Fenugreek Leaf Research Articles

Thermal stability and degradation kinetics of the phenolics of Trigonella-foenum graecum L. leaf extracts

In this study, thermal stability and degradation kinetics of the phenolics of the aqueous fenugreek leaf extracts were determined. Thermal degradations of total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and total saponins of the fenugreek leaf extracts were examined at different pH values (3.0, 6.0 and 9.0) and different temperatures (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100°C) for time. Moreover, degradation kinetics of the total phenolics were explained by first-order reaction kinetics. Half-life values, free energy and activation energy of the extracts for total phenolic compounds were calculated. According to the results, the extracts showed better thermal stability at pH 3.0 than the other pH values at the selected temperatures concerning total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and total saponins. The degradation of the total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity followed similar trends. The phenolic extract of the fenugreek leaves had high thermal stability. The extract had antioxidant activity despite applying eight hours of thermal treatment at 100°C. Kinetic constants (k) were 0.151-0.435 h-1, 0.181-0.491 h-1 and 0.197-0.634 h-1 at pH 3.0, pH 6.0 and pH 9.0, respectively. Activation and free energy values for the degradation of fenugreek phenolics were calculated in the range of 26.02-29.97 kJ/mol and 109.31-120.07 kJ/mol, respectively. The half-life values of total phenolics treated at 60-100°C were 1.59-4.59 h, 1.41-3.83 h, and 1.09-3.52 h for pH 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0, respectively.

FIRST REPORT AND GENOME CHARACTERIZATION OF Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus INFECTING CHILLI IN INDIA

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves showing curling symptoms were collected from Jalandhar region of Punjab, India, and a monopartite begomovirus Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus (PepLCBV) associated with Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite (ToLCBB) was found to infect the crop. The viral DNA was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Sequencing results revealed that the virus genome and betasatellite consists of 2755 and 1361 nucleotides respectively. Infectious clones of the virus were constructed in binary vector pCAMBIA-1300 and Koch’s postulates were fulfilled. PepLCBV infectious clone caused minor curling in chilli plants when inoculated alone, but it produced typical leaf curl and stunting symptoms in combination with the ToLCBB infectious clone. Phylogenetic analysis with other closely related begomoviruses showed that the present isolate shares high identity with Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus. The present isolate grouped with other chilli isolates of begomoviruses reported from India (Pepper leaf curl Lahore virus, Chilli leaf curl Nagpur virus and Tomato leaf curl Liwa virus). Phylogenetic analysis of betasatellite showed its closest identity with Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh betasatellite. It grouped with other betasatellites reported from India (Tomato leaf curl betasatellite, Fenugreek leaf curl betasatellite and Chilli leaf curl betasatellite). Recombination analysis of the virus and betasatellite sequences suggested that PepLCBV might be a recombinant of Chilli leaf curl virus as a major parent and Chilli leaf curl Multan virus as a minor parent, whereas ToLCBB seemed to be a recombinant of Tomato leaf curl betasatellite as a major parent and Tomato leaf curl Ranchi betasatellite as a minor parent. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of PepLCBV infecting chilli in India.

Power of recycling waste cooking oil into biodiesel via green CaO-based eggshells/Ag heterogeneous nanocatalyst

The depletion of crude oil sources and a growing understanding of the adverse environmental effects of using fossil fuels promoted the development of alternative techniques to convert waste biomass into biofuels. Considering ecological safety and economic challenges, this work investigates the catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel production as a substitute for fossil fuels. Chicken eggshells were calcined at 900 °C to form CaO nanoparticles (NPs) and impregnated with Ag NPs solution prepared from fresh fenugreek leaf extract. Several characterization methods characterized the catalyst: FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and zeta-potential/particle sizer, confirming the composite's spherical shape and mesoporous structure. The optimal transesterification conditions were achieved by performing batch reaction experiments. The biodiesel product was analyzed, and its fuel features (density and acid number, kinematic viscosity, cloud, and flash points) were determined and compared to standards. Confirmatory techniques (GC-FID, FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR) were also used to confirm the conversion of WCO into biodiesel. This study revealed the transformation of WCO into biodiesel with acceptable fuel features depending on the CaO/Ag catalyst's effectiveness as an excellent, safe commercial catalyst by its three times reusability with 90% biodiesel yield, ease of recovery, and cheap cost fabrication.

