Female Work Participation Rate Research Articles

Problems Faced by Working Women in India: An Obstacle for Women Work Participation

India is termed as a traditional country with wide diversity in religion, ethnicity, culture and customs. The role of women in India is mostly limited to household and domestic works. women in India’s workplace remain significantly under- represented. India has a female work participation rate of 20 percent which is less then have of global average of 47 percent. The major objective of the study is to identify the factors responsible and creating problems for working women in India and how it has an effect on female work participation rate. The present study is conceptual in nature and is based on secondary data collected from various sources. The data collected is analysed with the aid of simple growth rate to understand the comparison in the female work participation rate over time. As per the study results it was understood that the FWPR has increased at a growth rate of 12.50 percent. Although it has been very much tough for the women in India, to survive after facing many hurdles, exploitation and discrimination still they are being persistent in their efforts and constantly trying to make their existence noticeable in the male dominated Indian society.

An Explorative Analysis of the Labour Market structure in the Peri-Urban area of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region

The study was undertaken during June–August, 2020 in the peri-urban areas of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region of Telangana under the department of Agricultural Economics, Professor Jayashanker Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telengana state, India. The objective was to explore the nature of gender gap in the labour market since peri-urban spaces capture changes better. Based on the Census survey data, descriptive analysis was employed in the study. The study revealed that urban sprawl did not guarantee working environment to men and women equally and women were either pushed out of workforce or rendered with marginal works. A gendered society in developing world was clearly pictured and occupational segregation was also observed in the study locations. The results also revealed the existence of distress employment with a rise in the female marginal workers compared to their male counterparts. Women workers were more into agricultural labour than male workers in the peri-urban study locations confirming feminisation of agriculture whereas other worker category which needs specialized skills were dominated by male workers. A decline in female work participation rate was indeed observed but a detailed look identified it as a rural phenomenon. In a nut shell, the results reflected that the rapid developments in the peri-urban region did not provide a similar working environment to both genders and further, the benefits of urbanization is yet to reach the rural continuum.

Women Beedi Workers of Cooch Behar, West Bengal: Accessibility of Welfare Programmes

The labour market in India is largely unorganised in character, employing 93 per cent of the country’s labour force. India is a country where female work participation rate is very low, yet some specific sectors like beedi manufacturing have an overwhelming female work participation. Today, beedi manufacturing is a traditional and largely home-based industry in India in which 98 per cent of beedi workers are females. This article attempts to capture the accessibility of labour welfare programmes by female beedi workers in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. As a welfare state, the Government of India, along with the state government of West Bengal, has enacted several welfare schemes to protect the basic social needs of these women workers. But their backwardness, illiteracy combined with poverty, and a lack of administrative transparency appear to be major constraints in female beedi workers having any access to welfare programmes.

Declining Rural Female Work Participation Rate: Countering a Positivist Reductionist Rationale

Declining Rural Female Work Participation Rate: Countering a Positivist Reductionist Rationale

Female Labour Supply in Tamil Nadu: Some Questions

In this article, an attempt is made to study the trends and patterns of female work participation in Tamil Nadu across districts and examine the effect of structural transformation in the economy on women’s employment in the decade 2001–2011. There is a wide variation in the female work participation rate in the state. It is higher in agro-based, poor and most backward districts and is low in urbanized and industrialized districts as well as in districts with higher levels of per capita income, female literacy and unemployment. The analysis here shows that structural changes in the economy have not resulted in any dramatic change in the quality and quantity of women’s employment. Further, the casual labour segment has been expanding in rural Tamil Nadu with reductions in self-employment.

Determinants of regional inequality in female work participation in Lower Gangetic Plain Region of India

