Fermented Feed Research Articles

Influence of fermented feed additive on gut morphology, immune status, and microbiota in broilers

BackgroundThis study examined the effects of a solid-state fermented feed additive (FFA) on the small intestine histology/morphology, immunity and microbiota of broilers. Two hundred eighty-eight day-old Arbor Acre chicks, were randomly assigned to one of four groups (each group has 6 replicates, with each replicate containing 12 chickens). The negative control (NC; basal diet), the positive control (PC; basal diet +antibiotic 15 ppm), the fermented feed additive low dose (FFL; basal diet + 0.3 kg/t FFA), and the fermented feed additive high dose (FFH; 3 kg/t FFA) with Lactobacillus casei (L.casei).ResultsThe study found that the FFH and FFL groups gained more weight (1-21d) and the FFL and PC diets had better feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) than the NC from 0-42d. The FFH group had higher villus height (P < 0.05) in the duodenum than the PC and villus height to crypt depth ratio VH/CD compared to PC and FFL groups. The FFL chickens had greater (P < 0.05) jejunal and ileal villus height than PC and NC groups respectively. The FFL group had a higher ileal VH/CD ratio (P < 0.05). Jejunum VH/CD was higher in FFL and FFH (P < 0.05) than PC (P < 0.05). FFH had a smaller thymus than NC (P < 0.05). FFA diets also increased IL-10 expression (P < 0.05). While IL-1 and TLR4 mRNA expression decreased (P < 0.05) compared to NC. The microbiota analysis showed that the microorganisms that have pathogenic properties such as phylum Delsulfobacterota and class Desulfovibriona and Negativicutes was also significantly reduced in the group treated with FFH and PC while microorganisms having beneficial properties like Lactobacillaceae family, Lactobacillus aviarus genus and Lactobacillus spp were also tended to increase in the FFH and FFL fermented feed groups compared to the PC and NC groups.ConclusionThese findings suggested that the FFA diet may modulate cecal microbiota by reducing pathogenic microorganisms such as phylum Delsulfobacterota and class Desulfovibriona and Negativicutes improve beneficial microorganisms like Lactobacillaceae family, Lactobacillus aviarus genus and Lactobacillus spp. While FFA diet also affect immunity, and gene expression related to immunity.

(Socialization Of Fermentation Feed For Meat Duck Farmers At The Village Of Tanjong Deyah)

ABSTRACT. The lack of enthusiasm of breeders in broiler duck farming is due to the large cost of feed with more quantity compared to chicken. Therefore, it is necessary to socialize the use of feed fermentation technology to utilize local feed raw materials that are around to reduce these costs. Community service activities held with the USK Charity House aim to introduce a way of fermenting duck feed to minimize weaknesses in traditional feeding. The participants were attended by lecturers from the livestock department of Syiah Kuala University, lecturers from the Serambi Mecca University, charity house volunteers, students, and duck farmers in Tanjong Deyah village who received benefits from the 1000 ducks program. The activity was carried out using lecture methods, question and answer, and the practice of making fermented feed. Materials are obtained from shops that sell poultry needs. The output of this activity is that duck farmers are able to ferment feed on local feed ingredients to improve feed quality and time efficiency in providing duck rations. The conclusion is that duck farmers are enthusiastic about participating in a series of events, because there are many benefits received in the socialization of fermented feed.

Impact of distinct levels swimming crab shell powder (Portunus pelagicus) supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation properties processed with phosphoric acid as a chitosan source

The major goal of this study was to see how adding swimming crab shell to dietary feed affected in vitro gas production and fermentation of feed in ruminal fluid Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications was arranged on this research. The treatments are RJ0 as control negative (0% of SCS supplementation of DM), RJ1(10% SCS), RJ2 (20% SCS supplementation), RJ3 (30% SCS supplementation), and RJ4 as possitive control (1% commercial chitosan supplementation). The highest gas production given by RJ0 treatment than other treatment. Total gas production 1-48 hours, rate of gas production (c), microbial cell protein, IVDMD, IVOMD of supplementation of SCS was significantly affected by treatments (P<0.05). Gas production from total fraction (a+b), soluble fraction (a) and insoluble fraction (b), NH3 production, and ammount of protozoa indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) among treatments. In this study basal diets supplemented with 30% SCS treatment had the best result as chitosan source on rumen fermentation properties in vitro.