Fenugreek plants showing the severe leaf curl disease are associated with tomato leaf curl Kerala virus, DNA-B molecule of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus and a novel betasatellite

Fenugreek plants showing typical leaf curl disease symptoms were collected from Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India. Begomovirus association with the five diseased in fenugreek was confirmed through PCR using begomovirus specific primers which resulted in expected amplicon of 1.2 kb product of virus genome. Analysis of the partial genome sequences obtained revealed that they have more than 95% nucleotide identity among themselves and showing similarity with begomoviruses reported earlier. Further, complete viral genome segments (DNA-A and DNA-B molecule) were amplified by RCA and DNA satellites by PCR were cloned and sequenced for one representative sample (F-TK). No PCR amplification resulted for alphasatellite specific primers in the infected fenugreek samples. Sequence analysis showed the nucleotide (nt) identity of 91.6—96.3 per cent for DNA-A and 90.2 to 91.9 per cent for DNA-B with several isolates of tomato leaf curl Kerala virus (ToLCKeV) and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) infecting tomato, respectively. Betasatellite showed maximum nt identity of 80.9 per cent with ToLCB infecting papaya will be considered as novel betasatellite as per ICTV classification criteria (less than 91% nt identity for complete DNAβ), for which we proposed the name, fenugreek leaf curl betasatellite. Recombination analysis of sequences of DNA-A, DNA-B and betasatellite of begomovirus associated with the fenugreek using RDP4 software indicated that they have are originated through recombination of begomoviruses infecting other crops. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report DNA-A of ToLCKeV, DNA-B of ToLCNDV and novel betasatellite associated with severe leaf curl disease of fenugreek from India.

Effectiveness of Fenugreek Leaf Powder with Iron Supplementation vs Iron Supplementation Alone on Increasing Hemoglobin Level among Adolescent Girls with Anemia at Koravallimedu, Puducherry

Effectiveness of Fenugreek Leaf Powder with Iron Supplementation vs Iron Supplementation Alone on Increasing Hemoglobin Level among Adolescent Girls with Anemia at Koravallimedu, Puducherry

Comparison of artificial neural network and linear regression model for the leaf morphology of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) grown under different nitrogen fertilizer doses

Health of a plant and its growth can be assessed by the area of its leaf. The present study envisaged to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear regression-based leaf area estimation model, and to compare the models in statistical terms; thereby obtaining a statistically accurate model suitable for predicting leaf area of fenugreek. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) was grown at open field conditions at different doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 kgN/ha) of nitrogenous fertilizer using a randomised block design. The morphological parameters in term of leaf area (AP, mm2), leaf width (LW, mm), leaf length (LL, mm), roundness (R), leaf perimeter (LP,mm) and eccentricity (e) using a MATLAB based graphical user interface (GUI) software. Among all the linear regression models, AP =19.66 + 00.62 (LL × LW) (R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 14.09) was found to be the best fitting for fenugreek leaf area estimation. In case of ANN model, the best results obtained when three hidden neurons were considered. The R2, RMSE and MAD values of ANN model during training (0.97, 12.55 and 8.55, respectively) as well as validation (0.97, 10.48 and 7.92, respectively) were found more accurate than the linear regression model. Thus, the proposed ANN model can be used for the estimation of leaf area of fenugreek leaves.

Preparation and characterization of fenugreek leaf flavonoids and their protective effects against oxidative damage to hepatocytes

The present study investigated the main components of fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) leaf flavonoids(FLFs) and their antioxidant activity. FLFs were prepared and enriched by solvent extraction, and the flavonoids were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The protective effect of FLFs against H_2O_2-induced stress damage to L02 hepatocytes was also investigated. Firstly, the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The oxidative stress injury model was induced by H_2O_2 in L02 cells. The release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), the content of reduced glutathione(GSH) and malondialdehyde(MDA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were measured by assay kits. Hoechst fluorescence staining was performed to observe the cell apoptosis. The expression levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2), nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), and their phosphorylated proteins were detected by Western blot. Based on the MS fragment ion information and data in databases, FLFs contained eight flavonoids with quercetin and kaempferol as the main aglycons. The cell viabi-lity assay revealed that as compared with the conditions in the H_2O_2 treatment group, 3.125-25 μg·mL~(-1) FLFs could increase the viability of L02 cells, reduce LDH release and MDA content in a dose-dependent manner, potentiate the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH, decrease the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2 proteins, and up-regulate the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. The results of fluorescence staining showed that the nucleus of the H_2O_2 treatment group showed concentrated and dense strong blue fluorescence, while the blue fluorescence intensity of the FLFs group decreased significantly. FLFs showed a protective effect against H_2O_2-induced oxidative damage in L02 cells, and the underlying mechanism is associated with the enhancement of cell capability in clearing oxygen free radicals and the inhibition of apoptosis by the activation of the MAPKs/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. The antioxidant effect of fenugreek leaf is related to its rich flavonoids.

