Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential Research Articles

Improvement of Fatty Acid Profile in Durum Wheat Breads Supplemented with Portulaca oleracea L. Quality Traits of Purslane-Fortified Bread.

The addition of functional ingredients to breads could have effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers and inflammation. The incorporation of 0–5–10–15% of three populations of dried purslane flour on the rheological, sensorial and nutritional quality of fortified durum wheat breads were evaluated. The increase in dried purslane (up to 15%) caused an increase in the resistance to the mixture and a consequent reduction in its extensibility. The “panel test” gave a largely positive evaluation in 10% of enrichment. The fatty acids in breads resulted higher with the 5% substitution. Contrary to what has been imagined, the increase in percentage of substitution to 10 and 15% did not lead to an increase in linoleic (omega-3) and α-linolenic (omega-6) acid and probably the cause is in the cooking. The total phenols content and the antioxidant potential, evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays of the enriched breads increased with the percentage of the dry purslane substitution. The enrichment of the durum wheat flour with 5% purslane resulted in a good compromise to obtain good rheological characteristics of loaves and breads with decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio and good antioxidant properties.

2 -Deoxy – d-glucose at chronic low dose acts as a caloric restriction mimetic through a mitohormetic induction of ROS in the brain of accelerated senescence model of rat

IntroductionAging induces significant molecular alteration in brain morphology. Glycolytic inhibitor 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is considered to act as a caloric restriction mimetic (CRM) but it is correlated with elevated mortality risk in rats at persistent high dosage. Materials and methodsIn young and d-galactose induced accelerated senescent rat aging models, we tested a persistent low-dose dietary 2-DG administration and evaluated various aging biomarkers in brain tissue. ResultsA significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in 2-DG treated (both young and accelerated senescent rat model). Increased Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) value, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and activity of mitochondrial complexes I and IV was observed. There was also significant improvements in the autophagy expression of genes (Beclin-1 and Atg-3) after 2- DG treatment. ConclusionWe propose that 2-DG induces a mitohormetic effect through elevation of ROS which reinforces defensive mechanism(s) through increased FRAP, SOD, CAT and autophagy gene expression. Our observations indicate that a consistently low dose 2-DG could be a valuable CRM.

Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of oral administration of aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves during induction of hepatocellular carcinoma with diethylnitrosamine in rats

This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of oral administration of aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Costus afer leaves (CALAF) during induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. The methanolic leaf extract was fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous fractions. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the fractions were estimated by the assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential, and total antioxidant capacity. CALAF had the most antioxidant effect. Rats were orally pretreated daily with CALAF at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg or silymarin (hepatoprotective drug) at 50 mg/kg from 2 weeks prior to HCC induction and through 6 weeks of HCC induction. The HCC induction was by a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN at 200 mg/kg as an initiator, followed 2 weeks later by daily oral administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene at 30 mg/kg as promoter. At the end of HCC induction, levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), liver function and antioxidants, gamma histone 2A family member X (γH2AX), and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expressions were determined. HCC rats treated with CALAF at all doses had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced levels of AFP, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and γH2AX protein expression, whereas MGMT protein expression was elevated when compared with untreated HCC rats. Thus, CALAF could be effective in protecting against DEN-induced HCC in rats by ameliorating hepatic injury and genotoxicity.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of &lt;i&gt;Waltheria Indica&lt;/i&gt; Linn whole plant

Waltheria indica is a promising medicinal plant belonging to family Malvaceae, which many biological activities of the solvent extracts of its various parts have been scientifically evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate and analyze the minerals, crude fibre and fat contents, the phytochemical constituents as well as the antioxidants activity of the powder sample of W. indica whole plant. Fresh sample of whole W. indica plant was collected and airdried at room temperature. The mineral constituents were determined by spectrophotometry. The crude fibre, fat contents and the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical compositions were determined using standard analytical procedure. The antioxidants activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays. The mineral analysis results revealed the presence of micro and macro nutrients such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese among others which are within the acceptable health range. The values (23.8%; 0.15%) obtained for both crude fibre and fat contents were reasonable. The qualitative phytochemical screening established the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and phenol. Steroids are in abundance while Cardiac glycosides are absent. The quantity of alkaloids (1.9%), saponins (1.4%), flavonoids (3.1%) and tannins (17422μg/GAE) are in appreciable amount which may be responsible for its various activities. W. indica showed good inhibitory scavenging activity and better reducing ability compared to ascorbic acid. The results obtained from this study provide further scientific evidence to support the ethno-medicinal information on the uses of W. indica in the treatment of various health issues.

