Fenolic Compound Research Articles

Methanol extract from kesambi (Schleichera oleosa (L.) oken) stem bark as a natural antioxidant to increase crude palm oil (CPO) quality

The content of active compounds in methanol extract of kesambi stem bark (Scheleicera oleosa) is known to have good antioxidant activity. Methanol extract of kesambi stem bark contain flavonoid and fenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methanol extract of kesambi in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of kesambi stem bark was carried out with methanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test of methanol extract of kesambi using the DPPH method. The parameters observed were free fatty acids (FFA) values, acids value, and DOBI (Deterioration of Bleachability Index). The used concentration of natural antioxidant were 200; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 ppm. Based on the results of this study, the natural antioxidant of methanol extract of Kesambi stem bark (Schleichera oleosa) can reduce levels of free fatty acid numbers, acid value, and DOBI value. Actioxidant activity methanol extract of kesambi stem bark shown IC50 42.092 ppm. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with free fatty acid (4.1%), acid value (7.7 mg KOH/g) while the DOBI value increased to 1.331. Furthermore, FFA value meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006.

Effectiveness of Insulin plant in Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, to this day, is still one of significant health problems and created significant morbidity and mortalityamong world populations. Current diabetic drugs still have unpleasant side effects and costly price. Seeking new diabetic drugs from natural resources is one of the practical action for alternative management of the disease. Insulin plant, originated from Andes, has been cultivated in Indonesia. Insulin plant is rich in caffeic acid, clorgenic acid, flavonoid, fenolic compound and sesquiterpenic lactone has antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effect that possibly have a role in diabetes management. Several studies have reported potential of insulin plant as antidiabetic agent. This review aims to summarize and organize current literature on effectiveness and role of insulin plant on diabetes mellitus patient

Sitrik ve Askorbik Asit Daldırmalarının Taze Doğranmış Kivi Dilimlerinin Depolanması ve Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

In this study, the effect of 1% ascorbic acid and 1% citric acid solutions and dionize water (control) dips on storage and quality properties of fresh cut kiwifruit slices was investigated. The fruits were washed, peeled, sliced, and the slices packaged with stretch film after immersion in the solutions. Kiwifruit slices packaged were kept at 4ºC for 12 days. In kiwifruit samples, physical and chemical changes such as weight loss (%), fruit flesh firmness (Shore), total soluble solids (%), titretable acidity (%), pH value, fruit flesh color (hº), vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid), total fenolic compounds (mg gallik acid.L-1), antioksidant activity (%), appearance were determined in each 3 days during shelf life. The highest h° angle value was determined in 1% citric acid treatment. Among the treatments, the highest firmness at the end of storage was determined in 1% ascorbic acid treatment. Results showed that 1% citric acid and 1% ascorbic acid dips had a positive effect on overall quality parameters of kiwifruit slices.

Efektivitas Solasodine dan Gosipol sebagai Kandidat Kontrasepsi pada Hewan dalam Menghambat Reproduksi Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan melalui Ekspresi LH dan Spermatogenesis

Rabies related to increasing canine population in Bali. Uncontrolled wild animal populations caused disease transmission from animal to human. Various attempt at population control are carried out such as the use of natural contraception. Some compounds are known to have potential as antifertility are solasodine and gosipol. Solasodine is known have an antifertility affect. Gosipol, fenolic compound in Ceiba pentandra, inhibits spermatogenesis, reduce sperm concentration, motility and viability. This research aims to compare effectiveness of terong cepoka and Ceiba pentandra as antifertility. This research was conducted at Mei-November 2018. Eight-teen rats were used in this study and divided into three groups: control, P1 extract Solanum torvum 1g/kg BW and P2 extract Ceiba pentandra 0,1g/kg BW PO. Rats were treated with extract for 10 days and euthanazed at day 11. Testis were collected for histopathology using HE staining to observe spermatogenesis and using immunohistochemistry to observe LH expression. The result are analyzed using one way ANOVA P<0.05. the result show that extract solanum torvum 1g/kg BW and ceiba pentandra 0,1g/kgBW cannot reduce spermatogenesis and LH expression. This study used crude extract which still consist any other compound like antioxidant. Future study we need use isolated and pure solasodine and gosipol.

Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Kesambi (Sapindaceae) against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Kesambi plant ( Schleichera oleosa ) is a medicinal plant belongs to family Sapindaceae , commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Indonesia, kesambi plants can be found in Java and Bali island. The purpose of this study is to extraction and antibacterial activity test of steam bark extract of kesambi against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Extraction was done by maceration method using n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antibacerial test using Kirby bauer method by measure inhibition zone. Phytochemical screening shown that n -hexane extract contain triterpenes and steroid compounds. Ethyl acetate extract contain triterpenes, flavonoid, steroid, and fenolic compounds. Methanol extract contain flavonoid, fenolic and triterpenes compounds. Inhibition zone of n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts against E. coli and S. aureus at concentration of 5000 µg/mL showed 4.4; 7.9; 4.6 mm and 4.7; 8.9; 4.5 respectively, while amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin as positive control at concentration of 100 µg/mL showed 6.9 and 7.1 mm respectively. Kesambi extract have potential as antibacterial against E. coli and S. aureus . Keywords: Kesambi; antibacterial; Eschericia coli ; Staphylococus aureus

In vitro investigation effects of 4-Hydroxyacetophenone on rat thoracic aorta's vasomotor activity

Background: Z. clinopodioides Lam. is also known as a ''Field Mint'' Seven compounds which have vasodilator activity have been isolated from Z. clinopodioides Lam. and two of them are phenolics compounds and these are acetovanillone, 4-HAP, four of them are flavonoids and these are acacetin, apigenin, chrysin, thymonin, one derivat of cinnamic acid and ethyl 4-coumarate. Objective: In this study, it was aimed that was defined vasodilator activiy mechanisms of fenolic compound 4-HAP on isolated rat thorasic aorta. Material and Method: In this study 40 male adult Sprague Dawley rats were used. Prepared rings were laid out into the 20 ml organ bath with Krebs solution. Rings were stretched by 1g and they were subjected to 1 hour incubation period. In the end of the incubation period, PE, KCI, nifedipine, L-NAME, 4-HAP, SQ22.536, ODQ, ACh, SKF96365, Propranolol, Atropin, TEA, Gibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine and U73122 were implemented to bath with a protocol. Results: Mechanisms of relaxed effect the of 4-HAP were assigned by using antagonists. It was observed that vasorelaksan effect of 4-HAP on endothelilal aorta smooth muscle contractions which had been inductioned by PE under the existance of L-NAME was considerably inhibited. Conclusion: It was stated that 4-HAP relaxed PE and KCI contractions and owing to this activity endothel intact tissues on L-NAME existance notably decreased because of NO pathyway. It is firmly believed that as relaxed effect of 4-HAP declines remarkably under the existance of 4-aminopyridine and nifedipine on endothel denuded aorta rings, activity could be on K+ channel and L-type Ca+2 channel. Abbreviations Used: 4-HAP: 4-hydroxyacetophenone, SQ22536: 9-(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine, 9-THF-Ade, L-NAME: N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, 4-AP: 4-aminopyridine, TEA: Tetraethylammonium, ODQ: 1H-(1,2,4) oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one, SKF96365: 1-[β-(3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenethyl] 1H-imidazolehydrochloride, 1-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-propoxy]ethyl]imidazole, U73122: 1-[6-[((17β)-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, ACh: Acetylcholine, KCI: Potassium chloride, IP3: Inositol triphosphate, DAG: Diacylglycerol.

Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr) dari Provinsi Sumatera Selatan dan Jambi

Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr var duku) is a seasonal native plant from South Sumatra and Jambi. Peel of Duku is useful as botanical insecticide. in South Sumatra and Jambi. The research proves that the skin duku can be useful as an insecticide plant. Quality of compounds in plants can be affected by the origin area of ​​plant, body parts of plants, and extract characters. This study aims to characterize the simplicia and duku peel extract from South Sumatra and Jambi Province. The sample were collected from Simpang Agung Village, OKU Selatan District and Rengas Bandung Village, Muaro Jambi District. The peel was extracted using acetone, while the charactherization based on standardization method from Badan POM Indonesia. Non-Specific parameters which measured were water content, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash. Specific parameters which measured were water soluble extract, ethanol soluble extract, chromatogram, and chemical compound. Simplicia from Simpang Agung Village contain lower water content, water soluble ash, and acid insoluble ash than simplicia from Rengas Bandung Village. Chromatogram pattern of the peel extract from both village were similar and contain terpenoid and fenolic compound. However hexane yield extract from Simpang Agung Village higher than extract from Rengas Bandung Village therefore contain more insecticides material (terpenoid)

EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum) MENURUNKAN KADAR GULA DARAH MENCIT DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus is one of desease that have a large population and trend to increase. sulfonylurea and biguanide are almost used treatment but have unexpected side effects. The research still necessary to seek alternative medicine, such as Piper crocatum.This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of red betel leaves on blood sugar levels and body weight of mice (Mus musculus L.) diabetes. This riset was started to produce simplicia and drilled become powders, continued extract with 70% ethanol. The extract was evaporated with rotary evaporator until obtaine crude extract. And then screen it that determine phytochemical. To continued test on tolerance of level of glucose then mice diabetes induced aloxan.In summary, extract of red betle ethanolic has contained alkaloid, quercetin flavonoid, steroid and fenolic compounds and decreased level of glucose in blood mice diabetes. Besides, it can reduce lose of weight symptom.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN RESORSINOL PADA PEMBUATAN PEREKAT LIKUIDA SABUT KELAPA

Liquid adhesive coconut coir is the result of a reaction between lignin powder material used with aromatic compounds at high temperatures in order to obtain a solution that can be used as an adhesive. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of liquid adhesive of coconut coir (LACC) qualities and determine the effect of resorcinol in the manufacture of adhesives LACC. The study was conducted in three phases: the first stage of coir manufacturing particles, which at this stage coir made into particles of 100 mesh, adhesive manufacturing second stage LACC which at this stage there are two stages of the liquefaction reaction coir and polymerization, and the third stage addition of resorcinol LACC into the adhesive. The variables used in this study is the addition of variable rate resorcinol at 10, 20, 30% by weight. Variables - variables that were analyzed pH, viscosity, spesific gravity, solid content, formaldehyde-free rate and compound analysis using FT-IR adhesive LACC to conditions without the addition of resorcinol and with the addition of 30% resorcinol. The results showed that the addition of resorcinol LACC influence on the resulting adhesive, which has a liquid form, the pH ranged from 12.6 to 10.6, 43,867- 131.712 cps viscosity, specific gravity of 1.252 to 1.258, solid content 46.67 to 80%, from 1.952 to 1.051% formaldehyde content. FT-IR results showed similarity LACC adhesive force phenol formaldehyde resin, namely the presence of the OH group, C = H of the aromatic ring, of methylene CH, CO from ether and fenolic compound.

Exogenous ochronosis masquerading refractory melasma

Exogenous ochronosis is an infrequent dermatosis characterized by dark blue hyperpigmentation. It may be caused largely by hydroquinone, a fenolic compound which is used in the treatment of melasma and other skin hyperpigmentation. The exact etiopathology is still not understood and the results of various treatments offered are unsatisfactory. We present a case of exogenous ochronosis which resembled melasma but clinicopathologic evaluation led to the correct diagnosis. We also emphasize the need to restrict the indiscriminate use of hydroquinone containing compounds without medical prescription.

Determination of decolorization properties of Reactive Blue 19 dye using Horseradish Peroxidase enzyme

Aim: Fenolic compounds are major of pollutants in medicine, food and local matrixe. The enzyme peroxidase is known for its capacity to remove phenolic compounds and aromatic amines from aqueous solutions and also to decolorize textile effluents. In this study, decolorization of anthraquinone dye, Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19), large quantities of which used in textile and other industries was investigated using Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at different conditions. In addition, decolorization efficiency of dye by enzyme was studied in the presence of denaturing agent urea and salt in synthetic wastewater. Material and Methods: Horseradish peroxidase and Reactive Blue 19 were obtained by commercial way. The enzymatic decolorization of the dye was examined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer measurements. Decolorization studies were performed by varying parameters such as enzyme and dye concentrations, pH, temperature, incubation time, presence of H 2 O 2 , salt and urea. Results: Optimum pH value for dye decolorization was determined as 5.0. Maximum dye was removed within 5 min after the beginning for every experiment. After 5 minutes of treatment, the color removal of dye was ca. 90-95% at pH 5.0 and all temperatures. Furthermore, the higher concentrations of dye, H2O2 and NaCl did not exhibit inhibition effect but the initial decolorization rate decreased with increasing the urea concentration. The kinetic constants of enzyme were determined for dye. Conclusion: As a result, this study verifies the viability of the use of the horseradish peroxidase in the decolorization of Reactive Blue 19.

