Feminine Men Research Articles

An Alternative Account of Anti-Effeminacy Bias: Reputation Concerns and Lack of Coalitional Value Explain Honor-Oriented Men's Reluctance to Befriend Feminine Men.

Anti-effeminacy bias follows a specific pattern with men showing stronger anti-effeminacy bias against male targets than women. Previous explanations focused on men’s higher tendency to stigmatize feminine men as homosexual and motives to maintain a dominant group status. Here, we suggest that certain expressions of anti-effeminacy bias may rather be a manifestation of men’s reputation management motives for coalition formation, and be amplified among high (vs. low) masculine honor-oriented men. In three studies with samples from the United Kingdom and Turkey, we showed that men perceived feminine (vs. masculine) male targets as lower on coalitional value and were more reluctant to befriend them, yet this applied only to high (not low) honor-oriented men. Honor-oriented men’s friendship reluctance was mediated by concern with losing reputation by association with targets lacking coalitional value. These findings extend understanding of anti-effeminacy bias by drawing attention to men’s reputation concerns for coalitional reasons and individual differences.

Nirmala and Sonia: the city through embodiment

ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the duality and performativity of bodies as they move through multiple social, sexual and fiscal economies of Kolkata. We offer the story of Sonia, a middle-aged feminine man, who despite a number of obstacles within his family, experiments with a range of sexual identities, and in the process challenges the notion of conformist heteronormative trajectories in the city. Our second character, Nirmala, works as a commercial surrogate in Kolkata. Nirmala's story shows how the cultural script of the pregnant body, associated with heterosexual intercourse and motherhood, is defied by the renting of wombs for profit within the assisted reproductive sector in the city. The personal accounts of Sonia and Nirmala eventually tell a story of Kolkata itself. They underline its transition from older post/colonial economies towards neoliberal aspirations and gendered freedoms. These processes of change remain imprinted in the rebellious, unorthodox bodies of ordinary citizens.

Treating Family Members of Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming People: An Interview With Eric Yarbrough, M.D.

Treating Family Members of Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming People: An Interview With Eric Yarbrough, M.D.

ХРОМАТИЧЕСКАЯ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ ИКОНИЧЕСКИХ КОДОВ В КАРТИНАХ ТАТЬЯНЫ АПРАКСИНОЙ

Авторы осуществили актуальную для «иконического поворота» попытку представить и обосновать лингвистические возможности интерпретации иконического мышления на примере живописных работ Татьяны Апраксиной. Соотношение между сознательными и бессознательными предикатами изобразительного творчества привело к анализу понятия «образ». Показано, что сознательность с необходимостью является выборочной и частичной, тогда как образы бессознания включают множество неосознаваемой информации внешней среды и путем сублимации могут быть материализованы в цветовой среде живописных картин.
 Хроматический анализ цветовой семантики по гендеру (психологическому полу) продемонстрировал существенные отличия для фемининного и маскулинного интеллекта с еще более явной дифференциацией для нормальных и экстремальных условий существования художницы. В творчестве нормативный аспект ее женственности за счет «трансцендентного перехода» в экстремальное состояние оказался менее существенным, чем сублимирующая функция бессознания.
 Это согласовывалось с общепризнанной характеристикой творчества гениальных художников, которым приходится постоянно вынашивать свои образы идеального плана в женственном плане сознания, только после чего и рождаются истинные идеи; поэтому, именно маскулинным женщинам наряду с фемининными мужчинами удавалось достигать запредельных высот истинного творчества.
 Хроматический анализ картин художницы показал гармоничное сочетание предикатов обоих полов в образе, иконика которого изменялась в зависимости от граничных условий так, что проявлялся весь опыт интеллектуального воплощения в переживаниях духа своего времени как предиката и идеала в сублимированном сочетании материи и духа. Высказано предложение, что такое подчинение приоритетов станет способствовать плодотворному развитию живописи.
 Ключевые слова: Татьяна Апраксина, живопись, цвет, образ, иконика, хроматизм, сознание и бессознание.

The Interactions Among Sexual Orientation, Masculine and Feminine Gender Role Orientation, and Facets of Sociosexuality in Young Heterosexual and Homosexual Men

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the functional relationships among sexual orientation, masculine and feminine gender role orientation, and sociosexual orientation in 282 heterosexual and 282 homosexual young men. Homosexual men reported significantly more pronounced sociosexual behavior (d = 0.65) and desire (d = 0.31). Furthermore, homosexual men were characterized by lower masculine (d =-0.26) and higher feminine (d = 0.38) gender role orientation. Latent variable analyses revealed that homosexual men as well as more masculine men, irrespective of their sexual orientation, had more uncommitted sexual relations and more unrestricted sociosexual attitudes. A similar pattern could be identified for sociosexual desire. While homosexual men were more unrestricted in their sociosexual desire, this also held for more feminine men in general. Overall, findings indicated that homosexual orientation is positively associated with sociosexual orientation. In addition, masculine/feminine gender role orientations exert differential influences on the three facets of sociosexuality independent of sexual orientation.

