Feminine Nouns Research Articles

සිදත් සඟරාවේ ලිංග භේදය පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්‍ය‍යනයක්

The only book currently available to learn Sinhala grammar is Sidath Sagara. This was written in the thirteenth century. Sidath Sagara talks about gender, only two genders as masculine and feminine nouns. Although Sidath Sagara says that there are two genders, according to the Sinhala practice, three genders are implemented. The third gender is the neuter gender. Sinhala gender has been introduced after paying attention to the gender difference in Pali and Sanskrit languages. Understand gender discrimination in Sidath Sagara without knowledge of Pali and Sanskrit languages. This is a problematic situation. Because of this, scholars refuse to explain the gender of the Sidath Sagara. Some people justify sidath Sagara's gender bias. This research was carried out in order to properly investigate Sidath Sagarava's gender examination and arrive at conclusions. why neuter gender is not valid in Sinhala in Sidath Sagarava's gender examination? is kept as the research problem. The main objective of the research was to study gender discrimination in Sidath Sagara. Studying the various ideologies that have been presented regarding gender discrimination, Sidath Sagara's research on gender and reaching balanced conclusions began. Sidath Sagara was kept as the primary source. Various editions of Sidath Sagara, Sinhala grammar books and Journals written in this regard, newspaper articles etc. were the secondary sources by studying the gender difference in Sidath Sagara and grammar tradition of Sinhala, it was kept as the basis of the research that the existing problems regarding gender discrimination in Sidath Sagara will be resolved. the research sample was only for the work of Sidath Sagara and Sinhala grammar tradition. From the data analysis of the research 1. Gender distiction as discrimination in Sidath Sagara is a gender discrimination used for poetry 2. the author of Sidath Sagara explains focusing on the gender distinction in Pali and Sanskrit languages and not focusing on the Sinhala language. 3. it is uncinded the three conclusions that Sidath Sagara's gender distinction is a traditional Sinhala grammatical tradition.

PSYCHO-PHONO-SEMANTIC POTENTIAL OF A FEMALE NAME: AN ALGORITHM OF ATTRIBUTIVE GRADATION

The article is devoted to the study of the psycho-phono-semantics of female names by the author’s algorithm. The purpose of the study is to find out the functions of the sound of female names according to a gradation algorithm based on phonetic content and colour associations of vowel sounds. Objectives of the study are: to present the psycho-phono-semantics of vowel sounds based on empirical studies; to substantiate the phonetic content of the female noun according to the attributive algorithm gradation (names with the status of very, more, the most); to present the colour range of the female noun based on the stressed vowel(s); to find out the role and functions of the psycho-phono-semantics of the female noun. The object of the study is the psychological features of the sound organisation of female names. The subject of the study is the phonetic content and colour of the most popular names according to the author’s algorithm. The actual research material was based on data from the Ministry of Justice, which lists the most popular female names. Using the author’s algorithm of attributive gradation, the phonetic content of female names based on vowel sounds was studied for the first time. For the first time, the colour scheme of a female noun was studied based on all vowel sounds of the name. The common attributive meaning beautiful in all of female names may be related to the phonetic properties of the vowels or perhaps historical associations that these names have. Differences in other associations and attributes may be due to other phonetic details of each name and the specifics of their cultural usage. Analysis of colour associations and semantics of names with different vowels but with unstressed [i] is interesting. The sound [i] can have different correlations with colours that arise as a result of phonetic features. Names with vowels can have a wide range of colours. The psycho-phono-semantics of the feminine noun plays an important role in the perception and understanding of names, determining what associations, impressions and emotions female names evoke. The phonetic meaning of names is subjective and may vary depending on the on the perception of the individual. A proper name, in addition to its phonetic properties, always carries a personal identity and history, and this is also an important aspect of its semantics. Prospects for further research of the stated problem are in a thorough study of the psycho-phono-semantics of masculine and feminine nouns based on the phonetic content and colour associations of vowels and consonants using the algorithm of attributive gradation.

