2), the CO2 emissions can be reduced by 71%, 82%, and 94%, respectively, in 2060, mainly owing to the reduction of the activity level, the adjustment of the product structure and the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) under the DMS scenario. This paper provides several major policy implications to reduce the CO2 emissions through adjusting the industrial structure and current lifestyles, improving the durability of industrial products and the management and technical levels, increasing the substitution ratio of low‐carbon raw materials in industrial production, supporting innovative low‐carbon technologies, the establishment and operation of the carbon market and carbon pricing mechanism, and further promoting the current “leader” system of energy‐intensive industries.

Replacing Fossil Carbon in the Production of Ferroalloys with a Focus on Bio-Based Carbon: A Review

The production of ferroalloys and alloys like ferronickel, ferrochromium, ferromanganese, silicomanganese, ferrosilicon and silicon is commonly carried out in submerged arc furnaces. Submerged arc furnaces are also used to upgrade ilmenite by producing pig iron and a titania-rich slag. Metal containing resources are smelted in this furnace type using fossil carbon as a reducing agent, which is responsible for a large amount of direct CO2 emissions in those processes. Instead, renewable bio-based carbon could be a viable direct replacement of fossil carbon currently investigated by research institutions and companies to lower the CO2 footprint of produced alloys. A second option could be the usage of hydrogen. However, hydrogen has the disadvantages that current production facilities relying on solid reducing agents need to be adjusted. Furthermore, hydrogen reduction of ignoble metals like chromium, manganese and silicon is only possible at very low H2O/H2 partial pressure ratios. The present article is a comprehensive review of the research carried out regarding the utilization of bio-based carbon for the processing of the mentioned products. Starting with the potential impact of the ferroalloy industry on greenhouse gas emissions, followed by a general description of bio-based reducing agents and unit operations covered by this review, each following chapter presents current research carried out to produce each metal. Most studies focused on pre-reduction or solid-state reduction except the silicon industry, which instead had a strong focus on smelting up to an industrial-scale and the design of bio-based carbon for submerged arc furnace processes. Those results might be transferable to other submerged arc furnace processes as well and could help to accelerate research to produce other metals. Deviations between the amount of research and scale of tests for the same unit operation but different metal resources were identified and closer cooperation could be helpful to transfer knowledge from one area to another. Life cycle assessment to produce ferronickel and silicon already revealed the potential of bio-based reducing agents in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, but was not carried out for other metals until now.

Prospects for using boron in metallurgy. Report 2

The second part of the article presents perspective directions of using boron and its compounds in the preparation processes, metallurgical processing of ore materials and steel smelting in order to improve the quality of the final product. An efficient technology of silicothermal production of ferrosilicoboron containing 0.6 – 2.0 % B and 60 – 80 % Si has been developed. The advantage of this scheme is the possibility of obtaining a boron-containing alloy during ferrosilicon smelting. It has been experimentally shown that ferrosilicoboron has higher performance characteristics than ferroboron both in production and when used for steel processing. The results of industrial tests of the technology for microalloying pipe grades of steel with a new ferroalloy with boron confirmed a high degree of boron assimilation – up to 96 %. The possibility of widespread use of boron for steel microalloying is due to its cheapness, availability and environmental friendliness. According to the calculations, boron from complex ferrosilicoboron is the cheapest trace element used to increase the strength characteristics of steel. Additives of B2O3 can be successfully used to form high-magnesium liquid steel-making slags. It is shown that 0.37 – 0.55 % В2О3 effectively stabilizes the highly basic slags of the steel and ferroalloy industries. This operation allows obtaining a marketable lump material. The above review, results of the laboratory and industrial studies have shown the effectiveness of boron usage at different stages of metallurgical production. An increase in technical and economic indicators of production and quality of steel and ferroalloys, and effective disposal of waste slags is shown. The technical solutions advanced and tested at metallurgical enterprises do not require capital expenditures. They are implemented by adding microdosing of boron and its compounds to metallurgical production facilities.

A Review of Ferroalloy Tapping Models

Tapping is an important furnace operation in the ferroalloy industry and poses a number of complex and coupled challenges of both practical and economical importance. Owing to the hazardous high-temperature conditions surrounding the tap hole, the application of various modeling techniques allows for development and acquisition of both scientific and engineering knowledge of the process through physical or numerical proxies. In this review, earlier work on modeling of ferroalloy tapping is summarized and main principles of the tapping process and multiphase interaction of slag and metal are discussed and summarized. The main focus is on drainage of slag and alloys, but some attention will also be given to metal loss, metal overflow and health, safety and environment. Our review shows that although considerable progress has been made in computational capability over the last decades, However, it is clear that research and development in the field of ferroalloy furnace tapping remains at a relatively nascent stage. The most progress up to date has happened in the area of so called reduced-order models. Such models are robust and simple, and may be easily fitted to process data from a particular operation in order to develop tailored solutions. Such models are more easily combined with software and instruments, ultimately enabling improved automation, process control and ultimately improved tapping consistency.

Recovery of Manganese from Ferromanganese Slag by Leaching with Sulphuric Acid

Investigations on extraction of manganese from ferromanganese slag, a waste product from a local ferroalloy industry, were carried out using sawdust as a reducing agent. Leaching of manganese was done with sulphuric acid. The effects of particle size, stirring speed, contact time, acid concentration, temperature and dosage of reductant were studied. Based on the experimental results, the recovery of manganese increased with decreasing particle size. Optimum values of acid concentration, stirrer speed and contact time were obtained for realizing maximum recovery of manganese. With the addition of reductant, there is a significant increase in the yield of manganese.