UJI PERFORMA AYAM KAMPUNG UNGGUL BALITNAK MENGGUNAKAN FORMULA PAKAN LUMPUR SAWIT TERFERMENTASI

The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of Kampung Unggul Balitnak (KUB) chicken fed palm mud fermented feed. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in this study, with five treatments (5) and four replications (4). Each replication was placed 6 chickens aged 7 days. The results showed that the use of fermented palm sludge had no significant effect on feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion value of KUB chickens. The use of fermented palm oil sludge in feed gives a good value to the performance of Kampung Unggul Balitnak (KUB) chickens.

Effect of different unsaturated fatty acids sources on in-vitro fermentability and digestibility of ration in dairy cattle

Supplementation of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) such as canola, soybean, and palm oils improved the quality of milk fatty acids. However, the unprotected unsaturated oil might impair rumen fermentation, feed, and fiber digestibility. A study was conducted to determine the best type of oil supplementation (factor A) including canola (A1), soybean (A2), or palm (A3) and level oil supplementation (factor B) including B0 = 0%, B1 = 1%, B2 = 2% or B3 = 3%) on the in-vitro feed fermentation and digestibility. The study used a 3 x 4 factorial block design. Two-stages were used to measure the pH, ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoal number, dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) digestibility. The results showed that oil type did not significantly influence the fermentability (pH, NH3, VFAs, and protozoa) and feed's digestibility (DMD, OMD, NDFD, and ADFD) but oil level influence the fermentability and digestibility significantly. In addition, an increase above 1% in oil levels reduced protein fermentability, protozoal number, DMD, and OMD, but increased VFA. It is concluded that the addition of unprotected canola, soybean, or palm oil in dairy cattle ration could be applied in a concentration not more than 1%.

P155. Using probiotics and enzymes to improve liquid fermented feed for piglets

P155. Using probiotics and enzymes to improve liquid fermented feed for piglets

Conversion of mammalian cell culture media waste to microbial fermentation feed efficiently supports production of recombinant protein by Escherichia coli.

Deriving new value from waste streams through secondary processes is a central aim of the circular bioeconomy. In this study we investigate whether chemically defined spent media (CDSM) waste from cell culture bioprocess can be recycled and used as a feed in secondary microbial fermentation to produce new recombinant protein products. Our results show that CDSM supplemented with 2% glycerol supported a specific growth rate of E. coli cultures equivalent to that achieved using a nutritionally rich microbiological media (LB). The titre of recombinant protein produced following induction in a 4-hour expression screen was approximately equivalent in the CDSM fed cultures to that of baseline, and this was maintained in a 16-hr preparative fermentation. To understand the protein production achieved in CDSM fed culture we performed a quantitative analysis of proteome changes in the E. coli using mass spectrometry. This analysis revealed significant upregulation of protein synthesis machinery enzymes and significant downregulation of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes. We conclude that spent cell culture media, which represents 100s of millions of litres of waste generated by the bioprocessing industry annually, may be valorized as a feed resource for the production of recombinant proteins in secondary microbial fermentations. Data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD026884.

Effect of fermented corn by-products on production performance, blood biochemistry, and egg quality indices of laying hens.