Antidiabetic activity of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Watermelon is one of the commonly eaten fruit in most homes in Nigeria and has been used in the management of diabetes mellitus traditionally. This study was carried out to explore the antidiabetic potential of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Watermelon juice was used for the determination of in vitro parameters such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) as well as phytochemicals such as total phenol, total flavonoids. In vitro, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were also accessed using standard procedures. Diabetes was induced in the rats by a single intraperitoneal (I.P) injection of freshly prepared alloxan (150mg/kg body weight). The animals were randomly grouped into five groups of normal control, untreated diabetic control, diabetic rats administered 200mg/kg body weight of metformin, diabetic rats administered 500mg/kg body weight of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice and diabetic rats administered 1000mg/kg body weight of watermelon juice. The rats were sacrificed on the 14th day of the experiment and various in vivo biochemical parameters were also evaluated in the serum and tissue homogenates of diabetic rats. The watermelon juice exhibits anti-oxidant properties and inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner. Added to this, the administration of different doses of the watermelon juice significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the fasting blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, glucose-6-phosphatase, lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, hexokinase activity as well as glucose transporters (GLUT 2 and GLUT 4) levels in diabetic rats administered different doses of Citrullus lanatus. Taken together, this study demonstrates that watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice exhibits its antidiabetic potential in experimental diabetic animal model via multiple pathways involving modulation of glucose transporters, anti-inflammatory activities as well as antioxidant defense system and inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. This suggests that the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice may have a useful clinical application in the management of diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications if developed as adjuvant therapy.

Phytochemical profile and functionality of Brassicaceae species

The most widely consumed Brassicaceae species were characterized and compared in the present study. The isothiocyanates and phenolic profiles were measured. The in vitro antioxidant and antiradical activities were determined using 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, ferric reducing antioxidant potential and β-carotene methods. The results showed that all Brassicaceae species evaluated had antioxidant properties, with watercress and green mustard being the most active antioxidant species. Every vegetable studied had a unique sulfur and phenolic profile. Twenty-five phytochemicals were found in Brassicaceae species and their antioxidant activity measured using pure compounds. The results showed that the strongest antioxidant compounds in decreasing order were myricetin, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, pterostilbene, ferulic acid, kaempferol, allyl isothiocyanate, and (-)-epicatechin. Besides, the phenolic compound trans-resveratrol was found in these species. The highest concentration of trans-resveratrol was observed in rocket leaves at up to 84 μg/g dry weight.

The Impact of Maltodextrin and Inulin on the Protection of Natural Antioxidants in Powders Made of Saskatoon Berry Fruit, Juice, and Pomace as Functional Food Ingredients.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of inulin and maltodextrin applied during vacuum drying of Saskatoon berry fruit, juice, and pomace on the retention of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging capacity (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP)) of powders obtained. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify major groups of polyphenolic compounds, such as: flavan-3-ols (35% of all polyphenols for fruit powder, 33% for juice powder, and 39% for pomace powders of all polyphenols), anthocyanins (26% for fruit powder, 5% for juice powder, and 34% for pomace), phenolic acids (33% for fruit powder, 55% for juice powder, and 20% for pomace powder), and flavanols (6% for fruit powder, 6% for juice powder, and 7% for pomace powder). In general, the content of polyphenols was more dependent on the content than on the type of carrier used for drying, regardless of the matrix tested. The average sum of polyphenols and the antioxidant activity (for ABTS and FRAP assay) of the powders with 30% of carrier addition were 5054.2 mg/100 g dry matter (d.m.) as well as 5.3 and 3.6 mmol Trolox/100 g d.m. in the ABTS and FRAP tests, respectively. The increase in carrier concentration by 20% caused a decrease of 1.5-fold in the content of polyphenols and a 1.6-fold and 1.5-fold in the antioxidant potential, regardless of the matrix tested. The principal component analysis (PCA) analysis indicated that the freeze-drying process led to the lowest degradation of the identified compounds, regardless of the matrix tested, with the exception of juice and pomace powders dried by vacuum drying at 60 °C. In this case, the release of (−)-epicatechin was observed, causing an increase in the flavanol contents. Thus, this work demonstrated the effect of processing and matrix composition on the preservation of antioxidant bioactives in Saskatoon berry powders. Properly designed high-quality Saskatoon berry powders with the mentioned carriers may be used as nutraceutical additives to fortify food products and to improve their functional properties.