Solidaritas Sosial di Kalangan Laki-laki Feminin: Studi Kasus pada Komunitas A+ Organizer

This study aims to analyze social solidarity among feminine males, case studies on community A+ Organizer in Padang West Sumatera. This study was analyzed with the theory of social solidarity by Emile Durkheim. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach, with the type of research case study. The results found that there were two forms of social solidarity among the feminine male of the A+ Organizer community: 1) Mutual help such as: giving work, cooperation, and empowerment. 2) Collective activities in the form of together gathering such as: hanging out and regular social gathering. Factors that underlie the formation of social solidarity among feminine men in the A+ Organizer community: 1) The similarity of fate. 2) Interdependence.

Femininity in men and masculinity in women is positively related to sociosexuality

Sociosexuality, i.e. individual's willingness to engage in uncommitted sex, is systematically higher in men than in women, and can be considered a male typical trait. However, intrasexual variation in sociosexuality is considerable, with individual femininity/masculinity being one of the factors influencing sociosexuality. The aim of our study was to test, in heterosexual and homosexual men and women from Brazil and the Czech Republic, whether childhood gender nonconformity (CGN) and continuous gender identity in adulthood (CGI) are associated with individual sociosexual orientation (SOI-R). A sample of 1336 heterosexual and homosexual men and women completed questionnaires on CGN, CGI, and SOI-R. In general, correlations show that higher masculinity in heterosexual women and higher femininity in both heterosexual and homosexual men are related to higher sociosexuality. Higher sociosexuality in masculine women can be explained by prenatal or actual androgen effects on sexual libido and can reflect a fast life history strategy. In feminine men, this result might reflect female preferences for feminine characteristics in men and an overall shift towards male femininity which can increase individual fitness. Also, gender nonconforming individuals can be more liberal adopting behaviors which are considered as non-traditional. This study challenges the widely association between masculinity and unrestricted sociosexuality.

Conditions of a Feminine Man: Rumors of a “Hermaphrodite” Pastrycook in Nineteenth-Century Sweden

The pastrycook Aron Forss was a well-known person in his hometown Uppsala in the 1840’s and 1850’s, famous both for his popular café and for his femininity. This article analyses the rumors that surrounded his person, using paintings, newspaper clippings, and memoirs written by his former customers. Through his business, Forss could lay claim on normative masculinity through the rousing bourgeois ideals of financial success and craftsmanship. Being a successful businessman was a way of securing social acceptance and respectability. However, it was apparently not enough. In order to sustain his business, Forss was forced to put up with harassments. Some of his costumers treated him much like other women in public places were treated—as objects of sexual advance. Several of Forss’s contemporaries describe him with particular fascination. By describing Forss as a spectacle, he is made an exception to the rules of social appropriateness.

Essentialist Beliefs and Sexual Prejudice Toward Feminine Gay Men

ABSTRACTWe propose that feminine gay men are targets of essentialist beliefs that cast them as less natural and more entitative than masculine gay men, and that this pattern of low-naturalness/high-entitativity beliefs fuels increased sexual prejudice toward, and discomfort with, feminine gay men. Data from two studies support these hypotheses. In Study 1, feminine versus masculine gay men were rated lower in naturalness and higher in entitativity, while masculine versus feminine lesbians did not elicit this pattern of beliefs. Study 2 replicated the effects of gay men’s gender expression on essentialist beliefs, and demonstrated that feminine gay men arouse more prejudice and discomfort than masculine gay men because they are perceived as socially constructed (low in naturalness) and deeply homogeneous (high in entitativity). Discussion considers the implications of these findings for reducing the stigma of femininity in gay men and outlines directions for future research.

THE PROPERTY OF AN ADVANCED MANLINESS: A FEMININE FELLA IN THE DRAMA

Feminine Man in Indian English Theatre is the subject of this paper as a new location for gender politics. Society develops gender assumptions based on how men and women behave in a cultural environment. Many detractors argue that gender is a social construct, whereas sex is biology. Since the start of civilization, each epoch has had its own distinct vision of what it means to be a man. Masculinity in today's society is defined in a broad sense. Feminine Man is a result of today's masculinity. In modern Indian English theatre, the 'invisible' issue of gender identity is revealed. Mahesh Dattani's comedy Dance Like a Man is about masculinity. Jairaj Parekh, the protagonist of India's new age theatre, represents and emphasises this Feminine Man tendency, which is influenced by social circumstances in some way. Keywords: India, sociological phenomena, play, staging, protagonist

Sex, Gender Identity, and Perceived Employability Among Spanish Employed and Unemployed Youngsters.