The present study is aimed at analysing the pattern of female work participation by disaggregating the information at regional level and further by inter-district variation. Moreover, this study tries to explore the factors which affect inter-regional variation in the percentage of female workers in rural areas and analyses the reasons of such. An attempt to reveal the differentiation in male and female work participation rate in different physiographic regions of West Bengal based on the secondary data collected from Census of India, 2011. Different statistical measures are employed to assess the level of inequality in work participation in different social strata of the society. Spatial pattern of work participation has been identified with the help of GIS techniques. The study reveled that the all-India pattern shows a great accentuation in regional differences in female work participation rate depending upon agro-ecological conditions prevailing within a physiographic region. The result has shown that female participation is generally lower (16.69%) compared to their male (41.63%) counterparts in 2011. The study found that socially deprived segments such as the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribe women display much higher level of participation compared to their more fortunate sisters belonging to the non-scheduled category. The study found that disparity is far less in geographically difficult areas and where agriculture is not well developed due to physiographic constraints such as in Hill and Terai region or in West Rarh Plateau Fringe.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF EMPLOYMENT AMONG PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Available literature on the subject indicates that the higher reservation wage and a lower market wage generally leads to lower probability of employment among the PWDs. The preset study carries out a systematic analysis of employment experiences of PWDs in different age cohorts and across gender, regions and social groups. A comparative study is also undertaken between the two time periods using 2001 and 2011 census data. In the last section of our study, the factors affecting work force participation rates for persons with disabilities is estimated, separately for rural and urban regions. The findings of the study suggest that there is lower employment outcomes for the persons with disabilities (PWDs). The work participation rate (WPR) has significantly increased in 2011 but it is attributed to increase in marginal workers. Thus, it can be inferred that there is growing informalisation in the disability sector as well. The SCs have the lowest employment rates and STs recorded the highest values of WPR. The female work force participation rates (WPR) is far lower, however female WPR has slightly increased in 2011. Further, the regression analysis of factors affecting workforce participation rates for persons with disabilities suggest that the rural and urban areas have different factors contributing to their employment. The findings reveal that individuals with disabilities have different employment outcomes depending on their disability types, gender and social compositions, levels of literacy, and whether they live in rural or urban regions. Understanding the economic experiences of PWDs is critical for disability advocates and policy-makers. The problems faced the persons with disabilities is multifaceted and require coordinated efforts to tackle them, at all the levels, social, economic and political.

(RE) MAPPING EMPOWERMENT OUTCOMES AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN RURAL INDIA: A PANEL DATA STUDY

Purpose of the study: This paper endeavours to re-examine the socio-economic factors influencing empowerment among married women in rural India over two points of time, 2005 and 2012. It examines the interplay of the work status of rural married women and the poverty status of their household in influencing empowerment.
 Methodology: The study uses the nationally representative multi-topic India Human Development Survey (IHDS). IHDS panel data has been utilized to assess the entry and exit from a workforce of rural married women, to define the components of empowerment among rural married women and analyze the socio-economic factors influencing the empowerment among rural married women.
 Main Findings: The outcomes show the increase in the overall empowerment rates in spite of their mobility constraints seem to have badly risen during the period 2005-2012, especially in the context of deteriorating work input among rural women. Moreover, working rural married women from BPL (Below Poverty Line) rural households are less likely to be empowered as compared to working rural married women from APL (Above Poverty Line) households.
 Applications of this study: The rural female work participation rate is declining in the phase of rising economic growth and education. In this context, their empowerment would not only benefit their personal lives but also impact their economic lives, thus contribute to the country`s GDP. This makes it vital to analyze as to what comprises their empowerment in the first place so that it can be promoted through various schemes.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Women’s economic empowerment and their participation in work are essential to bringing in the fullest demographic dividend for inclusive economic escalation and sustainable development in India. Thus, empowerment which may not necessarily be implied by employment is conditioned upon the poverty status of the household. However, the empowerment of rural married women is facilitated by higher education of self, husband and other family members.

Women’s Work in Response to Urbanization: Evidence from Odisha

This article examines the impact of urbanization as a vehicle of modernization on a variable like women workforce participation rate (WFPR), which is highly sensitive to social and cultural factors. Based on district level data, urbanization and women work participation are seen to have a negative association both in the rural and urban areas, although, ideally speaking, urbanization is expected to raise work opportunities. Owing to compulsions, women from poor households participate in the labour market which may result in a positive relationship between poverty and female work participation rate. Further, economic growth and WFPR unravel a negative association which is indicative of either a backward sloping supply curve of women at higher levels of per capita income or growth being non-inclusive and unable to create work opportunities. The lack of jobs of desirable status for a long time in turn leads to the phenomenon of ‘discouraged dropouts’. It is important to counter such distortions through policy interventions so that women are able to access higher levels of skill and education and subsequently participate in the job market instead of withdrawing.

Association of urbanisation with demographic dynamics in India

The research paper provides an overview of India’s urbanisation, regional variations, and association with demographic dynamics. The study explores the contributions of the census and statutory towns to urban growth and components of urban growth. The paper examines the impacts of urbanisation on fertility and mortality in India by data collected from the Census of India and the Sample Registration System. The specific purpose of this paper is investigating the impacts of demographic changes and urbanisation in India during the period 1991–2011. The research paper has employed quantitative technical analysis with the help of ordinary least square regression for establishing the relationship of association between urbanisation and socio-demographic variables. The study has endeavored a theoretical model associating the process of urbanisation with the demographic transition. It finds that the process of urbanisation has lead to the reduction of both fertility and mortality rates in India. The smooth decline in fertility and mortality rates in urban areas of India during the 2 decades of 1991–2011 implies the positive contribution of urbanisation. Similarly, the paper argues that to a large extent, various demographic indicators have influenced the process of urbanisation. The study successfully pinpoints that the urbanisation is positively related to the demographic variables of population growth, density, and migration. It also finds positive and significant effects of per capita income and female work participation rate on urbanisation.