The influence of Guarani on gender agreement in Paraguayan and Correntino Spanish: A contrastive analysis

In this paper we analyze the influence of Guarani, a genderless language, on patterns of gender agreement in two distinct Spanish varieties, Paraguayan Spanish and Correntino Spanish. Using two unique conversational corpora, we show that, of the two varieties, Paraguayan Spanish more closely resembles Standard Spanish in patterns of gender agreement, but the cases of nonagreement that do occur are found in a wide variety of linguistic contexts, resembling the kinds of transfer effects common in L2 varieties of Spanish in speakers whose L1 is genderless. Correntino Spanish exhibits patterns of nonagreement that are not only more common but are limited in linguistic scope, i.e., only occurring in noun phrases involving feminine nouns with non-article modifiers. We attribute the differences between these two varieties to the differing presence of Guarani in the two regions where they are currently spoken. Paraguayan Spanish, in closer contact with Guarani, is subject to synchronic L2 transfer effects, while Correntino Spanish, a largely monolingual variety in the modern day, is characterized by diachronic L2 transfer effects that have fossilized and come to be found in the speech of monolinguals.

DIALECTISMS IN NOVEL "MAMY" BY MARIA MATIOS

The article analyzes the accentuation, phonetic, morphological, word-forming and phraseological dialectisms used in the six-act drama "Mamy" by Maria Mathios. Unlike lexical dialectisms, which are mostly presented in page-by-page footnotes with an interpretation of their semantics by the author, the speech units studied in the proposed article mostly function in the text of the work itself and do not require explanation, as they are completely understandable from the context. Instead, phraseological dialectisms are also often explained in footnotes, since their semantics may not be completely clear to the general public. At the same time, we observe the use of phonetic, morphological, accentuation and phraseological dialectisms precisely in the speech of the characters, although lexical ones are also presented in the author's speech. In addition, the researched work presents significant monologues of characters, which contain a number of various speech units from different structural levels of the language. Among the morphological dialectisms, we note speech features primarily in the field of nouns, in particular, the presence of the ending -y in the genitive singular of feminine nouns of the third declension; in verb forms, primarily in the preservation of ancient forms of the past tense, the function of the participle-postfix -sia is mainly in the preposition; in the writer's representation of a number of dialect forms of official parts of speech, as well as exclamations. Accentuational dialectisms are mostly paroxytonated units. Word-forming dialectisms differ from literary language mainly by suffixes, less often by prefixes. Phraseological dialecticisms used in the text of the novel are emotionally saturated, are an important element of the characters' speech, and function mostly with the main component of the verb and verbal semantics. The researched types of dialectisms recorded in the prose text are presented in dialects of the southwestern dialect, primarily Hutsul, Transnistrian, Bukovinian, Transcarpathian, and Boykish. The analyzed dialect units are an important component of the characters' individual speech, logically woven into the linguistic fabric of the artistic text.

When unpleasantness meets feminines: a behavioural study on gender agreement and emotionality

ABSTRACT The emotional connotation of words is known to affect word and sentence processing. However, the when and how of the interaction between emotion and grammar are still up for debate. In this behavioural experiment, 35 female university students read noun phrases (NPs) composed by a determiner and a noun in their L1 (Spanish), and were asked to indicate if the NPs were grammatically correct (el masc camarero masc ) or not (*la fem tornillo masc ; i.e. a gender agreement task). The type of gender (arbitrary/natural), the emotionality (unpleasant/neutral), and the gender class (feminine/masculine) of the nouns were manipulated. We found an overall grammaticality effect, responses being faster in grammatically correct trials than in incorrect ones. However, the effects of emotionality and gender class varied depending on gender type. For arbitrary gender, the grammaticality effect was greater in feminine nouns than in masculine nouns and independent of emotionality. For natural gender, the grammaticality effect interacted with gender class and emotionality, this effect only emerging in unpleasant stimuli for feminine nouns. Our results reveal that it is possible to find emotional effects at the behavioural level in an intrinsically grammatical task. Yet, these effects depend on gender properties like the type of gender and the gender class.