Bioactive compounds from Nauclea latifolia leaf extracts

The leaf extracts of Nauclea latifolia (Smith) were investigated for its bioactive constituents to validate it reported ethnomedicinal uses (infectious and oxidative stress related diseases). Isolation of antioxidant compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction was achieved by a DPPH directed fractionation, which resulted in trans-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid) (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3-O-β-glycopyranoside (3), 3-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) (4), and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (5). The extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activities using five complementary assays: total antioxidant capacity (TAC), inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) radical activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and metal chelating ability (MCA) spectrophotometrically. The total phenolic content (TPC) was also determined. Antimicrobial activities of the samples were evaluated using agar cup plate diffusion and broth microdilution method. Compound (2) was more potent in the DPPH assay [IC50 = 0.59 ± 0.04 to 21.3 ± 1.01 µg/mL] than the ascorbic acid [8.82 ± 0.23 µg/mL] used as a standard. All the isolated compounds exhibited a higher degree of inhibition of NO radical than the standard. The IC50 ranged from 5.17 ± 2.59 to 55.2 ± 0.66 µg/mL compared with the standard, ascorbic acid [IC50 = 69.3 ± 1.78 µg/mL]. In the metal chelating ability (MCA) assay, compound (5) had better activity [IC50 = 105 ± 2.73 µg/mL] than the standard, EDTA [IC50 = 122 ± 1.17 µg/mL]. Compound (2) had the best TAC and FRAP results, 10.9 ± 2.14 mg AAE/g and 1.68 ± 0.09 mg AAE/g respectively. N. latifolia extracts exhibited less antibacterial activities than the isolated compounds. The MIC of quercetin (2) against S. aureus was 0.156 mg/mL while quercetin 3-O-β-glucopyranose exhibited wider spectrum of activities with MIC in the range of 1 mg/mL for most of the bacteria strains. Also, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid had an MIC of 1.25 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa. Compounds 4 and 5 are reported from N. latifolia for the first time.This study concluded that some of the isolated compounds had strong antioxidant and moderate antimicrobial activities.

Potential for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy toward predicting antioxidant and phenolic contents in powdered plant matrices.

Mid-infrared spectroscopy is finding an increasing number of applications; however, many of its potential uses remain unexplored. In this study, mid-infrared spectroscopy is applied to predict total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents of powdered matrices of 14 diverse plant species. In all instances, the optimum prediction models were found using standard normal variate smoothing as a pre-processing method. The results show high correlation between the FTIR predicted and chemically determined values, namely R2 values of 0.962 for total phenolics, 0.829 for cupric reducing antioxidant potential (CUPRAC) and 0.911 for ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP). The relative RMSE found for validation indicated that total phenolic content could be predicted with higher accuracy than CUPRAC or FRAP. This pilot study highlights the promise of this technology for plant breeders and a range of industries where rapid screening of many samples for antioxidant and/or phenolic content is envisaged.

Dietary total antioxidant capacity and colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomatous polyps: a case-control study.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and the third most deadly cancer worldwide. In Iran, CRC is the third and fifth most common cancer in females and males, respectively. Chronic oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of CRC and its precursor, colorectal adenomatous polyps (CAP). While there were a few studies that suggested a favorable role of individuals antioxidants on the CRC risk, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of diet has been less investigated. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the association of TAC with the odds of CRC and CAP. This is a case-control study. The participants were 130 cases with incident, histologically confirmed CRC, 134 cases with incident of CAP and 243 hospital-based controls. TAC has been assessed with dietary ferric-reducing antioxidant potential and oxygen radical absorbance capacity method based on collected dietary intake data through a reproducible and valid food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between the TAC and CRC and CAP odds were estimated by multiple logistic regression. After controlling for potential confounders, TAC was significantly associated with CRC and CAP odds. (ORQ3-Q1 for CRC = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.13-0.46, Ptrend = 0.001. ORQ3-Q1 for CAP = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27-0.85, Ptrend = 0.01). The findings of this study suggested an inverse association between TAC and CRC and CAP risk.

