Fennel Essential Oil Research Articles

Hepatotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction after lead (Pb) exposure and the protective effect of fennel essential oil of this toxicity in Wister rats

Abstract The present work focuses on evaluation of the toxic effects of an exposure to lead (Pb) on the liver mitochondria function in Wistar rats and the protective role of the fennel essential oils (FEO). The experiments were conducted on Wistar rats, which were treated daily through orally gavages during 21 days. 24 animals were divided into four groups of 6 rats each one: the control group received water, while group II received FEO (0.5 mg/kg); group III received Pb (25 mg/kg), and group IV received Pb + FEO in the doses of (0,5 + 25 mg/kg). The mitochondrial dysfunction induced by lead is expressed by reducing mitochondrial respiration (O2 consumption) associated with an increase in mitochondrial swelling and permeability compared to the control group. A disturbance in the rates of oxidative stress biomarkers was also observed. This disturbance was expressed by an increase of the MDA rate and the Cytochromes C activity associated with depletion in the GSH rate and GPx activity compared to the control group. The rat’s co-treatment with FEO restored all these parameters to values similar to the Control. The whole of these results shows well that the exposure to the lead causes disturbances on the level mitochondrion, which are attenuated by fennel essential oils.

Licorice-garlic-fennel essential oils composite nanoparticles as natural food preservatives

Natural bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, with antimicrobial or antioxidant activity, have received considerable attention recently, especially with rising concerns on the safety of synthetic food preservatives. However, due to their low water solubility and structural stability, their incorporation into water-based food formulations are limited, as is the other lipophilic functional compounds. Moreover, in order to investigate the possible synergistic effects of the most combinations of the essential oils, the aim of this study was to prepare water-dispersible licorice-garlic-fennel essential oil nanoparticles using nanoemulsion systems through a low-energy self-emulsifying technique. The effects of essential oil proportions in the oil phase on nanoemulsion characteristics were also evaluated using a simplex-centroid mixture design, and various empirical models were developed to predict changes in the obtained nanoemulsion characteristics. Finally, multi-goal optimization was applied to obtain the most desired composite nanoemulsions with the least mean particle size, polydispersity index, turbidity, and the greatest antioxidant and bactericidal activity. Based on this optimization analysis, the most desired product was obtained using 39% licorice, 40% garlic, and 21% fennel essential oil as oil phase. The results also confirmed the synergistic effects of selected essential oils towards one another, which the nanoemulsions with two- and three- components oil phase exhibiting higher antibacterial and antioxidant activity than those with a single-component oil phase. The prepared nanoparticles had reasonable physical stability at 5 ± 1 °C during 40 days of storage.

Getting essential oil mixtures by different methods and determination of their compositions

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the enhancement of the essential oil potential and find a more effective method with fewer substances.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, Laurel and fennel essential oils obtained by the method of hydrodistillation in clevenger and their mixtures obtained by 2 different methods (Mix 1: separately obtained and mixed in appropriate proportions and Mix 2: obtained by placing together in the same glass flask) analyzed by Gc/Ms.Results: When the main components of the Mix-1 mixture are examined, the main components of R3/4D1/4, R1/2D1/2 and R1/4D3/4 combinations are trans-anethhole (54.53%, 32.47% and 17.46%, respectively) and 1.8- cineol (18.16%, 33.11% and 39.37%, respectively). In the second method (Mix-2), the main components of essential oils were examined. The main components of R3/4D1/4, R1/2D1/2 and R1/4D3/4 were trans-anethhol (64.83%, 46.23% and 24.93%, respectively) and 1,8-cineol (11.47%, respectively, respectively). 23.97% and 37.67%).Conclusion: As a result, it is clear that with essential oil blends, the components do not differ, while the proportions of the components do.

The synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and fennel essential oil on physicochemical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of potato starch films.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of zinc oxide (ZnO‐N) nanoparticles and fennel essential oil (FEO) on the functional and antimicrobial properties of potato starch films. Films based on potato starch containing a combination of ZnO‐N (1, 3, and 5%(w/w)) and FEO (1, 2, and 3% (w/w)) produced by casting method and water solubility, water absorption capacity (WAC), barrier properties, mechanical properties, color indexes, and antimicrobial activity of the films against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus flavus were studied. The combination of ZnO‐N and FEO had a significant decreasing effect on solubility, WAC, water vapor and oxygen permeability, elongation, and L* index. These additives had an increasing impact on tensile strength, Yang's modulus, and a* and b* indexes (p < .05). By increasing the concentration of ZnO‐N and FEO, the antimicrobial activities of bionanocomposite films significantly increased (p < .05). Both ZnO‐N and FEO had a significant effect in this respect, although the effects of ZnO‐N were more significant. In conclusion, an excellent synergistic effect of ZnO‐N and FEO was observed in potato starch films.

Study on the Mechanism of Ionic Liquids Improving the Extraction Efficiency of Essential Oil Based on Experimental Optimization and Density Functional Theory: The Fennel (Foeniculi fructus) Essential Oil Case.

In this work, microwave-assisted ionic liquids treatment, followed by hydro-distillation (MILT-HD), as an efficient extraction technology, was used to extract essential oil. The purpose for this was to use multivariate analysis (MVA) models to investigate the effects of potential critical process parameters on the extraction efficiency of essential oil, and explore the mechanism of ionic liquids (ILs). According to the design of experiment (DoE), under optimal process conditions, the extraction efficiency of essential oil was dramatically enhanced, and had low energy demands. Since little is known regarding those mechanisms, according to the non-covalent interaction analysis, the underlying mechanism for ILs improving extraction efficiency was explored based on the density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that ILs could form intense non-covalent bond interaction with cellulose. It helped destroy the network hydrogen bond structure of cellulose in plant cells and caused the essential oils in the cells to be more easily exposed to the extraction solution, thereby accelerating extraction efficiency. Based on this work, it is conducive to understand the MILT-HD process better and gain knowledge of the mechanism of ILs.

Effect of Drought Stress and Different Concentrations of Salicylic Acid on Yield, Yield Components and Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare L.) گیاهی است چندساله که از مهم‌ترین و پرمصرف­ترین گیاهان دارویی به‌شمار می­آید و عمدتا به‌منظور استفاده از اسانس حاصل از آن در صنایع مختلف دارویی، غذایی، آرایشی و بهداشتی مورد کشت قرار می­گیرد. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثرات غلظت‌های مختلف اسید سالسیلیک بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی رازیانه تحت شرایط تنش خشکی انجام گردید. آزمایش به­صورت اسپیلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال زراعی 96-1395 در شهرستان رزن به‌اجرا در آمد. فاکتور اصلی شامل پنج سطح رژیم آبیاری (آبیاری کامل، حذف آبیاری در مرحله ساقه­دهی، حذف آبیاری در مرحله غنچه­دهی، حذف آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی و حذف آبیاری در مرحله شروع پر شدن دانه) و فاکتور فرعی شامل چهار غلظت مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک (آب خالص، سه، شش و هشت میلی­مولار) بود. در تیمار رژیم آبیاری، پس از حذف آبیاری در هر یک از تیمارهای خشکی، مجددا آبیاری (بعد از 20 روز) تا انتهای دوره رشد انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که دو تیمار عدم کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه و کاربرد شش میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی، به‌ترتیب با 3/21 و 3/20 عدد شاخه فرعی در بوته، بیشترین انشعابات فرعی در بوته را به خود اختصاص دادند. تیمار کاربرد هشت میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه بیشترین تعداد چتر در بوته و وزن هزار دانه را از خود نشان داد. بیشترین تعداد چترک در چتر متعلق به تیمارهای کاربرد شش و هشت میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه بود. کمترین مقادیر دانه در چترک در سطوح مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی ملاحظه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای کاربرد صفر و سه میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط آبیاری کامل با تولید بیش از 800 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بیشترین عملکرد دانه را به خود اختصاص دادند.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fennel, ginger, oregano and thyme essential oils