Effects of grammatical gender on gender inferences: Evidence from French hybrid nouns

Abstract A growing body of research shows that readers and listeners are biased by the grammatical gender of a noun when making inferences about the gender of its referent. This result is central in debates about gender-fair language but has mostly been established using masculine generics. This paper presents two preregistered studies on French that aim to replicate this result but using a lesser-studied type of noun: generic hybrid nouns. These nouns can refer to both male and female individuals but are either masculine or feminine, depending on the noun (e.g. un talent ‘a talent’ and une vedette ‘a star’). The availability of both genders for hybrid nouns allows for a more comprehensive test of the effect of grammatical gender than permitted by masculine generics. Overall, the paper replicates the role of grammatical biases in gender inferences, with masculine hybrid nouns being judged as more likely to refer to male individuals as compared to feminine hybrid nouns. However the results did not reveal a symmetric bias for feminine nouns, which were interpreted as gender-neutral. But this latter result should be interpreted with caution as it could be due to uncontrolled effects of gender stereotypes coming from the specific stimuli used in the study.

STAVOVI STUDENATA SRBISTIKE I STUDENATA NEFILOLOŠKE ORIJENTACIJE O PRIHVATLjIVOSTI SOCIJALNIH FEMININATIVA U SAVREMENOM SRPSKOM JEZIKU

The subject of this paper is to analyze and interpret the attitudes of Serbian language and literature students and students who are not philologically oriented (Psychology, Pedagogy, Sociology, and Social Politics and Social Work majors) from the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš, Serbia toward the levels of acceptability of social feminatives in contemporary Serbian. The analyzed examples include nouns derived by derivational suffixes -(n)ica (e.g. atašeica ‘attache f.’, naučnica ‘scientist f.’), -ka (e.g. administratorka ‘administrator f.’, akušerka ‘accoucheur f.’), -(k)inja (e.g. avanturistkinja ‘adventurer f.’, stručnjakinja ‘expert f.’), predominantly excerpted from the book Priručnik za upotrebu rodno osetljivog jezika (2019). The main aim was to study the factors that have an influence on the acceptability level of the analyzed social feminatives – the gender of the respondents, their program of study, year of study, and frequency of occur- rence of the gender sensitive language forms in their everyday language use. The respondents were asked to rate their perceived level of acceptability (on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 – completely unacceptable to 5 – completely acceptable). Average values greater than 3.4 were determined for 66.67% of the analyzed social feminatives, indicating a prevalent level of acceptability among the respondents. However, average values lower than 2.61 were deter- mined just for 7.69% of the analyzed social feminatives. The most acceptable social feminatives on average are the following: šefica ‘boss f.’, ministarka ‘prime minister f.’, urednica ‘editor f.’, načelnica ‘chief f.’, naučnica ‘scientist f.’, reporterka ‘reporter f.’ (an average value above 4.5) and the least acceptable are: sutkinja ‘ judge f ’, atašeica ‘attache f.’, menjačica ‘changer f.’, vojnikinja ‘soldier f.’, lovačica ‘hunter f.’ (an average value below 2.6). A statistically significant differ- ence was noted among the philology students and non-philology students when it came to rating the (un)acceptability of the selected feminatives. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference exists between the complete (un)acceptability of social feminatives among Serbian language and literature students on the one hand, and Sociology, Psychology, and Social Politics and Social Work students on the other. Finally, a statistically significant difference also exists between the acceptability of the selected feminine noun forms ending in the deriva- tional suffix -(k)inja and the selected feminine noun forms ending in the derivational suffixes -(n)ica and -ka.