Residual wastes can be fermented by using probiotics to formulate a well-balanced diet for poultry. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented feed (FF) formulated by the supplementation of probiotics into corn by-products, on the production performance of laying hens. A total of 468 49-wk-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were randomly allocated into four treatments with 3 replicates, control group (basal diet), group I (4% FF, w/w), group II (8% FF, w/w), and antibiotic group (flavomycin, 50 mg/kg). Laying hens were housed in 3-tier cages (28 × 48 cm × 48 cm) and the temperature was maintained at 21 °C. The birds were fed 4.56 kg of feed to each group twice a day. Compared with the control group, the egg production and feed intake in the FF groups increased significantly. Egg weight in group I was higher than that of group II and antibiotic (P < 0.01) while that in group II was lower than control (P < 0.05). The feed-to-egg ratio of FF groups compared with control was decreased (P < 0.05). Eggshell strength and egg shape index in group II were decreased significantly when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Yolk color, albumen height (AH), and Haugh unit (HU) in FF groups were improved compared with the control group and antibiotic group (P < 0.01). Yolk triglyceride level was significantly reduced in group II, compared with group I. These results indicated that the FF has no adverse effects and has beneficial effects on production performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens.

Effects of Fermented Feed on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microbiota of Piglets Weaned at Different Age.

The beneficial function of fermented feed in livestock industry has been widely investigated. However, little is known about the effects of fermented feed on different weaned-day piglets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented diet on the growth performance, intestinal function, and microbiota of piglets weaned at the age of 21 and 28 days. The results found that weaning on day 21 significantly increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (calculated based on wet weight and dry matter), while reduced (p < 0.05) feed to gain ratio (F:G), the activities of trypsin and lipase of jejunum and the villus height of ileum, compared with 28-days weaning. The protein levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1 of ileum in the groups weaning on day 21 were less (p < 0.05) than the groups weaning on day 28. Moreover, dietary supplementation with fermented diet upregulated (p < 0.05) the Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1 proteins of ileum, compared with the groups treated with control diet both weaning on day 21 and 28. In addition, dietary supplementation with fermented diet decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Clostridia (class) and increased (p < 0.05) the Bacteroidia (class) level of cecal microbiota, compared with the groups treated with control diet both weaning on day 21 and 28. However, supplementation with fermented diet did not affect the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the cecum (p > 0.05). Therefore, our data suggest that the feed digestibility is improved in piglets weaned at 21 days, but intestinal barrier function is weaker than in piglets weaned at 28 days. However, compared with feeding control diet, supplementation with fermented diet both improved the feed conversion and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets by modulating intestinal microbiota.

Efficacy of biosynthesizing folate, riboflavin and typical probiotic traits reveal the potential use of \(\textit{Lactobacillus plantarum}\) LCN13 as a feed additive for swine farming

Lactic acid bacteria have been advocated as probiotics to replace antibiotic growth promoters, improve growth performance, and reduce cost production in swine farming. The aim of this study is to identify and evaluate the probiotic traits of strain LCN13 isolated from traditionally fermented feed for swine. Thirty-five bacterial isolates with different morphological characteristics were isolated, among which 9 isolates showed the ability to produce lactic acid and antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Among them, isolate LCN13 exhibited a strong capacity to produce lactic acid (18.5 ± 0.31 g/L), inhibited gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (18.3 ± 1.52 mm), Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 (24.7 ± 2.14 mm), and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 (31.6 ± 2.93 mm), and produced 182 ng/mL folate and 233 ng/mL riboflavin as measured by LC-MS/MS after 24 hours of incubation. Based on morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene analysis, the isolate LCN13 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum. Phenotypic analysis revealed that L. plantarum LCN13 showed remarkable resistance to 1.2% ox-bile salt, 2.0 mM H2O2, and pH 3.0. In addition, the ability to produce high levels of folate (253.6 ± 10.7 ng/mL) and riboflavin (312.0 ± 12.2 ng/mL) after 48 hours was exploited for the first time in the L. plantarum. Taken together, L. plantarum LCN13 might serve as a potential probiotic candidate for animal farming.

