Female Flowers Research Articles

Combining ability analysis in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for potential quality improvement.

Combining ability analysis provides useful information for the selection of parents, also information regarding the nature and magnitude of involved gene actions. Crops improvement involves strategies for enhancing yield potentiality and quality components. Targeting the improvement of respective characters in bitter gourd, combining ability and genetic parameters for 19 characters were estimated from a 6×6 full diallel analysis technique. The results revealed that the variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for most of the important characters. It indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. GCA variances were higher in magnitude than SCA variances for all the characters studied indicating the predominance of the additive gene effects in their inheritance. The parent P2 (BG 009) appeared as the best general combiner for earliness; P1 (BG 006) for number of fruits, average single fruit weight and fruit yield; P4 (BG 027) for node number of first female flower and days to seed fruit maturity; P3 (BG 011) for fruit length and thickness of the fruit flesh; P5 (BG 033) for 100-seed weight; and P6 for number of nodes per main vine. The SCA effect as well as reciprocal effect was also significant for most of the important characters in different crosses.

Evaluation of Summer Squash Genotypes (Cucurbita pepo L.) under Tropical Conditions

The investigation was carried out in a farmer’s field Sorakalnatham, Natrampalli taluk, Tirupattur district, Tamil Nadu during 2022. The experimental design used was randomized block layout with three replications and twenty genotypes. In results indicate the genotype were significantly differed in growth and yield attributes. According to the grand mean data, the CP 13 genotype of summer squash showed the best performance in the tropical condition. Significantly greater than the grand mean in the growth attributes viz., plant height (66.54 cm), least value was recorded in days taken for fifty per cent female flowering (40.54 days). The yield attributes was maximum than grand mean in term of single fruit weight (1200.18 g), number of fruits plant-1 (4.75), fruit yield plant-1 (5.64 kg).

Viability of simultaneously selecting for grain yield and seed physiological quality in maize

ABSTRACT: Currently, the demand is not only for more productive corn hybrids, but also for those with high physiological seed quality. Seed quality is considered the sum of genetic, physical, physiological and sanitary attributes that directly interfere in plant vigor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological parameters of the seeds of parents and maize inter varietal hybrids obtained in a reciprocal recurrent selection program through physiological and image analysis techniques and either to study the feasibility of simultaneously selecting for seed physiological quality and grain yield. Two experiments were performed, one in the field and the other in the laboratory. The evaluated traits in the field were days of female flowering, days of male flowering, insertion of the 1st ear, plant height and grain yield. For the physiological quality, the attributes of germination at four days, germination at seven days, vigor by the cold test, emergence speed index, and the ratio of the root length to shoot length were obtained using GroundEye®. Heterosis was measured for the agronomic and physiological traits. Through the contrast between the inter varietal crosse hybrids and reciprocals we measured the maternal effect. The magnitudes of heterosis allowed us to infer that as greater as the number of selection and recombination cycles, on average, greater heterosis for the traits grain yield and seed germination. The correlated response indicated that, high yield intervarietal hybrids have better seed physiological quality.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Kokazolla Fertilizer on Physiological Parameters and Production Components of Purple Maize (Zea mays L.)

The production of purple maize was essential to maintain the soil fertility development without environmental impact. The arbuscular mycorrhiza and kokazolla fertilizer are biological and organic material applications in the field. This study aims to determine the effect of arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Kokazolla fertilizer on purple maize production. This experiment used a group randomized design separate plot design. The main plot consists of 3 treatments (e0 = control, e1 = Mycorrhiza dose 7.5 g/plant, e2 = Mycorrhiza dose 15 g/plant), and the plot consists of 4 treatments (l0 = Control - NPK dose 0.3 Ton/Ha, 1 = Kokazolla dose 6.25 Ton/Ha, l2 = Kokazolla dose 12.5 Ton/Ha, and l3 = Kokazolla dose 18.75 Ton/Ha). The results showed that the application of Mycorrhizal biofertilizer 15 g/plant+Kokazolla fertilizer 18.75 Ton/Ha was higher for male flowering age, female flowering age, cob weight with petals per Ha, and cob weight without petals per Ha.