Z etymologii polskiej (2): rozgardiasz

The article is devoted to the word rozgardiasz (hurly-burly) well-known in general Polish. Its chronology, semantic development, geography, and etymology are presented in a detailed and systematic way. It has been recognised as a Polish-Latin hybrid and a manifestation of the word-forming invention of Jan Mączyński, the author of the Latin-Polish Dictionary from 1564. The word’s forming structure and etymology are not entirely clear. In all probability, three constituent elements can be identified: *roz- + -gard- + -‘as(z), where the initial segment roz- should be interpreted as a prefix with the meaning ‘to break with something, to depart from something, to negate something’, the central segment -gard- can be referred, most likely, to garda [guard], gardość, gardać, gardzić [to despise], hardy [impertinent], hardość [impertinence] etc., with a lexical meaning ‘splendour, superfluity, debauchery, choosiness in eating and drinking’. Most problematic is the interpretation of the final component -‘as(z) which seems to be a nonnative element, probably Latin. This is indicated by the graphic combination -dia-, alien to the Polish language and characteristic of Latin, assimilated on Polish soil as -dyja-, i.e. rozgardyja(s), cf. dialectal rozgardyjo, ozgardyja, ṷozgardyjo, etc. In Latin, -as is the acc. ending of pl. of feminine nouns like discordia, lūxuria, pl. dēliciae, epulae, īnsidiae, cf. Latin discordias prōdūcere (discordia ‘discord, feud’), dēlicias facere (dēliciae pl. ‘sensual pleasures, amusements, amusements, superfluities, delights, enjoyments’), alicuie pulas dare, oculis epulas dare (epulae pl. ‘dishes, dishes; feast, feast’), īnsidias struere (īnsidiae’ intrigues, scheming, deceit’). In the phrase rozgardias(z) stroić, the noun occurs in the accusative. If we assume that this is a copy of the Latin acc. pl. of feminine nouns, then the literal meaning of the conjunction r. stroić should be interpreted as a repeated, recurring activity, i.e. ‘to arrange sensual delights, debauched amusements, games, frolics, luxuries, pleasures; to hold feasts, debauched and sumptuous feasts, with an abundance of exquisite and fanciful food, an excess of the finest liquors and the presence of other carnal pleasures’. This corresponds semantically with the synonymous verbs używać, bonować cited by J. Mączyński. It would also have to be assumed that over time, the acc. pl. of a feminine noun abstracted from the substantive-verbal construction as a masculine noun and began to live its own life. This conception of the genesis of the lexeme in question, although very attractive and internally coherent, is, however, unable to transcend the limits of an academic hypothesis.

Noun categories and the survival/replacement of the synthetic case system in Syrinic

The subject of this paper is the relationship between the stability of synthetic case system and noun categories in sirinić speech, which is a part of prizren-timoc dialect zone in Serbian language. The existing foundings about synthetic declensions and categories of gender and number have been tested by using corpus and quantitative method in this paper. This research has confirmed that synthetic cases are better preserved in singular than in plural and that they are the most stable in feminine nouns, less in muscular and the least stable in neuter nouns. In plural, dative remains only in musculine and femine nouns. A greater number of cases has been found in singular, but their percentage compared to general case indicates that they persisted only in limited functions and meanings.

Semantic agreement in Russian: Gender, declension, and morphological ineffability

In this paper, I argue that declension classes are not primitives (see Aronoff 1994; Alexiadou 2004; Kramer 2015; i.a.), but are decomposed into simpler features, one of which is gender (Harris 1991; Wiese 2004; Caha 2019). The argument is based on semantic gender agreement in Russian, where a grammatically masculine noun can trigger feminine agreement if its referent is female (Mučnik 1971; Pesetsky 2013). Semantic agreement is grammatical only in those forms where a regular nominal exponent is syncretic with an exponent of a declension class that includes feminine nouns. In other forms, conflicting masculine and feminine gender features lead to ineffability in morphology (cf. Schütze 2003; Asarina 2011; Coon and Keine 2020). Ineffability arises because the Subset Principle (Halle 1997) that holds between features of a vocabulary item and a terminal at the point of Vocabulary Insertion is violated later in the derivation. This is in turn possible if Vocabulary Insertion applying cyclically bottom-up (Bobaljik 2000) is interleaved with Lowering that alters structure below a triggering node (Embick and Noyer 2001). Finally, I show that Russian also has a number of cases where conflicting gender features in a noun phrase do not result in a realization failure (Iomdin 1980). The difference between these patterns is derived in a principled way and follows from the positions where conflicting features are introduced.

Pauline Henotic Ecumenism (??????? - Ephesians 4: 3, 13) in Promoting Christian Unity and National Integration in Nigeria.

Lack of unity among the variegated ethnic groups in Nigeria has largely been responsible for ethno-religious, socio-political, economic and security challenges in Nigeria. This has inadvertently militated against national integration and achievement of the Sustainable development goals. The constitution and various government policies established for the unification of all Nigerians have failed to achieve the desired result, calling for transformation and genuine cohesion and love in promoting unity and development as advocated by Paul. Exegetical and hermenetical methods were used. Premised on OOOO theoretical framework. The word ??????? (henoteta) was used twice by Paul in Ephesians 4:3 and 13, these are the only two places where the feminine noun features in the New Testament. In these two passages, they both relate to the unity of the Spirit that produces a common faith and knowledge of the Son of God – ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????. Such unity suggests that ecumenism amongst Christian denominations is not only a possibility; it is also a necessity as far as the Christians profess one Christ. This unity is however far from ecclesiological unionism, but organic unity. The church is vulnerable when its diverse lines of doctrines, dogmas, praxis, sacraments and ministerial structures and ethics are emphasised. This suggests that a cohesive antidote would be the emphasis on the philosophy of unity amidst her diversity and relationship with people of other faiths. This study reveals that Christianity is formed on divergent traditions that produced various strands of practices, which in turn produce different Christian sects and denominations. Therefore, a bonding in faith through the invisibility of henotic unity, which the pericope (Eph.4:3,13) suggests will enhance the cohesion of the church spititually, socially, economically, politically and structurally in the midst of doctrinal differences and ethnic dive