Evaluation of Nutritional and Microbial Properties of Bread Developed by Incorporating Moringa oleifera Leaves and Fenugreek Leaves

Bread supplies a huge part of the supplement needed for development, support of wellbeing and prosperity. It is a brilliant wellspring of protein, minerals, fiber and carbohydrates. Hence, main objective of our study was to evaluate the nutritional and medicinal benefits of bread consisting of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) and fenugreek leaf powder(FLP), as leaves of Moringa oleifera and fenugreek are considered to have high proportion of essential micronutrients and have many nutraceutical properties. Flaxseed was also added to enhance the nutritional benefits of bread as flaxseed contain alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and omega-3-fatty acid. Bread was developed by incorporating different flour blends and analysed to know its nutritional and microbial properties. T0 include 100% multigrain flour, T1 include 97.5% multigrain flour, 2.5% moringa leaves powder (T1 a) and 95% multigrain flour, 5% moringa leaves powder (T1 b) whereas T2 include 95% multigrain flour, 2.5% moringa leaves, 2.5% fenugreek leaves (T2 a) and 90% multigrain flour, 5% moringa leaves and 5% fenugreek leaves (T2 b). During the experimentation moisture content of bread samples decreased with the increasing content of MOLP and FLP whereas protein, fibre and ash content of bread samples were increased by increasing the percentage of different blend formulations. Sensory evaluation of the bread samples was done by using the 9-point hedonic scale to know the overall acceptability of the product. Although the nutritional value of developed bread increased but the overall acceptability of product decreased by increasing the supplementation contents.

Evaluation of diosgenin content from eleven different Indian varieties of fenugreek and fenugreek leaf powder fortified bread

The present study designed to establish the diosgenin profile from eleven different Indian varieties of fenugreek, and subsequently develop powder from the best stage and variety to prepare diosgenin fortified bread. The seeds, sprouts and leaves of different fenugreek varieties were analyzed for the diosgenin using HPLC. The content of phenolics and flavonoids also estimated and assessed for its antioxidant capacity using phosphomolybdate, DPPH and FRAP. Among eleven varieties screened for diosgenin and the other compounds, tender leaf of Kasuri methi (KS) variety showed the highest content of diosgenin (466.89 ± 0.32 mg/100 g FW), phenolics (58.54 ± 2.70 mg/100 g FW) and flavonoids (1104.16 ± 43.70 mg/100 g FW) followed by Pusa Early Bunching (PEB) (444.18 ± 0.36 mg/100 g FW) and Early Bunching (EB) (409.45 ± 0.42 mg/100 g FW). Among three stages, seeds found to be a better total antioxidant, DPPH scavenging, and reducing ability. Further, based on the results, bread fortified with 1.5% KS leaf powder is found to be optimal which also has significant diosgenin content (268.91 mg/100 g DW). And the effect of KS leaf powder on amylograph and farinograph characteristics of wheat flour and quality characteristics of bread showed promising results of acceptance.

Biogenic nanozirconium in hydrogel beads for fluoride removal: equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies

In the present research work, removal of fluoride from aqueous solution using fenugreek leaf mediated Zr nanoparticle entrapped in calcium alginate beads has been attempted. The adsorption study for removal of fluoride from aqueous solution of defined concentrations has been carried out in batch mode followed by its estimation using ion-chromatography. Synthesized Zr nanoparticles are subjected to various analyses e.g. SEM, TEM, SAED EDAX and FTIR, revealing zirconium an integral component. The adsorption capacity of Zr entrapped calcium alginate beads for fluoride is found to be 90.90 mg/g. The Langmuir isotherm model best fits on equilibrium data since it provides higher R2 value than Freundlich model similarly, pseudo-second order kinetic model could better explain adsorption kinetic in comparison to pseudo first order model by presenting better correlation coefficient. The overall study suggests that Zr nanoparticles entrapped in alginate beads could be a better candidate for removal of fluoride from aqueous solution.