AbstractIn this study, the aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oregano (Origanum vulgare), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) essential oils in addition to their chemical compositions. Based on the results of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC—MS) analysis, major components were thymol andp‐cymene in thyme, carvacrol, andp‐cymene in oregano, α‐zingiberene and ar‐curcumene in ginger and (E)‐anethole in fennel essential oils. Essential oils were investigated for their antimicrobial activities by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods againstCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coli. The inhibition zone diameters varied from 9.2 ± 0.7 to 28.7 ± 2.1 mm forC. jejuniand 14.7 ± 2.0 to 27.8 ± 2.8 mm forC. coli. While the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower for thyme and oregano EOs (5.65–43.20 μg/ml), the highest MIC value was obtained in fennel EO againstC. jejuni(28530 μg/ml). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of these essential oils were evaluated by using Folin Ciocalteu, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and 2, 2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzo‐thiazoline)‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) methods. The total phenolic content of the essential oils ranged between 7.72 (ginger) to 193 (thyme) mg GAE/L. Antioxidant activities of thyme and oregano were found to be the highest according to the ABTS method, whereas thyme was found to be the highest by the CUPRAC method and ginger by the DPPH method.

OPTIMASI EMULGEL MINYAK ATSIRI ADAS (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) SEBAGAI ANTI JERAWAT

Acne is a common skin problem. One factor that causes acne is the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes by infecting the skin, causing inflammation. Fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Has potential as an antibacterial. This study aims to determine the combination effect of HPMC, propylene glycol and tween 80 which is formulated to be the optimum preparation of fennel essential oil emulgel with good stability as an anti-acne.&#x0D; Oleum Foeniculi are identified by GC-MS to determine the content of chemical compounds and are tested in vitro against Propionibacterium acnes to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Formula optimization is carried out using the factorial design method. &#x0D; The results showed that Foeniculum oil has content of Benzene, 1-methoxy-4- (2-propenyl) (83.64%), 1-Limonene (3.75%) and Fechone (3.58%) which have potential antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes. Foeniculum oil with a concentration of 6% shows a MIC value of 1.7 cm. The concentration of fennel essential oil is formulated into an optimum emulgel preparation with a combination of 4% : 10% : 10.99%. of HPMC, propylene glycol, and tween 80

Landscape and Local Drivers Affecting Flying Insects along Fennel Crops (Foeniculum vulgare, Apiaceae) and Implications for Its Yield.

Simple SummaryIn a globally strained context where food production constantly challenges biodiversity, the importance of insect activity to crop pollination is at stake, as insects are essential to more than 75% of global crops. Despite this awareness, there is still a gap of knowledge about the importance of pollinators for aromatic crops. Fennel is an aromatic plant cultivated in the South of France for its essential oil, which is of great economic interest. Here, we explored the effect of the abundance and richness of insects caught at the edge of fennel crops on the yield of essential oil. We found that high insect richness improves fennel essential oil yield. In this context, it appeared important to know what structured the insect communities we trapped. By calculating indices describing the landscape, we have shown that rather than the type of habitat surrounding them, it is the arrangement of habitats that affected the abundance and richness of insects. As these results, confirmed the importance of maintaining complex landscapes to sustain both flower-visiting insect populations and crop yield, they will be of interest to fennel producers.Agricultural landscapes are increasingly characterized by intensification and habitat losses. Landscape composition and configuration are known to mediate insect abundance and richness. In the context of global insect decline, and despite 75% of crops being dependent on insects, there is still a gap of knowledge about the link between pollinators and aromatic crops. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is an aromatic plant cultivated in the South of France for its essential oil, which is of great economic interest. Using pan-traps, we investigated the influence of the surrounding habitats at landscape scale (semi-natural habitat proportion and vicinity, landscape configuration) and local scale agricultural practices (insecticides and patch size) on fennel-flower-visitor abundance and richness, and their subsequent impact on fennel essential oil yield. We found that fennel may to be a generalist plant species. We did not find any effect of intense local management practices on insect abundance and richness. Landscape configuration and proximity to semi-natural habitat were the main drivers of flying insect family richness. This richness positively influenced fennel essential oil yield. Maintaining a complex configuration of patches at the landscape scale is important to sustain insect diversity and crop yield.