Caffeic acid and ferulic acid improves diet induced metabolic syndrome in mice

The use of plants for medicinal benefits has been widely explored. Analysis of chloroform extract of Baccharis articulate indicated the presence of fenolic compounds as caffeic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA) that act as an antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory and anti‐diabetic, among others. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of CA and FA on the metabolic syndrome. To this end, C57 mice were treated for 60 days with high fat diet (HFD) (40%) to induce the metabolic syndrome and concomitantly with CA plus FA. Our results showed that the combination of CA (0.9 mg / kg / day) and FA (25 or 50 mg/kg/day) reduced body weight gain induced by HFD (9.3±3.7 HFD; 3.7±0.7 (CA0,9+FA25) and 3.5±0.7 (CA0.9+FA50); p<0.001), fasting hyperglycemia (258±39 HFD, 208±28 (CA0.9+FA25); p<0,05 and 94±14 (CA0.9+FA50); p<0.001), but not hypercholesterolemia (100 ±14 HFD vs. 128±14 (CA0.9+FA25) and 104±7 (CA0.9+FA50)) induced by high fat diet. Surprisingly, all the parameters worsen when treated with 1.8 mg/kg/day of CA. In conclusion, the combination of caffeic acid and ferulic acid improves the abnormalities observed in metabolic syndrome induced by high fat diet.

Isolation and Identification of Fenolic Acid in Katu Leaves (Sauropus Androgynus (L.) Merr. )

To improve traditional drugs in changing to fitofarmaka studies should be conducted on the chemical content of plants used as drugs. In this study, fenolic acid compounds in katu leaves, which are used for traditional medicine, were isolated and identified. From 95% ethanol extracts of katu leafs could be isolated a fenolic acid compound through continuous fraction using ether, with or without hydrolysis process. The ether fraction was then separated with the two dimension paper chromatography. The first solution developed was 2% acetic acid in water, and the second was benzene–acetic acid–water (60 : 22 : 1,2). Spots were identified with ultraviolet light, diazo p-nitroaniline solution and to enhance the color 15% sodium carbonate was sprayed. After separation p-hidroxy benzoid acid, ferulic acid, cafeic acid and vanilic acid were identified. In addition more than 7 spots were found which were supposed to be fenolic acids. Quantitative analysis was done using the spectrophotodensitometer for 4 kinds of identified fenolic acids. The highest percentage in katu leafs was p-hydroxibenzoid acid.

Ocronose exógena induzida por hidroquinona: relato de quatro casos

Exogenous ochronosis is an infrequent dermatosis characterized as a dark blue hyperpigmentation localized where the causing agent was applied. It may be caused by the use of systemic medication such as antimalarials and by the use of topic substances such as phenol, resorcinol, benzene, or hydroquinone, which is a fenolic compound with depigmentation action, largely used in the treatment of melasma and other hyperpigmentation. The physiopathology of this process is not well clear up to this moment, and the therapeutic measures are not satisfactory either. Here we present four cases of female patients that developed hyperpigmentation on their faces after the use of hydroquinone containing compounds, characterized clinically and histological as ochronosi. We emphasize the possibility of exogenous ochronosis cases being misdiagnosed as a melasma treatment failure. We also emphasize the risks of the indiscriminated use of hydroquinone containing compounds, used, in many instances, without medical prescription.

Efecto antiinflamatorio en ratones de extractos de Calceolaria tripatita R & P, comparación fitoquímica con el extracto hidroalcoholico de Calceolaria melissifolia "Bentham"

Los estudios de investigación se orientaron a comprobar la actividad antiinflamatoria, atribuida por el uso popular, en el distrito de Pilcomayo, provincia de Huancayo, departamento de Junín, de la especie Calceolaria tripartita R & P. Se trabajó con las partes aéreas (hojas y tallos) de la planta perteneciente al Género Calceolaria y a la Familia Scrophulariaceae. Se hicieron extracciónes continuas por Soxhlet. Se realizó un screening fitoquímico preliminar del extracto etanólico en el cual se halló: alcaloides, catequinas, esteroides y/o triterpenos, flavonoides, saponinas y taninos. De igual forma se procedió con el extracto diclorometánico, en contrándose: aceites esenciales, ácidos grasos, cumarinas, esteroides y triterpenos. La actividad farmacológica se realizó según el método del edema auricular inducido por aceite de croton en ratones, evaluando la actividad antiinflamatoria de los extractos etanólico y diclorometánico a una dosis de 1 mg/oreja, frente a fármacos de conocida actividad antiinflamatoria como son la dexametasona acetato y la indometacina, los cuales fueron empleados a una dosis de 0,1 mg/oreja y 0,5 mg/oreja respectivamente. Ambos extractos poseen actividad antiinflamatoria, presentando mayor actividad el extracto etanólico. Por otra parte al realizar el estudio antimicrobiano del extracto acuoso de las partes aéreas de Calceolaria melissifolia Bentham Subsp. Pseudocabra (Edwin) Molau., procedente de la provincia de Celendín, departamento de Cajamarca, constituido por compuestos fenólicos tipo flavonoides de las que se aislaron e identificaron tres como 7,4' -di-O-alquil-3,5,3'-trihidroxiflavonol; 5,7,4' -tri-O-alquil-3',5'dihidroxiflavanona y S,7,4'-trihidroxiflavona mediante métodos cromatográficos y espectroscópicos UV-Visible en metanol y con reactivos de desplazamiento, además de taninos y esteroides; se encontró que inhibe el crecimiento de Staphylocoeeus aureus y una inhibición parcial del crecimiento de Escherichia coli.