Profiling the varietal antioxidative contents and macrochemical composition in Australian faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

AbstractThere is growing interest in pulses such as faba bean for the development of foods with enhanced nutrition, functionality, and health benefits. In this study, seed material from 10 faba bean varieties, grown in replicated field trials in South Australia over consecutive seasons (2016 and 2017), were analysed for ferric reducing antioxidant potential, total phenolics, and total monomeric anthocyanins. Differences in the macrochemical composition of varieties was investigated using attenuated total reflectance mid‐infrared spectroscopy. The mean ferric reducing antioxidant potential of the varieties ranged from 237 to 531 mg trolox equivalents 100 g−1; the total phenolics from 258 to 571 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g−1; and the total monomeric anthocyanins from 12.7 to 21.0 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalents 100 g−1. Statistically significant variances in all three measures were found between varieties. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed mid‐infrared spectroscopy was found to provide a rapid assessment of the phytochemical composition of the samples. Partial least squares discriminant analysis was able to classify samples by growing year with reasonable accuracy (&gt;87%). There is significant variation in the antioxidant, phenolic, and anthocyanin contents between Australian faba bean varieties. Mid‐infrared spectroscopy may prove to be a valuable screening tool for breeders and researchers in the future.

ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN EXTRACTED FROM ROHU (LABEO ROHITA) FISH SKIN

Objective: Isolation, characterization and analysis of antioxidant activity of protein extracted from Labeo rohita skin.&#x0D; Methods: The present work aimed to characterize protein isolated from Indian major carp L. rohita skin. Protein isolation was carried out by the salting-out method and the protein content was estimated with bovine serum albumin. Isolated protein was subjected to Fourier-transform infrared analyzer to identify the presence of –NH3 group to be claimed as protein. It was also subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyzer and run against standard collagen (Sigma), the molecular weight of the protein was determined through mass spectroscopy (MS) to know the protein structure more precisely the protein isolate was studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antioxidative activity of the crude protein sample was studied through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay.&#x0D; Results: The protein isolated was 23% of the dry weight of fish skin. In HPLC analysis, the isolated protein gives peaks that are similar to that of standard collagen, and in MS, its molecular weight was near about 300 kDa, which is the molecular weight of collagen type 1. The SEM image shows a crystal structure of protein isolates. Results of antioxidative property show that fish skin protein isolates have good antioxidative activity also.&#x0D; Conclusion: The isolated protein was collagen and it can be used as a replacer of the renowned market available collagen.

The Link between Polyphenol Structure, Antioxidant Capacity and Shelf-Life Stability in the Presence of Fructose and Ascorbic Acid.

Polyphenols play an important role in the sensorial and health-promoting properties of fruits and vegetables and display varying structure-dependent stability during processing and shelf-life. The current work aimed to increase the fundamental understanding of the link between the stability of polyphenols as a function of their structure, presence of ascorbic acid and fructose and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), using a multi-component model system. Polyphenol extract, used as the multi-component model system, was obtained from freeze-dried, high polyphenol content strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Nerina’) and twenty-one compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The TAC and the first-order degradation kinetics were obtained, linking the polyphenol stability to its chemical structure, with and without the presence of fructose and ascorbic acid. The TAC (measured by oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays) was not dramatically affected by storage temperatures and formulation, while polyphenol stability was significantly and structure dependently affected by temperature and the presence of ascorbic acid and fructose. Anthocyanins and phenolic acids were more unstable in the presence of ascorbic acid, while flavonol stability was enhanced by its presence. Shelf life study performed at 37 °C revealed significantly higher stability of purified polyphenols vs. the stability of the same polyphenols in the strawberry extract (multi-component system).

Inclusion of phenolic compounds from different medicinal plants to increase α-amylase inhibition activity and antioxidants in yogurt

Four types of yogurt (Y) were prepared in the presence of rosemary, dill, oregano, and ginger water extracts and refrigerated at 4°C. The effect on post-acidification, α-amylase inhibition activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity was investigated during 0, 7, 14, & 21 days of storage. All herbal-yogurts showed ∼ 5 times higher α-amylase inhibition (74.45%–77.83%) than control (16%) on day 14 of storage. TPC of yogurt was increased significantly in the presence of rosemary and oregano after 14 days of storage. The presence of rosemary, dill, oregano, and ginger increased (p < 0.05) the radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) ability in yogurt during storage. There were no significant differences in the overall preference score for rosemary and ginger yogurts as compared to control. In conclusion, rosemary, dill, oregano, and ginger yogurts could be an effective treatment for postprandial hyperglycemia with antioxidant activity.