The Effect of Nanocomposite Edible Coating Enriched with Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Oncorhynchus mykiss Fish Fillets during the Storage

ABSTRACT In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of fennel essential oil in different concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (W/V) with three types of nanocoating of basil seed gum, Lepidium perfoliatum, and their combination was examined for extending the life of fish meat. The amount of phenolic compounds for fennel was 80.59 mg g−1. The antioxidant activity of EO was assessed by DPPH and beta-carotene in different concentrations and an increasing trend for antioxidant properties was observed with increasing the EO concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The size of the prepared nanocoatings was in the range of 270.80 to 473.21 nm and the zeta potential was negative for all nanocoatings. Fish meat samples were stored at 4°C for 28 days and peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa counts, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVN-B), and color changes were measured at 7 day intervals. The use of nanotechnology led to the improvement of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of coatings. According to the results, the nanocoating of BSG-LPSG containing 2% of fennel EO can be used in meat packaging factories.

Effect of fennel essential oil and flaxseed oil on blood parameters, insulin resistance, and histological structure of ovaries in rats suffered polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known as a reproductive disorder in mammalian females. Medical plants are known from ancient times and herbal therapy is common in many countries for preventing and treating different diseases or disorders. The effect of fennel essential oil and/or flaxseed oil on body weight, blood parameters, and histological structure of ovaries and pancreas in rat suffered PCOS, was investigated. Thirty adult Wistar female rats (BW=260±20 g) that 24 of them suffered by PCOS by a single intra-muscular (IM) injection of 4 mg/kg estradiol-valerate (EV) were allocated to the treatments. Fennel essential oil (100 mg/kg BW/day) and flaxseed oil (429 mg/kg BW/day or 240 mg ω-3/kg BW/day) were fed using oral gavage in a 50-day period after PCOS induction. Serum concentration of progesterone, testosterone, insulin, and glucose, and also HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and QUICKI indices were affected (P< 0.05) by the treatments. Fennel essential oil increased (P <0.05) blood insulin hormone compared to PCOS and control groups. Our results showed that induction of PCOS in rats increased (P <0.05) fasting blood glucose, but consumption fennel essential oil or flaxseed oil decreased its concentration to the normal threshold. Results of this study showed that feeding fennel essential oil or flaxseed oil due to their anti-diabetic effects and anti-oxidative properties improved the body mass index, serum glucose, insulin and progesterone concentration, and HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and QUICKI indices in rats suffered PCOS.

Assessment of Fennel Oil Microfluidized Nanoemulsions Stabilization by Advanced Performance Xanthan Gum.

In this work, nanoemulsion-based delivery system was developed by encapsulation of fennel essential oil. A response surface methodology was used to study the influence of the processing conditions in order to obtain monomodal nanoemulsions of fennel essential oil using the microchannel homogenization technique. Results showed that it was possible to obtain nanoemulsions with very narrow monomodal distributions that were homogeneous over the whole observation period (three months) when the appropriate mechanical energy was supplied by microfluidization at 14 MPa and 12 passes. Once the optimal processing condition was established, nanoemulsions were formulated with advanced performance xanthan gum, which was used as both viscosity modifier and emulsion stabilizer. As a result, more desirable results with enhanced physical stability and rheological properties were obtained. From the study of mechanical spectra as a function of aging time, the stability of the nanoemulsions weak gels was confirmed. The mechanical spectra as a function of hydrocolloid concentration revealed that the rheological properties are marked by the biopolymer network and could be modulated depending on the amount of added gum. Therefore, this research supports the role of advanced performance xanthan gum as a stabilizer of microfluidized fennel oil-in-water nanoemulsions. In addition, the results of this research could be useful to design and formulate functional oil-in-water nanoemulsions with potential application in the food industry for the delivery of nutraceuticals and antimicrobials.