PARTISIPASI DAN KONTRIBUSI TENAGA KERJA WANITA PADA USAHA KERIPIK UBI KAYU TERHADAP PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI KELURAHAN KULIM KECAMATAN TENAYAN RAYA KOTA PEKANBARU

The role of female laborers is not only a housewife but also has multiple roles in her family. This study aims to analyze: (1) Characteristics of female labor and business profile of cassava chips, (2) The amount of female worker participation, (3) The amount of female labor contribution to cassava chips business to household income, 4) Factors influencing the participation of female workers in cassava chips business. This research was conducted in Kulim District Tenayan Raya District from January to May 2016 using survey method. The sample of the study was deliberately taken by 33 female workers. The results showed that the average age of female workers was 33 years old, 9 years old with 3 years of work experience and 4 family dependents. Furthermore, female work participation rate (TPK) on cassava chips business is 1.52% with contribution of female worker earnings to total household income is 33,37%. F-calculation results show that simultaneously the value of adjusted coefficient R square (R2) 75.20%. Partially, the factors that influence significantly to participation are age factor, work experience, and woman worker wage at 90% and 95% confidence level.

Female Work Participation in Nadia District, West Bengal: Spatio-Temporal Analysis

The work participation of female is a significant indicator for advancement of society and their economic liberty. But in our country and state, the female workforce participation rate is still low and Nadia district is no exception. In this paper an attempted has been made to assessing the concentration and distribution of female worker, male female work participation disparity, category wise male female main and marginal worker and relationship between literacy rate and female work participation rate. Concentration of female worker is analyzed with the help of location quotient and work participation disparity is assessed by using the shoper's index method modified by Kundu and Rao. Relationship between literacy rate and female work participation rate is examined with the application of regression analysis. From the result analysis it is revelled that, female work participation rate is highly concentrated in southern part of the district while the rate is quite low in the northern part. A wide gap is found between male female work participation rates. Male work participation rate is too high than female work participation rate in every C.D. block. Disparity between MWPR and FWPR is relatively high in northern C.D. blocks than southern block and female work participation rate is strongly negatively co-related with female literacy rate. So, strengthening of women economic power and development of society women participation in workforce is very important.

A study on problems of women tea workers and their union participation in pandalur taluk with special reference to nilgiris

Women participation in the tea business has remained essentially high alongside other plantation crops, for example, coffee and rubber. In any case, the nature of women's employment inside such manor yields needs genuine evaluation in the light of current worries on declining female work participation rate (Abraham 2013). With the arrangement of family employment, both women and their children were occupied with tea leaf culling (plucking), weeding and clearing and so on in the plantations. The Nilgiris district is mostly an agriculture district and its economy for the most part relies on the achievement or disappointment of yields particularly the ranch harvests like tea and espresso (Coffee). The fundamental center is to comprehend the women's agency of labourin their numerous circles of work and work puts through their lived involvement as a specialist, as an acquiring individual from the family and as a key player in the industry(RinjuRasaily, 2014). The climatic situations and troposphere of the region make the Nilgiris District the fitting spot in South India for development of tea thus the zones under tea development in Nilgiris are monstrous and spread. The development of tea is essentially founded on the tea manor workers (Jaganathan and Palanichamy, 2015). Women workers are an advantage and spine of the tea business and notwithstanding their commitment, they acquire pitiful incomes, experiences low dimensions of human services and individual prosperity, lives captured in destitution and are cutoff from the standard (Mamta and Sanchari Roy, 2018 Thus the present study focus on the problems faced by the women tea workers and also helps to understand their union involvement in Pandalurtaluk.

Gender Based Comparative Analysis of Workers Participation in Agriculture in Rural Areas of Uttarakhand: A Study of Sahaspur Development Block

Amidst the huge migration of the males tough working and living working conditions, the females of the Hill Rural regions of Uttarakhand largely share the burden of the economy of these regions. Many studies depict that female participation is decreasing in the rural areas. Amidst the low declining work force participation of women in India, a few changing patterns can be observed. The first is a shift away from agriculture over the last decade 1999-2000 to 2011-12, and the second is the gain in education of regular employment even during the period 2004-2012, when the overall work force participation rates are declining. The study of the workers participation in Uttarakhand state as per 2011 census shows that female work participation rate is 26.7 percent, which has decreased from the year 2001 when it was 27.3 percent and the same is noticed in the rural areas of the state. The present study conducted in the rural region of Uttarakhand do not totally corroborate these facts and indicates that female work participation in agriculture which is largely carried out for meeting the subsistence level of household demand is still higher under various conditions. The comparison of male-female participation in pre and Post harvest agricultural activities reflect the fact that even after higher rate of participation of females in agriculture, males have larger role in key agriculture activities that require decision making (Ploughing, selection of seeds, and spraying of chemical fertilizers-Pre-harvest; Marketing- post harvest). The overall analysis of the male-female participation in pre and post harvest activities clearly shows that females have higher participation rate in agriculture than males. The study further highlights the factors which lead towards higher preference for female agriculture labour and hence deals with their higher participation rate in agriculture activities in these regions.