Evaluation of growth and yield performance of year round watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

An experiment was conducted during July 2021 at Bangabandhu Academy for Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development (BAPARD) agricultural farm to evaluate growth and yield performance of four year round watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) viz. Golden Crown, Black Boss, Sweet Black and Karishma. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Data were collected on selected growth and yield attributes. Days to first male and female flowering and ratio of male and female flower were almost similar for all varieties. The highest number of male and female flower was recorded in Golden Crown 50.0 and 12.67, respectively. As a result, the maximum number of fruit setting (6.08) was found in Golden Crown and the minimum in Sweet Black (2.92). The length of fruit was ranged from 17.42- 21.43cm. The maximum diameter of fruit was found in Golden Crown (13.68cm) and the minimum in Black Boss (10.6cm). The weight of individual fruit was observed from 2.34 kg to 2.95 kg which was statistically identical among the varieties. The maximum yield per plant was in Golden Crown (17.73 kg) due to highest number of fruit setting. Finally, it might be concluded that the growth and yield performance of Golden Crown were better in compare to other tested varieties. South Asian J. Agric., Vol. 9, No.1&2, 2022-‘23: 80-85

Flowering, fruiting and germplasm characterization of burmese grape (baccaurea sapida muell. Arg.)

Burmese grape (Baccaurea sapida Muell. Arg.) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, is a minor underexploited fruit crop grown wild as well as under cultivation in Nepal, India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, China, Thailand, for fresh consumption. It is a dioecious plant and reported to have an excellent nutritive value, but mainly grown in homestead condition mostly in neglected ways. The present study was aimed to characterize the germplasm nature, details of flowering and fruiting system of Burmese grape. Tree growth habit and crown shape of all the accessions surveyed were semi erect and irregular, respectively. The colour of the male flowers varied from yellow to green yellow shades while the colour of the female flowers varied from yellow to yellow green and green yellow shades. The variation present on fruit length (2.81 cm to 3.80 cm), fruit weight (12.25g to 22.95g), pulp percentage (49.82% to 65.33%), total soluble solids (9.00º to 13.10ºBrix), tritatable acidity (0.73mg to 1.28mg/100g fruit pulp) and ascorbic acid content ranged from (23.18mg to 57.80mg/100g fruit pulp) suggest suitable selection method for identification of promising Burmese grape genotypes. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(4): 989-998, 2023 (December)

Effects of Organic tea concentration and application methods on growth and yield of Greenhouse Cucumber (Cucumis sativum L.) in Owo, South-western Nigeria

Organic tea (mixture of Organic Manure Extract and Spent Bleaching Extract) is used as nutrient complements in agriculture and horticulture to increase plant growth and yield. In this study a 2 X 4 factorial experiment used CRD (Completely Randomized Design) to examined the effect of compost tea herein referred to as OT [organic tea (extract made from SBE and composted manure extract (OM)] as bio-stimulants at four different concentrations (0, 20, 30, and 40 %) on the growth and fruit yield in cucumber (Cucumis sativum L.) under greenhouse condition using foliar (FO) and drip irrigation (DR) application methods. Vegetative parameters (vine length, number of branches, number of leaf per plant, leaf area, and stem girth) were studied at 50% flowering stage and yield parameters (Date to flower initiation, No of male flower, No of female flower, male/female flower ratio, number of fruit/plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight/plant) and yield / hectare, at harvest. From the experiment organic tea application via folia method exhibited enhanced vegetative growth while application via drip irrigation was found to be more effective in influencing the yield parameters significantly. Plants that received 20% OT showed variability, but were not significantly different from control plants (0%). Similarly, plants treated with 40% OT extract showed enhanced vegetative growth and fruit yield with good quality, but high diseases infection. This study therefore provides important information on the utilization of OT and application method for increased cucumber production in the study area.