Fenugreek Leaf Extract and Its Gel Formulation Show Activity Against Malassezia furfur.

Malassezia spp. are commensal yeasts that can cause cutaneous ailments such as dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. We sought to develop a cost-effective, herbal formulation for the treatment of cutaneous ailments related to Malassezia spp. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) leaves exhibited activity against a clinical isolate and commercial strain of Malassezia furfur. The extracts were also found to be active against other pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation of aqueous extract showed a predominant presence of flavonoids apart from alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and proteins. Gel formulation of 30% aqueous fenugreek leaf extract was developed and optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent. The formulation showed good physicochemical characteristics and retained activity against M. furfur during 3-month accelerated stability studies. Furthermore, the developed herbal gel formulation did not show any irritation or sensitization in New Zealand rabbits after topical application, proving its cutaneous safety. Thus, topical gel formulation containing fenugreek leaf aqueous extract could be a safe and effective herbal treatment for various cutaneous fungal infections, including dandruff.

Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles and its application for development of wound dressing system in nursing care for burn injuries in children

In the current generation, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles were utilized for various life saving biomedical applications. In the present study, Fenugreek leaf aqueous extract was used for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. In addition, the bio-fabricated silver nanoparticle dressing materials were investigated for their wound healing efficiency to treat surgical excision wounds and the findings were studied and discussed. Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by making use of Fenugreek aqueous leaf extract. The AgNPs excitation was confirmed using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption spectra of AgNPs exhibited a well-defined SPR's band centered at around 450–500 nm. While the TEM micrographic images displayed that the particles are well dispersed, spherical and small. The average diameter of the synthesized AgNPs after 6 h was recorded as 5.69 nm. In vivo wound healing evaluation revealed that the AgNPs dressings demonstrated faster wound healing compared to the control group mice and also exhibited significant re-epithelialisation and intense collagen deposition properties in the histological analysis. The current research studied the suitability of the bio-fabricated AgNPs as wound dressing materials with improved tensile strength. The prepared AgNPs coated wound dressings are biocompatible and their suitability as wound dressing materials in clinical applications in infant wound care was explored.

Effect of fenugreek leaf extract (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of wheat straw-based diet (Triticum aestivum L.) fed to buffaloes

The secondary metabolites present in some plants have the potential in modifying rumen fermentation due to their antimicrobial activity. The present study aimed investigating the effect of dosing extracts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) leaves on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758). The leaves of fenugreek were dried at 45-50 °C and ground to pass through 1 mm sieve. Extracts (100 ml) were prepared with 10 g powdered sample using three solvents namely, ethanol, methanol and water, and stored at 4 °C for subsequent use. The extracts were tested at three levels (0, 1.0 and 2.0 ml). A 60:40 mixture (200 ± 5 mg) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw and concentrate feed was used as substrate and incubated with 30 ml buffered rumen fluid in 100 ml calibrated glass syringes at 39 °C for 24 hrs following the standard IVGP protocol. Gas production was recorded by displacement of piston in the syringe. Methane in the gas phase and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the fermentation medium were estimated by GLC. The total gas and methane production was reduced significantly (p<0.001) with the increase in microbial biomass production by inclusion of methanol extract of fenugreek leaves. Acetate production was reduced with increase of propionate, which reduced the acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.05). The truly degradable dry matter content was increased by the addition of methanol extract. Results of this study suggested the potential use of methanol extract of fenugreek leaves as an anti-methanogenic feed additive to improve rumen fermentation in buffaloes.