Nutritional quality of fermented feed for local chicken containing banana tree waste in Sidolego Village, Tabir Lintas District, Merangin Regency

&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aims to determine the nutritional quality of fermented feed containing banana plant waste that will be given to native chickens in Sidolego Village to accelerate the achievement of Sidolego Village as a chicken center village.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The ingredients used to make fermented feed were banana tree waste, black garlic, curcuma, maize, rice bran, fish meal, and coconut meal. All ingredients were ground into flour, mixed thoroughly, and fermented using a solution of Effective Microorganisms 4 (6ml EM4: 6gram sugar: 1-liter water). The study was designed into a completely randomized design with 4 treatments; length of fermentation (1, 2, 3, and 4 days) and 5 replications. The parameters were the nutrient content (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat) and metabolizable energy. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results showed that the fermentation time significantly affected (P&amp;lt;0.05) the nutrient content and energy of fermented feed. Fermentation for 3 days significantly decreased dry matter, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, and metabolizable energy. The fermentation period did not significantly affect organic matter and crude fat content, but it significantly increased crude protein content. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;It was concluded that feed containing banana tree waste fermented using EM4 for 3 days had sufficient nutrients especially crude protein content (20%) and might be offered to the growing local chickens in Sidolego Village and meet their nutrient requirement. It is recommended that the results of this study be followed up on feeding to local chickens kept in Sidolego Village to know its effect on local chicken performance.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Variations in Microbial Community on the Nutrient Content of Fermented Fish Feed Pellets with Tofu Waste

Tofu industrial waste has the potential to become an environmental pollutant when not treated optimally, so it needs proper treatment to minimize pollution. Fish farmers are expected to be able to innovate in terms of fish cultivation, so that harvest yields can be optimal to meet food needs. Furthermore, fermentation technology by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oligosporus are potential fungi that can increase the nutritional value of waste. This research aimed to produce an appropriate technology to produce fish feed pellets from fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhyzopus oligosporus based on waste. This research method was designed in the form of research using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (P0 without microbes); (P1 given Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2 gr) and Rhyzopus oligosporus (2 gr); (P2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 gr) and Rhyzopus oligosporus (3 gr); (P3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3 gr) and Rhyzopus oligosporus (1 gr) with 3 replication. The research results showed that: there was an effect of variation in microbial community on the nutrient content of the Fermented Fish Feed Pellets with Tofu Waste. Treatment P1 gave the highest protein and β -glucan content. Production of fermented fish feed pellets waste-based feed for catfish is the implementation of waste product, which can be further developed to meet the quality of the feed produced.

Potential Antiviral Activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007 against Influenza Virus H1N1.

The development of antiviral resistance has exacerbated a growing threat to public health. As a result, there is increasing demand for unconventional antivirals that can effectively replace the presently in-use drugs. Lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) are among the most common bacteria used in the food industry. These bacteria play an essential role in the fermentation of many foods and feed. Additionally, these bacteria are considered more economical, efficient, and safe “nutraceuticals” in the health care arsenal. Therefore, we carried out the screening and molecular characterization of raw camel milk LAB isolates and tested their inhibitory activity against influenza virus H1N1. The strain that exhibited the highest antiviral activity against the H1N1 virus, confirmed by hemagglutination assay, was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KAU007. The study also confirmed the non-cytotoxic behavior of CFCS isolated from KAU007 against MDCK cells, approving its safety concern against the mammalian cells. Besides, CFCS at 5 and 10 mg/mL significantly decreased the level of IFN-γ (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.005) in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. This is a preliminary report about the anti-influenza activity of KAU007 isolated from camel milk. This study reinforces that camel milk contains beneficial LAB isolates with antagonistic properties against the H1N1 influenza virus.

Hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera Fermented Feed Can Play a Role Through Flavonoid Extracts to Increase Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Synthesis in Dairy Goats.