THE MEANINGS OF THE SUFFIX “K” IN THE COMPOSITION OF NOUNS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND THE WAYS OF EXPRESSING THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

The article considers the suffix -k- in the composition of nouns in Russian and the ways of expressing their equivalents in Persian. The problem is that in Russian the active suffix -k- forms nouns with different meanings, such as subjective-evaluative meaning, the meaning of femininity, singularity, object and action. However, Persian-speaking students sometimes do not have sufficient knowledge about these meanings. In Russian, these nouns are formed by adding the suffix -k- to the stem of adjectives, nouns, numerals and verbs. Each of the options has its own formation conditions. The aim of the present article is to identify various meanings of this suffix in Russian and to determine its equivalents in Persian. It was revealed that the majority of formed nouns are feminine nouns, and the Russian suffix -k- is conveyed in Persian by suffixes, adjectives and nouns.

СТЕПЕН НА РАЗПОЗНАВАЕМОСТ НА ИЗГОВОРА -Ъ В ЧЛЕННАТА МОРФЕМА НА СЪЩЕСТВИТЕЛНИ ОТ ЖЕНСКИ РОД, ЗАВЪРШВАЩИ НА СЪГЛАСНА, КАТО НЕПРАВИЛEН СПРЯМО КНИЖОВНАТА НОРМА

The article examines the definite forms of feminine nouns ending in a consonant and their pronunciation. The author aims at establishing to what extent native speakers of Bulgarian perceive as incorrect the pronunciation of the vowel sound of the stressed definite article morpheme as -ъ (e.g, [обичтъ], [есентъ]) in comparison with the standard pronunciation. The analysis is based on empirical data obtained through a nonrepresentative study employing the method of listening to a short text.

Grammatical Gender Features in English and Arabic

Gender in language is like sex in the outside world . Sex is considered as the most important basis for gender distinction . Sex stands for either male or female creatures.The main purpose behind this paper is to provide a comparative study between English and Arabic gender . It deals with gender as a grammatical category . The paper is divided into three sections: Section one gives an account of the term gender ; Section two deals with gender in Arabic while section three displays gender in English then the conclusion of the study is displayed . It reflects the main points of contrast between the two languages under study as far as gender is concerned .The distinction of gender into feminine and masculine is an important feature in Arabic , Unlike English where the majority of words do not make this distinction clear .In addition, Languages differ in the number of gender they recognize . English has three genders masculine , feminine and neuter which stand respectively for male , female and neither sex . On the other hand , Arabic has two gender categories : masculine and feminine. Both languages under study use the natural gender in classifying the nouns into masculine and feminine. i.e. every noun that belongs to the class of masculine nouns refers to male animate and vise versa.In Arabic ,masculine nouns are considered as the basis from which feminine nouns can be derived through the addition of certain markers . These markers can be added to both nouns and adjectives , whereas , a few nouns in English are marked for gender . In Arabic , there are certain irregularities inconsidering and forming the feminine nouns whereas in English some pronouns are gender sensitive.On the syntactic level , In Arabic , there should be an agreement between the noun that is marked for gender and the other elements of the sentence while in English such agreement can be manifested between the nouns and their pronouns in the singular case only.