Young people find it difficult to access to the labor market, particularly in countries like Spain with a dramatically high rate of unemployment. A further problem is that this labor market is not gender-neutral. This has been demonstrated repeatedly in the literature, with women typically being at a disadvantage. This highlights the need to study issues related to employability from a gender perspective, beyond including sex as a mere control variable. This analysis is relevant given the gender biases in organizations and in society in general that hinder the advancement of gender equality in organizations. Accordingly, our aim is to study both sex (male vs. female) and four profiles of gender identity based on dimensions of masculinity and femininity (i.e., feminine, masculine, undifferentiated, and androgynous) in relation to perceived employability in an exploratory way in two samples of employed (N = 181) and unemployed (N = 246) Spanish youngsters (i.e., below 30). The results show different patterns for employed and unemployed youngsters regarding sex, gender identity and their interaction in relation to perceptions of being employable. Concerning sex, women seem more confident about their employment chances when unemployed. In contrast, men feel more confident about their employment chances within their organization than women when employed. Concerning gender identity, the androgynous gender profile in the employed sample (in both men and women) scored highest on perceived employability. Results of the sex–gender identity interaction show that being feminine associates with the highest level of perceived employability for an unemployed man and the lowest for an unemployed woman. Moreover, both unemployed men and women androgynous score the highest in perceiving employability (except feminine men). Our findings highlight that sex and gender identity do play a role in shaping employability perceptions of young men and women in different labor contexts (employment and unemployment). This reinforces the need of changes against discrimination at work and in job search from a feminist approach to arrive at a more equal society.

Grammatical Gender in German Influences How Role-Nouns Are Interpreted: Evidence from ERPs

ABSTRACTGrammatically masculine role-nouns (e.g., Studentenmasc.‘students’) can refer to men and women but may favor an interpretation where only men are considered the referent. If true, this has implications for a society aiming to achieve equal representation in the workplace since, for example, job adverts use such role descriptions. To investigate the interpretation of role-nouns, the present ERP study assessed grammatical gender processing in German. Twenty participants read sentences where a role-noun (masculine or feminine) introduced a group of people, followed by a congruent (masculine–men, feminine–women) or incongruent (masculine–women, feminine–men) continuation. Both for feminine-men and masculine-women continuations a P600 (500 to 800 ms) was observed; another positivity was already present from 300 to 500 ms for feminine-men continuations but critically not for masculine-women continuations. The results imply a male-biased rather than gender-neutral interpretation of the masculine—despite widespread usage of the masculine as a gender-neutral form—suggesting that masculine forms are inadequate for representing genders equally.

Young adult gay and bisexual men's stigma experiences and mental health: An 8-year longitudinal study.

This study investigated longitudinal trajectories of stigma (i.e., enacted, anticipated, internalized, concealed); stress-sensitive mental health disorder symptoms (i.e., depression, social anxiety); and their associations across 8 annual assessments in a sample of 128 young gay and bisexual U.S. university students. All forms of stigma significantly decreased over time, while depressive symptoms remained stable and social anxiety symptoms significantly increased. Men from higher socioeconomic backgrounds experienced quicker reductions in anticipated stigma, compared to men from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. More self-described feminine men experienced quicker reductions in concealment, compared to more self-described masculine men. Enacted stigma demonstrated contemporaneous associations with depression and social anxiety across 8 years; and anticipated stigma and internalized stigma demonstrated contemporaneous associations with social anxiety across 8 years. Enacted stigma was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms among men who reported greater masculinity compared to those who reported greater femininity. Findings are discussed in terms of common developmental influences across early sexual orientation identity formation, including gay and bisexual young men's resilience to stigma-based stress; the transition from college; and the rapidly changing social climate surrounding sexual minority individuals. Findings suggest the need for future longitudinal examinations of stigma and mental health among sexual minorities that utilize multiple age cohorts to determine the relative contribution of cohort-specific versus common maturational factors influencing the mental health of this population. (PsycINFO Database Record

Sometimes You Need More than a Wingman: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Role of Humor in Men's Mental Health Help-Seeking Campaigns

