Abstract
In order to explore the effect of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera fermented feed on milk production and milk quality of dairy goats, and to compare with alfalfa hay, three dairy goat diets were designed based on the principle of equal energy and equal protein. The goats in the control group were fed a basic TMR diet (CG group), and the other two groups were supplemented with 10% alfalfa hay (AH group) and 10% hybrid B. papyrifera fermented feed (BP group). The results showed that the dry matter intake and milk production of BP group increased significantly. The total amount of amino acids and the content of each amino acid in the milk of AH group and BP group were lower than those of CG group. The content of saturated fatty acids in the milk of BP group decreased while the content of unsaturated fatty acids increased. The contents of prolactin, estrogen and progesterone in BP goat serum were generally higher than those of AH goat and CG goat. Subsequently, this study separated and cultured mammary epithelial cells from breast tissue, and added flavone extracted from the leaves of hybrid B. papyrifera and alfalfa to their culture medium for comparison, which is one of their important bioactive components. The results showed that low-dose alfalfa flavone (AH) and hybrid B. papyrifera flavone (BP) can increase cell viability. They also can increase the accumulation of intracellular triglyceride and the formation of lipid droplets. Both AH flavone and BP flavone significantly up-regulated the expression of genes related to milk fat synthesis, including genes related to fatty acid de novo synthesis (ACACA, FASN, and SCD1), long-chain fatty acid activation and transport related genes (ACSL1), and genes related to transcription regulation (SREBP1). The three genes related to triglyceride synthesis (DGAT1, DGAT2, and GPAM) were all significantly increased by BP flavone. Both AH flavone and BP flavone significantly increased the protein expression of progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor in mammary epithelial cells but had no effect on prolactin receptor.
Highlights
Goat milk is more similar to human milk, the curd is softer, and the proportion of small milk fat globules is higher [1]
Hybrid B. papyrifera is a plant rich in biological activities, such as phenolic aldehydes and flavonoids, which are beneficial to animal health after being made into feed [30]
Previous studies have shown that the effectiveness and the palatability of feeding mulberry leaves after silage fermentation treatment has been greatly improved [31]
Summary
Goat milk is more similar to human milk, the curd is softer, and the proportion of small milk fat globules is higher [1]. Short-chain (C16) are absorbed from plasma through fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), acyl-CoA synthetase longchain family member 1 (ACSL1) and solute carrier family 27 member 6 (SLC27A6) [11, 12] These fatty acids in the mammary gland can be desaturated by SCD, and can be secreted into goat milk in the form of fat globules by diacylglycerol Oacyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAM) [13]. SREBP1 promotes the expression of fatty acid biosynthesisrelated genes such as ACACA and FASN [14], and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a role in regulating milk fat synthesis [15]
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