Effect of fennel essential oil on performance, serum biochemistry, immunity, ileum morphology and microbial population, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat-based diet

ABSTRACT 1. The effect of Foeniculi aetheroleum essential oil (EO) on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, serum biochemistry, immune response, ileum morphology, microbial population and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a corn- or wheat-based diet were determined. 2. A total of 360 broiler chickens were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial assay in a completely randomised design with six replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit. Birds were fed corn- or wheat-based diets supplemented with (200 mg/kg) or without fennel EO. 3. Birds fed wheat-based diets had lower BWG and FCR during grower period and lower FI during finisher period as compared to those fed corn-based diet (P < 0.05) whereas addition of fennel EO decreased chickens BWG during finisher period and EPEF, both in wheat or in corn-based diets. Dietary treatments had no effect on serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AST, ALT, ALP, and MDA concentrations (P < 0.05). 4. Antibody titres against avian influenza and sheep red blood cell antibody titres, crude protein and crude fat utilisation, villus height, crypt depth and epithelium thickness were not influenced by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Inclusion of Fennel EO to the corn-based diet resulted in greater villus width and villus surface area while it reduced lamina propria thickness (P < 0.05). Fennel EO reduced ileal E. coli and Lactobacillus spp. populations (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on meat pH, cooking loss, drip loss, crude protein, crude fat content and cholesterol concentration of breast and thigh meat, total phenolic and MDA concentrations, and breast meat sensory parameters (P > 0.05). 5. These results showed that addition of fennel EO to wheat-based diets had a negative effect on chicken growth performance variables and decreased gut E. coli populations. However, immunity, meat quality and nutrient utilisation were not affected by dietary treatments.

Fennel essential oil loaded porous starch-based microencapsulation as an efficient delivery system for the quality improvement of ground pork

Porous starch (PS) was used as the core material carrier to adsorb fennel essential oil (FEO). Using sodium alginate (SA)-chitosan (CS) as the wall material and glutaraldehyde as the curing cross-linking agent, CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules were successfully prepared by polyelectrolyte complex coagulation method. The formation process, structural properties and release behavior of CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules were analyzed. The results showed that the essential oil was encapsulated in the form of micro-capsules according to infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. In open and closed systems, the 16-day cumulative release rate of FEO obtained was 70.62% and 43.87%, respectively indicating that the prepared CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules had a good sustained-release ability. The fennel essential oil micro-capsules exhibited good antibacterial and antioxidant activities, delayed the oxidation of fat and protein, reduced the total viable counts, total volatile-base nitrogen and methemoglobin. The textural property and status of water (analyzed by NMR) suggested that the quality of the meat can be maintained for an extended period by incorporating the CS/SA/PS-FEO microcapsules in the minced pork meat.

Studies of Penicillium species associated with blue mold disease of grapes and management through plant essential oils as non-hazardous botanical fungicides