Microenxertia em cultivares de manga

Com a finalidade de se testar a viabilidade do método de microenxertia para produzir mudas de mangueira livres do fungo Fusarium subglutinans, agente causal da malformação, foram realizados experimentos utilizando-se do ápice meristemático da cultivar Tommy Atkins. Retirou-se o ápice meristemático do porta-enxerto e colocou-se o ápice meristemático da cultivar-copa, denominando-se essa metodologia de "microenxertia por substituição de ápice meristemático", na qual foram utilizadas as cultivares Coquinho, Espada, Ouro e Ubá como porta-enxertos. O material de propagação utilizado foi retirado de uma planta-matriz da cultivar Tommy Atkins sem sintomas de malformação. Primeiramente, a parte apical dos ramos foi cortada com aproximadamente 3 cm de comprimento. Os meristemas foram colocados em uma solução antioxidante composta de ácido ascórbico, ácido cítrico e L-cisteína, para evitar a oxidação dos compostos fenólicos existentes na manga. Os meristemas apicais foram cortados com comprimento de 2 mm. Em seguida, efetuou-se o corte do meristema apical e de folhas do porta-enxerto, colocando-se o meristema apical sobre o corte do porta-enxerto, recobrindo-se com Parafilm®. Demonstrou-se com a técnica de microenxertia a possibilidade de formação de plantas-matrizes, para implantação de jardim clonal em condições de viveiro protegido.

Comprobación del efecto cicatrizante de Peperomia scutellaefolia R et P. aspectos botánicos, químicos y farmacológicos

En la presente investigación, se realizó una descripción de los caracteres morfológicos externos de la especie y la descripción de ciertos caracteres microscópicos en los diversos órganos de la planta. Se evaluó el efecto cicatrizante de Peperomia scutellaefolía R. et P. en forma de geles, mediante el método tensiométrico. Se utilizaron ratones albinos cepa Balb C 53 de 25 g de peso; y como tratamientos geles de Carbopol 940 a1 5%, 10%,20%, Y 30% P /P de extracto vegetal, comparando los resultados con el grupo control y con el grupo tratado con un medicamento comercial. Se obtuvo mayor efecto cicatrizante con el gel al 5%. Se aislaron e identificaron compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides por espectrofotometría ultravioleta-visible, espectrofotometría infrarroja y por reacciones químicas.

In vitro plant regeneration from somatic tissue of strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch.

Successful shoot regeneration in somatic tissue is the basic requirement for in vitro induction of genetic variability as the new tool in plant breeding. Somatic tissue excised from in vitro multiplied strawberry plants were tested on ability for plant regeneration. Leaves, petiole and stipules were inoculated on initial medium with BA and 2,4-D, or on medium with BA only after 1 hour pulse treatment with 2,4-D. Callus was induced on all sliced surfaces of explants inoculated on initial medium with growth regulators BA and 2,4-D during first 7 days of culture. Explants inoculated on initial medium with BA, after pulse treatment with 2,4-D did not develop callus but abundantly produced fenolic compounds, and tured necrotic in the first 24 hours. Spontaneous plant regeneration was noticed on leaves explants with less developed callus tissue on initial medium with growth regulators duringsecond week of culture. High percentage of explants with regenerated shoots were obtained after transfer on hormone-free medium. The highest plant regeneration ability was in leaf tissue, less in petiole and stipules. Callus induced in leaf tissue showed ability for constant plant regeneration during three months of culture and careful 4-week interval transfer on basal MS medium with 4.4¼M BA and 40 g/l sucrose.