Assessment of growth characteristics and yield of different cucumber cultivars

A field experiment was carried out to determine the performance of different cucumber varieties. The research was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The varieties used are Bhaktapur local, Kamini, Ragini, and Ranjha. Data were collected on the following parameters such as stem length, plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, number of male flowers, number of female flowers, days to first flowering, male to female flower ratio, days to first male flowering, days to first female flowering, fruit weight, fruit length, number of fruits per plant and yield. It is found that among the performance of different varieties, Kamini was the best high yielding variety for this locality with a yield of 58.93 ton ha-1 followed by Ranjha. Kamini exhibited a greater count of female flowers and fruits. In comparison, Bhaktapur local outperformed other varieties in various aspects such as plant height (193.37 cm), number of leaves (42.39), number of branches (7.13), and male to female ratio (2.63).

Analyzing Phytohormone Levels in Fruits of Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Derived from Tissue Culture under Different Pollination Treatments

This study evaluated three male date palm varieties, namely, Red-Ganami, Red-Ganami + Khakri Al-Adi and Red-Ganami + Al-Canary, in three age of spathes (early, late and middle) in a private orchard at Al-Seebah district, Basrah province. The plants were subjected to two pollination dates immediately after opening of female flowers and three days after opening of female flowers. The contents of auxin-like substances, gibberellin and abscisic acid in the flowers were determined. The second pollination date resulted in the highest contents of auxins, gibberellins and abscisic acid, with values of 24.305, 138.660 and 12.355 µg.gm-1, respectively. The mixture of Red-Ganami + canary cultivars had the highest concentrations of auxin 24.512 µg.gm -1 and gibberellins 136.842 µg.gm-1, whereas Red-Ganami had the highest concentration of abscisic acid 3.554 μg.gm-1. Early age of spathes showed significant differences in the concentrations of auxin and abscisic acid, with average values of 26.015 and 14.031 µg.gm-1, respectively. Late postmenopausal age recorded the highest concentration of gibberellins at 136.842 μg.gm-1. For the two- and three-way interactions, a statistically significant superiority was observed in most of the study coefficients. In conclusion, the contents of auxins, gibberellins and abscisic acid significantly differed with the pollination date and the pollin cultivar combinations showed the highest concentrations of these substances. The different ages of male puberty also affected pollination and fertilization

COMBINING ABILITY AND GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR YIELD AND ITS COMPONENETS USING LINE X TESTER ANALYSIS IN SUMMER SQUASH

This study was aimed to investigate combining ability and genetic parameters in summer squash (cucurbita pepo L.). Eight inbred lines of summer squash were crossed in line x tester method in summer season 2020. The parental lines (3 tester and 5 lines) and their off springs (15 hybrids) were planted out in the summer season 2021 at vegetable field, Horticulture Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, Duhok University. The experiment lay out using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the mean square for genotypes were highly significant effect for tester , line and line x tester in all studied traits. The Tester LBL2 and line PEP1670 were the best combiner for days to 50% female flowering, number of fruit plant-1 and yield kg plant-1. The crosses (LBL2 X N33133) and (LES3 X CNS2881) exhibited significant positive effect of specific combining ability for fruit length cm, number of fruit plant-1 and yield plant-1. The heritability in broad sense were higher than narrow sense heritability for all studied traits ranged between 93% for days to 50% female flowering to 40% for fruit weight. The average degree of dominance less than one in all traits except days to 50% female flowering and fruit length.

Clonal Preselection in Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Varieties of Ekşi Kara and Gök Üzüm

Ekşi Kara (functional female flowers) and Gök Üzüm (hermaphroditic flowers) are the two most important autochthonous varieties of middle Anatolia. This clone selection study started with mass-selection in producer vineyards consisting of approximately 5000 vines by The International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) clonal selection procedure. Two-years genetic and sanitation were examined visually in population and 220 clone candidates were ampelography and fertilization biology and bud fertility determined for Ekşi Kara variety. The clone candidates were ranked at the level of sums, with weighted grading of three-year yield, growth, and quality records. Sanitation analyses of the superior clones were made. 17 clones in the Ekşi Kara grape variety were selected according to their superior scores in genetic selection and sanitation analyses. Eleven clones were selected by mass selection from Gök Üzüm carried out in a single location, and 2 clones were selected with genetic selection scores and health tests. Grapevine fleck virus (GfKV) was the most common ( 29%) in the samples tested, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1+3 (GLRaV-1 + 3,  26%), Grapevine virus A (GVA, 12%), Grapevine leafroll associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2,  3%), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) / Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) ( 1%) are fallowed with indicated percentage. Although virus and bacterial infections are common in the vineyards, enough healthy clones were selected. 17 Ekşi Kara and 2 Gök Üzüm clones selected as pollinators were grafted onto the 110R rootstock for clone comparison in homogeneous conditions, and a "Clone Comparison Vineyard" was established in Selçuk University.

Effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine addition on the floral bud opening of Ranunculus asiaticus L cultivars

Objective: To evaluate the effect of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) additions on several growth variables of R. asiaticus in a greenhouse under a typically dry environment of the Mexicali valley.
 Design/methodology/approach: The variables determined were, bud opening rate, flower diameter, height of stem and bud growing rate and completely randomized block experimental design under a 2 by 4 factorial arrangement and three replicates was used for setting up the treatments with rates AVG of 0,100,150 and 200ppm over La Belle Deep Rose (DER) and La Belle Dark Orange (DAR) R. asiaticus cultivars.
 Results: The optimal dose of AVG for reducing flower bud diameter on both cultivars were those of 200 and 100 ppm respectively. Also, AVG addition had a significant effect in reducing stem height and growing rate for both cultivars.
 Limitations on study/implications: The use of AVG has shown good results as inhibitor of ethylene synthesis and extension of shelf life in carnations, snap dragons (Antirrhinum), ripening of fruits, and to reduce abortion of female flowers in certain species of walnuts, so, based on the above and considering the lack of information regarding the use of AVG inhibitor in the opening of Persian Buttercup flower buds was used AVG in R. asiaticus.
 Findings/conclusions: AVG addition on plants of R. asiaticus had a significant effect reducing growth, both in diameter and height in the La Belle Deep Rose (DER) and La Belle Dark Orange (DAR) varieties

Impact of pinching on growth, flowering and early season fruit yield of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.

A study to assess the “impact of pinching on the growth, flowering, and early season fruit yield of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.)” was conducted during the kharif season of 2022 at two locations: Punjab Agricultural University - Vegetable Research Farm in Ludhiana (L1) and Regional Research Station in Abohar (L2). The study employed a randomized block design, consisting of three replications, and encompassed nine distinct pinching treatments, which included: no pinching (T1), pinching on a main branch at 2nd node (T2), pinching on main and lateral branches at 2nd node (T3), pinching on the main branch at 4th node (T4), pinching on the main branch and lateral branches at 4th node (T5), pinching on main branch at 6th node (T6), pinching on the main branch and lateral branches at 6th node (T7), pinching on a main branch at 8th node (T8) and pinching on the main branch and lateral branches at 8th node (T9). Pinching treatment was given at the main branch and lateral branches of bottle gourd vines in each plot according to the assigned treatments. The results revealed that pinched plants on the main branch and lateral branches at 6th node (T7) remarkably increased the number of branches (7.36), female flowers (24.35), days taken to first male flower appearance (49.18) and early season fruit yield (188.89 q ha-1) whereas it reduced vine growth (383.17 cm), days taken to first female flower appearance (53.97), number of male flowers (121.69) and narrow sex ratio (5.0). According to the findings from the present study, it was observed that pinching on both the main and lateral branches at the 6th node (T7) demonstrated the most favorable growth, flowering, and early-season fruit yield of bottle gourd.