The clinical literature has consistently documented that men seek help for mental health less often than do women, although they suffer from mental illness at comparable rates. This is particularly troublesome as depression and anxiety in men are more likely to manifest in substance abuse and suicidal behavior. This gender discrepancy in help-seeking may be explained by the social psychological literature on traditional masculinity, which has been associated with stigmatizing thoughts about mental illness and opposition to help-seeking. The present research explored this link between masculinity and mental health help-seeking, including the use of affiliative humor in public awareness messages about help-seeking for mental health. We hypothesized that incorporating light humor into this campaign might reframe help-seeking in a less threatening way, effectively circumventing the defensive reactions of masculine men. Across three studies, we presented young men with ads encouraging them to reach out to a friend suffering from anxiety or depression. Consistently, the perceived funniness of the ads predicted their persuasiveness without increasing stigma or trivializing the issue of mental health. Masculinity did not in fact predict stigmatizing and defensive thoughts about mental illness; rather, men's femininity emerged as the strongest and most consistent predictor of these reactions.

FEMINIST INSTITUTIONALISM REVISITED: THE GENDERED FEATURES OF THE NORMS, RULES, AND ROUTINES OPERATING WITHIN INSTITUTIONS

1.IntroductionThe material gathered in this study provides a rich and diverse context for understanding the disproportionate balance of power that permit men to establish the requirements of women's admission to the political system, the gendered and institutional underlying forces of the candidate selection mechanism, and the function of gender norms in evaluations of potential candidates. This research makes conceptual and methodological contributions to the in- stitutional ascendancy of certain kinds of masculinity, the gendered character of political parties, and the critical significance of arrangements of gendered institutions.2.The Link between Gender, Institutions and Candidate SelectionInstitutions are thoroughly permeated with gender. The performance of gendered regulations, norms, and routines impacts institutional design options and mechanisms, and it influences institutional results. Gender bias develops from a series of social norms (Anderson and Kantarelis, 2016; Flegar, 2016) instituted on established notions regarding femininity and masculinity. Such norms are typically associated with a certain sex: the former are ascribed to women, the latter to men. Both masculinity and femininity appear in plural forms, dealing with various aspects involving the specific institutional framework, and converging with other aspects, e.g. race, class, and sexuality. There are diverse types of femininity and masculinity operating, with some kinds of the latter functioning hegemonically. As social construals, gender norms do not dictate that women perform in a feminine manner or men conversely. (Chappell and Waylen, 2013)Institutions have definitely gendered cultures and are encompassed in dynamic and constant mechanisms of creating and recreating gender. Decentralized candidate selection mechanisms may have adverse consequences for women. Candidate selection is an intricate and temporally particular mechanism that occurs in numerous phases (Lindberg, 2016; Machan, 2016; Popescu Ljungholm, 2016), and formal rules on where choices regarding candidates are taken may not coincide to informal routines and effective choices taken at various levels. Formal regulations, e.g. electoral systems and electoral gender quotas, may essentially influence and change party selection routines in gendered manners. Electoral systems supply political parties with determinants that have an influence on who parties identify to be an appropriate candidate. Parties are demanded to put gender aside and conceive their selection mechanisms in such a manner that they can recognize appropriate female candidates. (Bjarnegard and Kenny, 2016)Formal characteristics of political systems incorporate the laws and institutions that officially organize political activity, possibly being an alliance of systemic entities. Proportional representation systems endorse women to the degree that their structural aspects coalesce with interests to essentially opt for more women, i.e. routines and norms that back and require the acceptance of female candidates. While chances to harmonize proposals are unfeasible (Bauder, 2016; Lazaroiu, 2015; Greve, 2015), parties that decide to nominate more women may set up innovative routines to carry out this objective, resembling all-women short inventories to ensure that the candidate selected in a certain district is female. Formal and informal routines of select few, in the situation of political recruitment, comprise the operations and standards that parties use to decide on their candidates, possibly being practical institutions that influence views as to who is an eligible or required candidate, a series of convictions that may be gendered to fluctuating degrees. (Krook, 2010)3.The Gendered Features of Institutional DynamicsCooperation is a critical component of the policy-making mechanism and democratic representation. Female legislators are calculated public servants and team up in an endeavor to be more successful representatives: they confront structural obstacles that confine their capacity to wield impact on the policy-making mechanism (when women become part of a maledominated institution, they confront formal and informal structural obstacles that hinder them from exerting guidance in the legislative mechanism). …