The Polish Language Is Not a Male-Chauvinistic Language (A Computer-Aided Research on the Polish Gender Category Presented in a Nutshell)

I took up the topic of grammatical gender in Polish due to the fact that the theories of 5, 7 and even 9 genders (including the so-called personal-masculine gender in plural) accepted in Poland since the second half of the 20th century give rise to unnecessary difficulties for foreigners attempting at correctly building Polish sentences such as Matka i dziecko nie mogli się sobą nacieszyć. (‘Mother and child could not stop enjoying each other’). The research I conducted as part of interactive linguistics (using the Prolog artificial intelligence language and the SEMANA platform) showed that the theory distinguishing the category of gender from the category of animacy (as in comparative Slavic linguistics) is more economical and gives better results (than the theory of 9 genders) both in the analysis and production of utterances. Additionally, due to the “personal-masculine” gender introduced into Polish grammar, there arose a debate on the possible “male-chauvinistic” character of the Polish language, and consequently of the entire Polish culture. In response to this, I argue that one should not too hastily identify grammatical categories with cognitive categories, especially since in all European languages I know, it is the masculine gender which is the unmarked gender (-feminine). It follows from this that the masculine gender has two meanings, one broad and more abstract (e.g., man as a human being in general) and one narrow indicating only men (e.g., man as a male person). Recently, however, the non-marked meaning of the masculine gender has been undermined by the so-called inclusive speech. In Polish, in the plural, the so-called masculine-personal form indicates either a group of men or a group of entities among which is at least one human being regardless of gender (in the utterance quoted above, in which the verb nie mogli (‘could not’) exhibits the so-called personal-masculine form, the feminine noun matka (‘mother’) and the neuter noun dziecko (‘child’) constitute a collective subject that occurs in grammatical agreement with the verb form in the masculine gender, acting as an exponent of the category of humanity (not “masculinity”). Thus, the so-called personal-masculine form is used with the unmarked gender meaning of a personal (or human) form (+human, feminine). The research I conducted shows that in contemporary Polish the category of gender has the following meanings: masculine, feminine, and neuter, and the category of animacy: inanimate (-animate), human animate (+animate, +human), and non-human or animal animate (+animate, -human).

Gender Agreement in L3 Spanish Production among Speakers of Typologically Different Languages

Grammatical gender presents persistent difficulty for adult learners of Spanish in L2 acquisition; however, there is a literature gap in L3 acquisition of gender, specifically of typologically different languages. In this project, we investigate the acquisition of Spanish gender agreement by Russian (L1)/Mandarin (L1)-English (L2) speakers of Spanish (L3) and compare the findings with English(L1) speakers of Spanish (L2). Studying these languages is particularly interesting because some exhibit an explicit gender system (Spanish and Russian) while others do not (English and Mandarin). In order to examine the effect of L1/L2 influence of these languages on L3 Spanish acquisition, 55 participants completed two tasks: a picture identification task and a grammaticality judgement task. Results indicate that advanced learners of Spanish of all L1 backgrounds performed at or near ceiling. All beginner learners performed better with canonically marked masculine nouns than noncanonical feminine nouns, thus corroborating previous findings. Regarding L1 influence, Russian participants outperformed the other two groups, especially in Task 1 (Picture Identification), thereby indicating that they may be transferring to some degree the grammatical gender system of their L1. Overall, this research provides evidence that multiple factors, including structural typology and L3 proficiency level, play a role in L3 acquisition.

Педагогическая грамматика русского языка в ономастическом и когнитивном аспектах

The main features of pedagogical grammar are outlined, which make it possible to use the educational potential of proper names in teaching the Russian language to Uzbek students, to carry out educational activities – to expand the horizons and range of onomastic knowledge, to promote the formation of onomastic culture. It is proved that the existing anthropocentric model in the system of modern philological education should include the pedagogical aspects of onomastics. The structure of obligatory knowledge about the category of masculine and feminine nouns in the Russian language is associated with the designation of persons of different sexes, which reflects one of the principles of the pedagogical description of the Russian language – the inclusion of maximum information that helps memorize the word and reveal the cultural identity of the Russian language, which , which is a linguistic picture of the world. Attention is focused on the fact that the pedagogical description of onomastic vocabulary based on the main cognitive function of the language makes it possible to take into account the process of categorization, in which the formatting of the linguistic status of the class of “feminitives”, the content category of feminine nouns as new objects of reality takes place, which is not yet focused on educational description of these language formations in textbooks for universities and schools of secondary general education with Uzbek and other languages of instruction. It is substantiated that from the standpoint of pedagogical grammar, knowledge about the category of feminine nouns as a derived Russian word should be formed as secondary new knowledge, and primary knowledge associated with knowledge of the generating word should be included in the interpretation of feminitives, which corresponds to the idea of expanding knowledge about the Russian language.