In order to explore the effect of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera fermented feed on milk production and milk quality of dairy goats, and to compare with alfalfa hay, three dairy goat diets were designed based on the principle of equal energy and equal protein. The goats in the control group were fed a basic TMR diet (CG group), and the other two groups were supplemented with 10% alfalfa hay (AH group) and 10% hybrid B. papyrifera fermented feed (BP group). The results showed that the dry matter intake and milk production of BP group increased significantly. The total amount of amino acids and the content of each amino acid in the milk of AH group and BP group were lower than those of CG group. The content of saturated fatty acids in the milk of BP group decreased while the content of unsaturated fatty acids increased. The contents of prolactin, estrogen and progesterone in BP goat serum were generally higher than those of AH goat and CG goat. Subsequently, this study separated and cultured mammary epithelial cells from breast tissue, and added flavone extracted from the leaves of hybrid B. papyrifera and alfalfa to their culture medium for comparison, which is one of their important bioactive components. The results showed that low-dose alfalfa flavone (AH) and hybrid B. papyrifera flavone (BP) can increase cell viability. They also can increase the accumulation of intracellular triglyceride and the formation of lipid droplets. Both AH flavone and BP flavone significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to milk fat synthesis, including genes related to fatty acid de novo synthesis (ACACA, FASN, and SCD1), long-chain fatty acid activation and transport related genes (ACSL1), and genes related to transcription regulation (SREBP1). The three genes related to triglyceride synthesis (DGAT1, DGAT2, and GPAM) were all significantly increased by BP flavone. Both AH flavone and BP flavone significantly increased the protein expression of progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor in mammary epithelial cells but had no effect on prolactin receptor.

Metagenomics reveals differences in microbial composition and metabolic functions in the rumen of dairy cows with different residual feed intake

BackgroundRumen microbial composition and functions have vital roles in feed digestion and fermentation and are linked to feed efficiency in cattle. This study selected Holstein cows, which are high in both milk protein content and milk yield, to analyse the relationship between the rumen microbiota and residual feed intake (RFI). Eighteen multiparous lactating cows were divided into low RFI (LRFI, high efficiency, n = 9) and high RFI (HRFI, low efficiency, n = 9) groups to investigate the differences in microbial composition and functions.ResultsThe relative abundances of butyrate producers, including the Clostridium, Butyrivibrio, Eubacterium and Blautia genera, were higher in HRFI cows than in LRFI cows (P < 0.05). Four carbohydrate metabolic pathways (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, fructose and mannose metabolism, and butanoate metabolism) and one energy metabolism pathway (methane metabolism), were more abundant in HRFI animals (P < 0.05). Quorum sensing and DNA replication pathways were more abundant in HRFI cows. For CAZyme profiles, 14 out of 19 genes encoding carbohydrates-deconstructing enzymes were more abundant in HRFI cows (P < 0.05). Seven Lachnospiraceae species associated with carbohydrate metabolism and quorum sensing may contribute to the difference in feed efficiency. Moreover, the LRFI cows had lower abundances of Methanosphaera (P < 0.01), Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (P = 0.09) and methanogenesis functions (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe rumen microbiota of low-efficiency cows has stronger abilities to degrade carbohydrates and produce methane, and quorum sensing pathways could also be associated with differences in feed efficiency. This study provides a deeper understanding of the microbial ecology of dairy cows with different feed efficiencies and highlights the possibility of modulating the rumen microbiome or microbial functions to improve the feed efficiency of dairy cows.

Testing of Bacterial and Fungal Isolates from Rumen Fluid Used in Inoculants in the Fermentation of Feed from Agro-Industrial Waste

Testing of Bacterial and Fungal Isolates from Rumen Fluid Used in Inoculants in the Fermentation of Feed from Agro-Industrial Waste

Biochemical Characterization of Solid-State Fermented Cassava Stem (Manihot esculenta Crantz-MEC) and Its Application in Poultry Feed Formulation.

The utilization of solid-state fermentation (SSF) of cassava stem, "Manihot esculenta Crantz-MEC", is central in this study for its biochemical characterization and formulation of a new poultry feed using a starter culture of Rhizopus oligosporus strain at specified experimental conditions (26 ± 1°C, 72h and pH 6). The coupling of R. oligosporus strain to SSF of cassava stem caused significant increase (p < 0.05) in glucose, total reducing sugar (TRS) and total soluble protein (TSP) concentrations at variable but marked effect at 10% inoculum size of the fermented cassava stem, as compared with the unfermented type. Further evaluations of DPPH-radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC), as indices of correlation to antioxidant activity in both fermented and unfermented cassava stems showed marked significant difference with prominence at 10% inoculum size (p < 0.05). Results of high α-amylase activities were observed in fermented cassava stem when compared with the unfermented type (p < 0.05) at increasing inoculum sizes (5-15%) but with marked dominance at 10%. Broiler chicks fed with formulated feed showed marked increase in weight gain at 10% inoculum size of the fermented cassava stem relative to a typical poultry feed. Also, examination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) showed no marked difference in their activities for fermented feed at increasing inoculum sizes when compared with typical poultry feed, respectively (p > 0.05). The study hereby suggests the use of fermented cassava stem as an alternative raw material during formulation of livestock feeds.