Chemical constituents, antioxidant, antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of a new endemic Boraginaceae species: Paracaryum bingoelianum

In this study, the chemical profile, antioxidative, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of essential oil of Paracaryum bingoelianum Behçet &İlçim (Boraginaceae) were investigated in vitro. The chemical composition of P. bingoelianum essential oil (EO) was determined by HS-SPME/GC–MS method. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) methods were performed for revealing the antioxidant capacity of EO. The cytotoxic effect of EO was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay on MCF-7 breast cancer and HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Apoptosis inducing effect of EO was evaluated by cell death detection Elisa (CDDE) assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining method. Totally thirty-four compounds, representing 93.38% of the essential oil were identified. The DPPH scavenging activity of EO at 205 μg/mL concentration, was found as close to vit. C. Besides, it was observed that EO had significant reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The EO inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, and induced apoptosis. When compared with untreated cells, the viability of MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, which treated with 800 μg/mL EO, decreased to 48.9% and 36.2%, respectively. In treated MCF-7 and HT-29 cells with EO at IC50 doses, the apoptosis was significantly induced, compared to untreated cells (p<0.0001). All these results suggest that P. bingoelianum contains important bioactive compounds, and might have antioxidant and antitumor activity.

Pre-transit vitamin C injection improves post-transit performance of beef steers

Although cattle can synthesize vitamin C (VC) endogenously, stress may increase VC requirements above the biosynthetic threshold and warrant supplementation. This study investigated the effects of a VC injection delivered before or after a long-distance transit event on blood parameters and feedlot performance of beef steers. Fifty-two days prior to trial initiation, 90 newly weaned, Angus-based steers from a single source were transported to Ames, IA, USA. On day 0, 72 steers (356 ± 17 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to intramuscular injection treatments (24 steers/treatment): saline injection pre- and post-transit (CON), VC (Vet One, Boise, ID, USA; 5 g sodium ascorbate/steer) injection pre-transit and saline injection post-transit (PRE) or saline injection pre-transit and VC injection post-transit (POST). Following pre-transit treatment injections, steers were transported on a commercial livestock trailer for approximately 18 h (1675 km). Post-transit (day 1), steers were sorted into pens with one GrowSafe bunk/pen (4 pens/treatment; 6 steers/pen). Steers were weighed on day 0, 1, 7, 30, 31, 56 and 57. Blood was collected from 3 steers/pen on day 0, 1, 2 and 7; liver biopsies were performed on the same 3 steers/pen on day 2. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (experimental unit = steer; fixed effects = treatment and block) and blood parameters were analyzed as repeated measures. A pre-transit VC injection improved steer average daily gain from day 7 to 31 (P= 0.05) and overall (day 1 to 57; P= 0.02), resulting in greater BW for PRE-steers on day 30/31 (P= 0.03) and a tendency for greater final BW (day 56/57; P= 0.07). Steers that received VC pre- or post-transit had greater DM intake from day 31 to 57 (P= 0.01) and overall (P= 0.02) v. CON-steers. Plasma ascorbate concentrations were greatest for PRE-steers on day 1 and POST-steers on day 2 (treatment × day; P< 0.01). No interaction or treatment effects were observed for other blood parameters (P≥ 0.21). Plasma ferric-reducing antioxidant potential and malondialdehyde concentrations decreased post-transit (day; P< 0.01), while serum non-esterified fatty acids and haptoglobin concentrations increased post-transit (day; P< 0.01). In general, blood parameters returned to pre-transit values by day 7. Pre-transit administration of injectable VC to beef steers mitigated the decline in plasma ascorbate concentrations and resulted in superior feedlot performance compared to post-transit administration.

Value addition of khus (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) root extracts by elicitor and heat treatment

Phenolic acids are known to possess many health beneficial effects. Presence of phenolic acids in root extracts of khus (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) established the need to enhance these compounds in khus roots which are used in khus sharbat preparation. Among all the treatments, dual strategy of elicitor (roots treated with chitosan at 200 mg/l for 18 h) followed by heat treatment (100 °C for 20 min) showed 5.3, 27.5, 14 and 31.3 folds increase in p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, respectively. This treatment also showed the highest antioxidant activities measured in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging (IC50 66.71 ± 2.02 mg fresh weight/ml), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) value (4670 ± 4.09 μM of Fe2+ equivalent/g fresh weight) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) value (28.11 ± 0.23 mM/g fresh weight ascorbic acid equivalent) as well as highest total phenolic content (TPC) (10.07 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight. Relative acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity was also found to be highest after chitosan elicitor treatment. Principal component analyses of khus root extracts after elicitor and heat treatment confirmed the major role of vanillin and ferulic acid in the enhancement of antioxidant capacities and AChE inhibitory capacities of khus root extracts. Thus, contributing in the value-addition of khus extracts used in sharbat preparation.