Chemical and Physical Characterization of Dehydrated Functional Fenugreek Leaf Powder

Chemical and Physical Characterization of Dehydrated Functional Fenugreek Leaf Powder

Phospholipid, Oleic Acid Micelles and Dietary Olive Oil Influence the Lutein Absorption and Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats

This study reports on the results of repeated gavages and dietary feeding of lutein dispersed either in phospholipids or fatty acid micelles or vegetable oils and the effects on lutein bioavailability and antioxidant enzymes in rats. For the gavage study, rats (n = 5/group) were intubated with lutein solubilized either in oleic acid (OLA, 18:1n-9) or linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n-6) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) or lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) or no phospholipid (NoPL) micelles for 10 days. For the dietary study, rats (n = 5/group) were fed a diet containing fenugreek leaf (lutein source), either with olive (OO) or sunflower (SFO) or groundnut (GNO, control) oil or L: -alpha-lecithin (PL) for 4 weeks. The gavage study showed that the plasma, liver and eye lutein levels in OLA and LPC groups were higher by 23.9, 20.8 and 25.5% and 16.1, 28.5 and 14.0% than LNA and PC groups, respectively. The dietary study showed the plasma (35.0 and 43.5%) and eye (18.5 and 37.0%) lutein levels in OO were higher than SFO and GNO groups. The plasma and eye lutein levels in the PL group were higher by 20 and 31.3% than in the control. It is evident that OO and PL modulate lutein absorption, which in turn modulates antioxidant enzymes and fatty acids in plasma and tissues compared to SFO. Hence, selection of the fat source may be vital to enhancing the lutein bioavailability.

Influence of Food Acidulants and Antioxidant Spices on the Bioaccessibility of β-Carotene from Selected Vegetables

Four common food acidulants--amchur, lime, tamarind, and kokum--and two antioxidant spices--turmeric and onion--were examined for their influence on the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from two fleshy and two leafy vegetables. Amchur and lime generally enhanced the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from these test vegetables in many instances. Such an improved bioaccessibility was evident in both raw and heat-processed vegetables. The effect of lime juice was generally more pronounced than that of amchur. Turmeric significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from all of the vegetables tested, especially when heat-processed. Onion enhanced the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from pressure-cooked carrot and amaranth leaf and from open-pan-boiled pumpkin and fenugreek leaf. Lime juice and the antioxidant spices turmeric and onion minimized the loss of beta-carotene during heat processing of the vegetables. In the case of antioxidant spices, improved bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from heat-processed vegetables is attributable to their role in minimizing the loss of this provitamin. Lime juice, which enhanced the bioaccessibility of this provitamin from both raw and heat-processed vegetables, probably exerted this effect by some other mechanism in addition to minimizing the loss of beta-carotene. Thus, the presence of food acidulants (lime juice/amchur) and antioxidant spices (turmeric/onion) proved to be advantageous in the context of deriving maximum beta-carotene from the vegetable sources.

A Validated Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Diosgenin in Various Plant Samples, Extract, and Market Formulation

A sensitive and reproducible thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for quantitation of diosgenin, a spiroketal sapogenin. The spots were visualized by spraying with modified anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagent. The concentration of anisaldehyde was reduced to 0.1% instead of 1%, and the concentration of sulfuric acid was kept at a minimum of 2%. This successfully reduced charring and background interference. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method was used for determination of diosgenin from dried samples of fenugreek seeds, leaves, stem, seed extracts, and a polyherbal antidiabetic formulation containing fenugreek powder as one of the ingredients. Increased detection sensitivity was observed with linearity from 98 to 588 ng/spot and a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.988. The relative standard deviation value for linearity of the method was found to be 0.18%. The method was successfully applied to various plant samples of fenugreek (Methi) with a recovery of 98.11 +/- 1.4%. Dried plant samples and a market formulation were analyzed and found to contain diosgenin in the range of 0.529-0.658% (w/w) in fenugreek seed powders, 0.087% (w/w) in fenugreek leaf powder, 0.015 and 1.27% (w/w) in fenugreek stem powder and extract, respectively, and 0.586% (w/w) in a formulation containing fenugreek seed powder. No matrix interference was observed.

Supplementation of Fenugreek Leaves Reduces Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is a traditional medicinal plant of the Leguminoseae family in India. The antioxidant effect of fenugreek leaves was evaluated in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by estimating thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and reduced glutathione and measuring the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in liver, heart, and kidney in diabetic rats. Fenugreek leaf powder supplementation significantly lowered lipid peroxidation and significantly increased the antioxidant system in diabetic rats. The effect at a dose of 1 g/kg of body weight of fenugreek leaf powder was similar to that of glibenclamide. Insulin restores all the parameters to near normal values. Thus, fenugreek leaf powder reduces oxidative stress in experimental diabetes.