Keberdayaan Peternak Kambing melalui Aplikasi Teknologi Pakan Fermentasi Berbasis Limbah Pertanian

Animal feed is only obtained from daily grazing without taking into account the needs of livestock. The problems that are often faced by farmers in dairy goat cultivation are the quality of the feed provided is still relatively low and commercial feed is expensive. This is due to fluctuations in the quality and quality of existing feed raw materials, especially from forages and legumes. Alternative feed from agricultural waste is not utilized because the knowledge of farmers regarding feed processing and improving feed nutrition is limited. The limitations of tools such as chopper machines used in chopping. Traditional maintenance and production costs that are not properly monitored, steps need to be taken to improve maintenance management and feed management to improve the welfare of farmers. Based on the results of the proposal team's analysis of the problems experienced by partners, in this year's service activities, the proposer team formulates solutions to overcome partner problems. The solution offered for partner problems is through the Triple Better Program theory by Patrick Boyle; informational through counseling partners about the potential of agricultural waste as fermented feed to increase the quality and quantity of livestock production, institutional through Training Activities for Partners on how to treat waste agriculture into fermented feed according to livestock needs, and training and counseling on group organization and good business management and developmental, namely monitoring the level of partner empowerment from an economic perspective.

Immune Response and Fatty Acid Profile of Eggs from Laying Hens Fed Fermented Feed Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Western diets are dominated by the consumption of chemically modified foods, characterized by a deficiency of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lack of n-3 PUFAs is also present in livestock feed, which negatively affects livestock health, including immune response, and results in a low content of n-3 PUFAs in animal products. The goal of this experiment was to study the effect of the addition of feed containing PUFAs produced by the fungus Mortierella alpina on immune parameters (IgA, MUC-2, IGF-2, phagocytoses and selected lymphocyte subsets) and the composition of the intestinal microbiota of hens and egg fatty acids profile. Hens were divided into groups (control, F10—supplemented with 10% of fermented feed, F15—supplemented with 15% of fermented feed). The relative expression of all genes was markedly upregulated, mainly in the F15 group. Likewise, in F15, a significant increase in both phagocytes engulfing capacity and the level of oxidative burst was observed. Neither CD T cell subpopulations nor the CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly affected. A significant increase in small intestinal enterobacteria was observed in the F15. The fatty acid profile of eggs in both experimental groups showed an increased proportion of n-3 PUFAs and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio. The results of this work show that the addition of 15% omega-3 acids enriched fermented feed positively affected the immune response of laying hens and improved the fatty acid composition of eggs.

Isolation and characterization of sulphate reducing bacteria from goat rumen and its inclusion to improve in vitro feed fermentation

In the present study sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were isolated from the rumen of goats fed a diet of wheat straw and concentrate in 50:50 ratio using specific medium followed by phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization. Based on the biochemical characteristics, four best SRB isolates were evaluated for their efficacy to reduce in vitro CH4 production and stimulate fibre digestion. It was found that true dry matter digestibility (IVTD) and production of metabolites were higher but methane emission was low by inclusion of live culture of SRB4 isolate as compared to control. Sequencing of 16S rDNA revealed 99% homology of SRB4 with Streptococcus caviae strain NR156902. The isolate also exhibited expression of dissimilatory sulphite reductase gene (dsR) gene substantiating sulphate reducing ability of the isolate. The results indicate the ability of SRB4 to reduce in vitro CH4 emissions and improve fibre digestibility, hence can be explored as an effective candidate for microbial feed additive to modify rumen fermentation, so that enteric methane production can be controlled.