Continuity and discontinuity in evolutionary processes with emphasis on plants

The present work is aimed to review the concepts of continuity and discontinuity in the reproductive processes and their impact on the evolutionary outcome, emphasizing on the plant model. Let be stated that evolutionary changes need to pass down generation after generation through the cellular reproductive mechanisms, and these mechanisms can account for changes from single nucleotide to genome-wide mutations. Patterns of continuity and discontinuity in sexual and asexual species pose notorious differences as the involvement of the cellular genetic material from single or different individuals, the changes in the ploidy level, or the independence between nuclear and plastid genomes. One relevant aspect of the plant model is the open system for pollen donation, which can be driven from every male flower to every female flower in the neighborhood, as well as the facilitated seed dispersal patterns, that may break or restore the contact between populations. Three significative processes are distinguishable, syngenesis, anagenesis, and cladogenesis. The syngenesis refers to the reproduction between individuals, either if they pertain to the same species, from different populations or even from different species. The anagenesis refers to the pursuit of all the possible rearrangements of genes and alleles pooled in a population of individuals, and the cladogenesis represents the absence of reproduction that leads to differentiation. Recent developments on the genomic analysis of single cells, single chromosomes and fragments of homologous chromosomes could bring new insights into the processes of the evolution, in generational time and in a broad spectrum of spatial/geographic extents.

The Sink-Source Relationship in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Is Modulated by DNA Methylation.

The optimization of the sink-source relationship is of great importance for crop yield regulation. Cucumber is a typical raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO)-transporting crop. DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification in plants, but its role in sink-source regulation has not been demonstrated in RFO-translocating species. Here, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS-seq) was conducted to compare the nonfruiting-node leaves (NFNLs) and leaves of fruit setting (FNLs) at the 12th node by removing all female flowers in other nodes of the two treatments. We found considerable differentially methylated genes enriched in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolic processes. Comparative transcriptome analysis between FNLs and NFNLs indicated that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with differentially methylated regions were involved in auxin, ethylene and brassinolide metabolism; sucrose metabolism; and RFO synthesis pathways related to sink-source regulation. Moreover, DNA methylation levels of six sink-source-related genes in the pathways mentioned above decreased in leaves after 5-aza-dC-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) treatment on FNLs, and stachyose synthase (CsSTS) gene expression, enzyme activity and stachyose content in RFO synthesis pathway were upregulated, thereby increasing fruit length and dry weight. Taken together, our findings proposed an up-to-date inference for the potential role of DNA methylation in the sink-source relationship, which will provide important references for further exploring the molecular mechanism of DNA methylation in improving the yield of RFO transport plants.

Floral biology studies in wild melon [Cucumis melo L. ssp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. agrestis Naudin

Studies on floral morphology, phenology and biology of wild melon revealed that the ratio of staminate and pistillate flowers was 3.40:1. The longevity of the male flowers were between 5 and 6 days, whereas, female flowers between 6 and 7 days. Anthesis was observed from 4.00 am to 10.00 am, while, the anther dehiscence started from 5.00 am which was continued to 7.00 am. The peak anthesis was observed from 8.00 am to 9.00 am and anther dehiscence from 6.00 am to 6.30 am. Freshly opened flowers showed pollen viability up to 98.35%, decreased upon closure and crashed to 17.48% in 3 days. Pollen germination was occurred after 15 minutes of incubation and continued up to 24 h of incubation. The stigma receptivity lasts from one to two days of anthesis. Major pollinator of wild melons observed was honey bee, mostly visited between 9:00 am to 6:00 pm.

Size‐dependent clonal reproduction and sex allocation in the monoecious Begonia emeiensis

AbstractSize‐dependent clonal and sexual reproduction has been studied in many species. However, very few attempts have investigated size‐dependent resource allocation among clonal reproduction, female function, and male function within a species. Moreover, how clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction interact to influence size‐dependent sex allocation has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the size dependency of clonal reproduction and sex allocation and how clonal reproduction and sexual reproduction interact to influence size‐dependent female function, male function, and sex allocation in the monoecious Begonia emeiensis. Individuals with no reproduction, reproducing clonally through bulbils, reproducing sexually through flowers, and reproducing through both bulbils and flowers differed significantly from each other in terms of size (leaf area), suggesting a threshold size for clonal versus sexual reproduction. Bulbil number per individual increased with size regardless of flower production. In contrast, the relationship between size and female and male flower production per individual was influenced by bulbil production; both female and male flower numbers per individual increased with size at a slower rate for individuals reproducing clonally and sexually than for those reproducing only sexually. The ratio of female to male flowers per individual increased with size independent of bulbil production. Our study shows that the size dependency of clonal reproduction was unlikely to be influenced by sexual reproduction; however, the size dependency of female and male function was influenced by clonal reproduction.