In- vitro antioxidant and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Marantochloa Leucantha (Marantaceae) Extracts and Fractions

This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Marantochloa leucantha (Marantaceae). The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts and solvent fractions was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay models and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by the rat paw edema model. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of tannins, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, reducing sugar and phenolics. The antioxidant assay showed that all the extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity comparable with ascorbic and gallic acid controls. In DPPH model, a 250 μg/ml EtOAc fraction of the leaves showed antioxidant activity of 93.9 ± 1.7 % (EC50 0.82 μg/ml) and a 1000 μg/ml of same stem fraction produced 91.9 ± 0.3 % activity (EC50 1.38 μg/ml). In the FRAP model, EtOAc fraction exhibited 31.1±0.7 and 92.0 ± 2.2 μM Fe2+/g of dried leaves and stem, respectively at 1000 μg/ml FeSO4 equivalent. The anti-inflammatory potential of the plant showed that the crude stem extract and fractions at 200 - 600 mg/kg exhibited significant (p &lt; 0.01) dose-related inhibition of paw edema in rats. A 200 mg/kg EtOAc fraction showed 18.8 % inhibition compared to 31 % observed in diclofenac-treated rats in 2 h post albumin challenge. These findings validated the folkloric use of this plant in the treatment of diseases associated to the oxidative stress and could further provide promising lead compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 233-240, 2019 (December)

Antioxidant status following postprandial challenge of two different doses of tocopherols and tocotrienols

ObjectiveTocotrienols (T3s) have been hypothesized to have greater antioxidant capacity than tocopherols (Ts) due to differences in biokinetics that affect their absorption and function. The present trial compares the antioxidant effectiveness following postprandial challenge of two different doses of α-T or palm T3-rich fraction (TRF) treatments and evaluates their dose-response effects on antioxidant status. MethodsTen healthy volunteers were given four different doses of vitamin E formulations (268 mg α-T, 537 mg α-T, 263 mg TRF or 526 mg TRF) in a cross-over postprandial trial. Blood was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 hours after meal consumption and plasma antioxidant status including total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant potential and trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity, was analyzed. ResultsSupplementation with the different doses of either α-T or TRF did not significantly improve overall antioxidant status. There was no significant difference in overall antioxidant status among treatments at the different doses compared. However, a significant dose-response effect was observed for plasma MDA throughout the 8-hour postprandial period. MDA was significantly lower after the 537 mg α-T treatment, compared to the 268 mg α-T treatment; it was also lower after the 526 mg TRF treatment compared to the 263 mg TRF treatment (P < 0.05). ConclusionT3 and α-T demonstrated similar antioxidant capacity, despite markedly lower levels of T3 in blood and lipoproteins, compared to α-T.

5α,6α-Epoxyphytosterols and 5α,6α-Epoxycholesterol Increase Oxidative Stress in Rats on Low-Cholesterol Diet.

Objective Cholesterol oxidation products have an established proatherogenic and cytotoxic effect. An increased exposure to these substances may be associated with the development of atherosclerosis and cancers. Relatively little, though, is known about the effect of phytosterol oxidation products, although phytosterols are present in commonly available and industrial food products. Thus, the aim of the research was to assess the effect of 5α,6α-epoxyphytosterols, which are important phytosterol oxidation products, on redox state in rats. Material and Methods The animals were divided into 3 groups and exposed to nutritional sterols by receiving feed containing 5α,6α-epoxyphytosterols (ES group) and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol (Ech group) or sterol-free feed (C group). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CD), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) were assayed in the plasma; anti-7-ketocholesterol antibodies and activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) were determined in serum, whereas the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), S-glutathione transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were assayed in RBCs. Results During the experiment, the levels of lipid peroxidation products increased, such as CD and anti-7-ketocholesterol antibodies. At the same time, the plasma levels of FRAP and serum activity of PON1 decreased alongside the reduced activity of GPx, GR, and SOD in RBCs. There was no effect of the studied compounds on the plasma MDA levels or on the activity of CAT and GST in RBCs. Conclusions Both 5α,6α-epoxyphytosterols and 5α,6α-epoxycholesterols similarly dysregulate the redox state in experimental animal model and may significantly impact atherogenesis.