Abstract Blue mold caused by Penicillium species is a major fungal disease threatening the viticulture industry in Pakistan, responsible for deteriorating the quality of grapes during handling, transportation, and distribution. Identification-based approaches of Penicillium species provide a better strategy on accurate diagnosis and effective management. In this study, 13 isolates were recovered from symptomatic grape bunches at five main fruit markets of Rawalpindi district, Punjab province. Based on morphological data and multi-loci phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as two distinct species viz. Penicillium expansum (eight isolates) and Penicillium crustosum (five isolates). Meanwhile, the pathogenicity test of Penicillium isolates presented by the inoculation of grape bunches showed various degrees of severity. For improving the fruit quality and eliminating the needs of synthetic fungicides, botanicals such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale L.), and carum (Carum capticum L.) essential oils (EOs) at concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/mL were evaluated. In vitro studies indicated that thyme EO showed a highly significant reduction of fungal growth. Furthermore, the experiments related to reducing the decay development and average weight loss percentage of grapes revealed similar findings. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that thyme EO can be used as an eco-friendly botanical fungicide against Penicillium spp. causing blue mold disease.

Effect of Irrigation Intervals and Sodium Selenite on Growth, Seed Yield and Essential Oil of Fennel

Effect of Irrigation Intervals and Sodium Selenite on Growth, Seed Yield and Essential Oil of Fennel

Fennel Essential Oil Prevents Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Induced by Triflumuron in Two Human Cell Lines

Background: Among insecticides belonging to the insect growth regulators class, we are interested in this present work in the study of Triflumuron (TFM) which is widely used in the protection of crops, human and animal health against diseases caused by certain vector insects. However, the bibliographic data of its toxicity in vitro are almost impossible to find. The increased use of these insecticides has caused severe damage. This prompted us to look for preventive strategies with respect to the toxicity induced by TFM. Objective: Our study aimed to test the effect of an antioxidant substance, the fennel essential oil (FEO) against toxicity induced by TFM using two different cell lines, the human renal embryonic cells (HEK 293) and hepatocytes (Hep G2). Methods and results: According to the MTT assay, and independently of the cell line used, we showed a significant reduction in the cell viability, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, MDA levels and mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell lines after their treatment with TFM. Moreover, we showed an increased in both catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. We demonstrated also, that TFM is an inductor of DNA damages quantified by the comet assay accompanied by apoptosis, highlighted by the evaluation of the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bcl2). Conclusion: However, the use of FEO reversed completely the cytotoxicity induced by TFM.

Fennel Essential Oil as Safe Natural Compound Maintains Quality of Cold Stored Bell Pepper at Low Temperature

Fennel Essential Oil as Safe Natural Compound Maintains Quality of Cold Stored Bell Pepper at Low Temperature

The Effect of Zinc and Salicylic Acid Application on Grain Yield, Essential Oil and Phytochemical Properties of Fennel Plants Under Drought Stress

: To investigate the effect of different levels of drought stress, zinc and salicylic acid spray on yield and essential oil components of fennel, an experiment was conducted in two years 2018 and 2019 as split-plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Ivan city in Ilam province. The main factor consisted of irrigation regimes at three levels of non-stress, moderate stress and severe dehydration through irrigation levels of 50, 75 and 100 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan, respectively. The sub-factor consisted of nano fertilizer at two levels (without fertilizer and zinc nano-fertilizer spray) with salicylic acid spray at four levels (zero, two, four and six mmol). Drought stress decreased grain yield and essential oil yield. Fennel essential oil percentage increased with intensifying the drought stress. The concentration of 6 mM salicylic acid resulted in the highest essential oil percentage (2.8 %) and essential oil yield (29.2 kg/ha). Application of Zn nano-fertilizer at drought stress levels of 50, 75 and 100 mm increased the grain yield by 14 %, 2.5 % and 6.5 %, respectively. Most of the fennel essential oils consisted of Anethole, Fenicon, Estrogel and Limonene. The application of zinc nano-fertilizer increased the concentration of anethole and esrogel but decreased the concentration of fenecon and limonene. The application of salicylic acid also increased the amount of anethole and estrogel.

The combined effect of the combined Fennel and Clove essential oils on Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Enterobacter aerogenes using Checkerboard assay (fractional inhibitory concentration index)

The combined effect of the combined Fennel and Clove essential oils on Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Enterobacter aerogenes using Checkerboard assay (fractional inhibitory concentration index)