“Ukrainian orthography” and total feminization

Ukrainian “feminine” nominalization is distinguished by its richness and diversity, embodied by multilevel linguistic means Soviet linguistics has a considerable number of works devoted to the nomination of women. Over the past decade and a half, the idea of discrimination against women has been spreading and growing in Ukraine as a noticeable and threatening phenomenon in the Ukrainian community. According to supporters of the movement against this injustice, overcoming inequality and achieving a fair balance is possible through the feminization of the Ukrainian language. Their means of achieving this goal are the thoughtless creation and imposition of femininized words without regard to the laws, rules, and norms of the Ukrainian language, and their consistent disregard for them. The article presents the status and content of Part 4 § 32 “Orthography âook of Noun Suffixes” of the new edition of the Ukrainian îrthography. In particular, the attention is focused on manipulations with the îrthography itself and its corresponding interpretation in the context of current total feminization of the Ukrainian language. In addition, this part in terms of its compliance with the purpose and general objectives of the îrthography code is analyzed in this article. The article identifies that the form and content of the biggest part of them do not meet the criteria of scientificity, its title contradicts the content (it concerns only the word formation of feminine nouns), and, accordingly, this part does not fulfill the general task of ensuring the unification of spelling norms. These and other features are un doubtedly grounds for removing this part from the îrthography book. Keywords: gender, discrimination, feminine gender, suffix productivity, word formation, feminine, feminization, masculine gender.

Feminist Strategies in Qur’ān Translations: A Comparative Study of the Sublime Quran and Saheeh International

For almost thirteen centuries, the Qur’ān had been interpreted by men before it was first translated by a woman. In 1995, Umm Muhammad, Amina Assami, translated the Qur’ān into English under the pseudonym Saheeh International. Extensive research indicates that Umm Muhammad’s translation reproduces patriarchal gender hierarchies (Al-Sowaidi et al., 2021), while Laleh Bakhtiar’s the Sublime Quran comprises feminist elements (Kidwai, 2018). Comparing these two translations to determine whether the translators employ feminist translation strategies to increase their visibility has not been previously addressed. I aim to investigate how these women translators transfer feminine nouns and pronouns and generic masculine nouns from Arabic, a highly gendered language, to English. In this paper, I apply an eclectic approach: the feminist theory by Susanne de Lotbinière-Harwood and Luise von Flotow and the basic linguistic theory for the grammatical description of language by Roman Jakobson. The results reveal that Bakhtiar’s translation published in the USA demonstrates feminist perspectives through utilising prefacing, supplementing, and neutralisation, whereas Umm Muhammad’s version published in Saudi Arabia depends on exegetical books and maintains a softer tone between the dominant male and diluted feminist voice. Future researchers should broaden the scope of the comparison and cover more Qur’ān translations in different countries to examine the impact of women translators’ socio-cultural contexts on their translations.

The Morphological Representation of /i:/ in Pashto

Pashto is widely spoken in different regions of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and other countries. Many researchers have studied the Pashto and revealed various interesting aspects of it. However, the purpose of the study is to investigate the use of the morpheme /i:/ as a suffix in Pashto grammar, particularly in nouns (masculine, feminine, singular and plural) and verb. For this purpose, the researchers adopted a qualitative approach and collected data from the native speakers of Pashto. The results of the study showed that the morpheme /i:/ is a very productive process in Pashto in the formation of noun and its plural, and past tense (verb). The results showed that /i:/ cause a morphological change in the root of masculine nouns (e.g., 'zalme' means 'young boy' and 'zalmi:' means 'young boys'), feminine nouns (e.g., 'wana' means 'tree' and 'wani:' means 'trees') and verbs in the past tense (e.g., 'kat̪ ali:’ means ‘saw’). The results revealed that this morpheme brings morphological change to the root of the nouns as well because it adds to the category of the noun ‘χa:n’ meaning ‘king/authoritative person’, and the category remains same (noun) ‘χa:ni:’ means 'wealthy/powerful' and the noun ‘É£ari:b’ means ‘poor’ into the noun ‘É£ari:bi:’ means ‘poverty’.