Wsparcie i płeć psychologiczna kobiet i mężczyzn – raport z badań

The aim of the research was to determine the psychological gender against the background of a partner’s support and the spouse’s workplace. The research involved a group of 503 married women and men, including 354 professional soldiers - of who 152 have participated in military missions and 202 work in Poland. The research included also 149 women - 94 wives of soldiers participating in missions and 55 women in relationship with soldiers doing their job in Poland. To collect the data for research the nonprobability snowball and purposive sampling methods have been applied. The research was conducted in 2013. The respondents, in majority showing androgynous characteristics, perceive the support on the part of their families as average or very low. Substantial differences as to the psychological gender and support have been observed in the group of soldiers doing their service in their home country. The feminine men and people with unspecified gender identity seem to receive the lowest support, while the androgynous people and male men experience the highest one. Interesting dispersion of results has been observed - the lowest for the group of feminine men, the highest for the androgynous ones

When Characters Impact on Dubbing: The Role of Sexual Stereotypes on Voice Actor/Actress’ Preferences

Dubbing is a procedure through which an original actor’s voice is replaced with that of a voice actor, usually speaking a different language. Dubbing is not only an adaptation to language but also to cultural beliefs. Across two studies, we analyzed how some Italian participants would prefer a television series’ character to sound. In Study 1, participants read a male/female character description that was manipulated according to gender and sexual stereotypes in order to be masculine, feminine, or gender-neutral. Next, participants were asked to indicate their preference for three voice actors/actresses who sounded heterosexual, gay/lesbian, or ambivalent. Study 2 tested the interplay between a character’s description and the voice of the English-speaking (gay/lesbian vs. heterosexual sounding) actor/actress who played the role in the original television series on dubbing preferences. The results of both studies showed that a character’s description affected dubbing preferences. Participants preferred the gay/lesbian-sounding voice actor/actress to the counter-stereotypical character (i.e., a feminine man or a masculine woman) and the heterosexual-sounding voice actor/actress to the stereotypical character. Interestingly, at least for male targets, the original actor’s voice itself affected the preference for voice actors in the same way. This work suggests that dubbing can maintain and reinforce stereotypes.

Transgression and Gender

Human activity is determined to a great extent by not only biological sex but also gender. The aim of the study was to examine relationships between transgression and types of gender. A population of 558 individuals (399 women and 159 men) aged 19–25 (mean age: 22.6) were studied. The age of the women ranged from 19 to 24 (mean age: 22.4) and of the men—from 19 to 25 (mean age: 22.8). In order to examine the intensity of transgression, the Polish version of the chronic self-destructiveness scale was applied. The gender was studied by means of the Polish version of the Bem sex role inventory. Androgynous women achieved the highest and feminine men—the lowest scores on the transgression scale. In women, the masculinity scale positively correlated with the transgression scale, whereas the femininity scale did not significantly correlate with transgression, although the coefficient was negative. No statistically significant correlations were found in men (although the coefficients were positive). Biological sex and gender were qualitative variables that differentiated the intensity of transgression. Equilibrium between the psychological dimension of femininity and the psychological dimension of masculinity was vital for transgressive tendencies, particularly in women. Androgynous women showed rather the adaptive aspect of transgression.

DISKRIMINASI PADA PRIA BERGAYA FEMININ

This study aimed to find out the discrimination in feminine men in Sawah Lebar, Bengkulu. Discrimination occured because people only recognize two sexes, the female and male. In society, gender differences had not only biological implications, but also social and psychological because people have different expectations on the attitude, behavior, and appearance between women and men.This research used a qualitative descriptive approach. Informants were taken by using purposive sampling method. Data were collected by using interview, observation and documentation techniques. The results showed a picture of discrimination as evidenced by marginalization, subordination, stereotyping, violence, and double burden among the feminine men in society. Keywords: discrimination, feminine men, gender differences

The impact of artificial fragrances on the assessment of mate quality cues in body odor

Cultural practices may either enhance or interfere with evolved preferences as predicted by culture–gene coevolution theory. Here, we investigated the impact of artificial fragrances on the assessment of biologically relevant information in human body odor. To do this, we examined cross-sensory consistency (across faces and odors) in the perception of masculinity and femininity in men and women, and how consistency is influenced by the use of artificial fragrance. Independent sets of same and opposite-sex participants rated odor samples (with and without a fragrance, n=239 raters), and photographs (n=130) of 20 men and 20 women. In female, but not male raters, judgments of masculinity/femininity of non-fragranced odor and faces were correlated. However, the correlation between female ratings of male facial and odor masculinity was not evident when assessing a fragranced body odor. Further analysis also indicated that differences in ratings of male odor masculinity between men with high and low levels of facial masculinity were not present in fragranced body odor samples. This effect was absent in ratings of female odors by both female and male raters, suggesting sex-specificity in the effects of fragrance on odor perception. Our findings suggest that women may be more attentive to these odor cues, and therefore also to disruption of this information through fragrance use. Our results show that cultural practices might both enhance and interfere with evolved preferences.