The Effect of Applying Cow Dung Manure on Plant Growth and Yield Honey Gray (Cucurbita moschata L.)

This study aims to examine the effect of cow manure on the growth and yield of pumpkin honey (Cucurbita moschata L.). This research has been carried out in the Experimental Garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tridinanti University located in Pulau Semambu Village, North Indralaya District, Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Province. The study has been conducted from April 2023 to July 2023. The method used in this study is an experimental method, using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 (five) treatments and 5 (five) repeats. Each unit consists of 20 plants so that the plants studied are 500 plants. The treatment in this study was P0 (without cow dung manure), P1 (10 tons of cow dung manure per hectare equivalent to 300 g per plant), P2 (20 tons of cow dung manure per hectare equivalent to 600 g per plant) P3 (30 tons of cow dung manure per hectare equivalent to 900 g per plant) and P4 (40 tons of cow dung manure per hectare equivalent to 1,200 g per plant). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of cow dung manure has a good effect on the growth and yield of honey gourd plants. The application of cow dung manure P2 (20 tons/ha) resulted in the main length of the 1st month as high as 187.62 cm, the length of the main stem of the 2nd month as high as 327.16 cm, the length of the main trunk of the 3rd month as high as 367.36 cm, the number of primary branches 2.33 branches, flowering age 37 hst, the number of female flowers 63.30%, dry weight of plants 53.09 g, the number of fruits per plant 1.18 pieces, Fruit weight per plant 1.12 kg and fruit weight per plot 12.71 kg.

Production approach model for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) superior plant materials using artificial pollination studies

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an annual plant that yields vegetable oil and its derivatives. Seed plays a significant role in ensuring the long-term viability of commodities in order to achieve production progress. Knowing the compatibility or incompatibility between pistils and pollen by anticipating the development of the mesocarp and the pollination factor is one of the determining factors. By increasing oil yield, disease resistance, and other desirable traits, the proposed model seeks to increase the profitability and sustainability of oil palm cultivation. The mathematical model is intended to optimize production yields by obtaining superior oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) seeds through artificial pollination studies and by identifying the science of seed origin breeding, which is based on the availability of superior seeds from crossing female flowers of Dura trees with pollen from male flowers. The systematic and sustainable propagation of Pisifera trees Urgency The construction of the model included the selection of superior mother trees with the desired traits, data collection, artificial pollination processes, monitoring and evaluation of the fertilization process, seed germination and selection of the desired seeds, and field trials to confirm performance. Experimental pollination behavior was used to identify the value of the observation test with the variety, the common mean, the influence of the variety, the effect of the interaction of the variety, and the random value of the experimental data variable test by wrapping the female flower bunches with the Dura approach to produce Tenera. Keywords: Elaeis guineensis Jacq, artificial pollination, optimization of production, palm oil, sustainability.

Response of maize grain yield and components to foliar iron nanoparticle application

During the spring season of 2021, a field experiment was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad (Abi Ghraib location). To investigate the impact of nano iron concentrations and their application dates on the yield and its components of maize. A factorial experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement. The main plots occupied the spraying dates (beginning of the male flowering stage, 50% female flowering and completion of female flowering) and symbolized in sequence. At the same time, the iron concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg. L-1) occupied sub-plots according to RCBD with three replicates. The results revealed that the dates of spraying nano iron substantially influenced most of the features tested. The early date (beginning of the male flowering stage) gave the highest average length of the ear (16.374 cm), the number of rows per ear (16.3 row ear-1), and the number of grains per ear (563.4 grain ear-1) and the total grain yield of 6.096 tons ha.-1. The results also showed that the concentrations of nano iron 300 mg L-1were superior in all the characteristics of the yield components and the grain yield, as it produced the most significant average for ear length, number of rows, number of grains per row, number of grains in the ear, weight of 500 grains, and total grain yield. It is concluded from this study that spraying at the beginning of the flowering stage is the most responsive to spraying the nano iron element, especially at the concentration of 300 mg L-1. Keywords: Nano iron; flowering stage; ear length; grain yield