Changing Dimensions of Women Status in Punjab

The present study examines the changing Dimensions of women status in Punjab. The study was based on secondary data collected from various government and reputed sources. The study revealed that sex ratio in Punjab improved from 876 in 2001 to 893 in 2011 but it is much less than the national average of 943. Sex Ratio in 0–6 age group has improved but is less than the national average. There has been a marginal improvement in daughter preference over the time from 1992–2007. Female work participation rate (FWPR) has declined by 5.2 percent in 2011 from the previous census. Low female work participation denies women from becoming economically empowered in Punjab. Participation of women employment under MNREGS projects a healthy trend in Punjab. While comparing the life expectancy of Punjab with all India, it is observed that both males and female of Punjab have better life expectancy at 67.4 and 71.6 respectively as compared to 64.6 and 67.8 for national average respectively. The state achieved female literacy rate of 70.7percent which was lower than male literacy of 80.4percent in 2011. Punjab ranked 14th in Human and Gender development indicators (HDI and GDI) among 32 states/UTs but value of GDI was less than HDI indicating low status of women. The reasons for low status of women were various social formations that regulate their lives and the patriarchal setup.

Feminization of Agriculture in Solapur District

The main objective of this research paper is to take review of agricultural profile and to find out the trends of Feminization in Solapur district. Secondary data has taken from census 1991 to 2011. Methods adopted in the present analysis are simple percentage and percentage of change. The working population and work participation rate highlights the occupational distribution. The analysis of total Population of Main Workers in Solapur district shows an increasing trend over the three decades. In the main females workers share over the three decades have marginal increased 32.10 in 1991 and 34.84 in 2011 and males share marginally decreased 67.90 in 1991 and 65.16 in 2011. Main agriculture labour in solapur district has increasing. Role of female in Main Agricultural Labourers have increasing in the recent time and male role have decline. The female work participation rate in the district is higher than male.

Trends in women employment in India during census 1981 to 2011

This paper analyses the trends and pattern of women's employment in India using secondary data for the time period from Census 1981 to Census 2011. The study considers all states and union territories of India as population and seven states from high per capita income states and seven states from low per capita income states are selected as sample states for the study. Female work participation rate considering as proxy for women employment; growth rates, F-test and t-test are employed for data analysis. Our results show that percentage of female workers to total worker ratio has varied considerably across the states. Andhra Pradesh having better women employment situation among the high per capita income states, contradictory Delhi have worst situation about women employment. In low per capita income states, Nagaland having better women employment situation whereas Uttar Pradesh have poorest situation. There is significant increase in women work participation rate over a period of time in rural and urban segments of India. The growth of women work participation rate in rural higher than the urban segment and rural is confined to primary sectors while in urban is confined to service sectors in the sample states.

Employment situation of women in Pakistan

PurposeThis paper is an attempt to analyze the study of low female work participation rate in Pakistan due to the religious, traditional, cultural values, the colonial ideology and the evolution of social institution that restrain women entry into the labour market.Design/methodology/approachIn order to explore the objectives, the paper develops the classification of male and female age groups into three main categories, and analyze with the help of descriptive and mean methodology.FindingsThe findings of this paper show that the women are suffering from market discrimination and hence are pushed to separate low‐paid and low‐status jobs. Majority of women are employed in the unorganized sectors. Mostly, women are concentrated in sector known for low level of productivity, less income stability and low security of employment due to their dual role at home and workplace. Organized services sector is mostly government services, and provides employment to a small proportion of women. The rate of unemployment among women is consistently higher than that of men, both in rural and urban areas.Research limitations/implicationsThe statistics are reflective of two hard‐core realities. The first factor is that women with no education or with some basic education are allowed to work due to intensive poverty and high rate of inflation; and the second factor is that the existing socio‐cultural norms continues to strengthen gender discrimination and are a source of a massive wastage of the human capital available in the country.Practical implicationsAn analysis of structure of women employment reveals some qualitative improvement in the employment, due to high literacy rate and educational levels.Social implicationsIncreasing levels of female labour force participation rate is a poverty‐induced phenomenon; a larger part is to be traced by improvement in literacy and education levels of women. There is some qualitative improvement in the employment, as women's share in secure and better paid jobs in the organized sector appears to be higher. With the increase in educational levels of women, faster growth of women's employment is observed in modern sectors and white‐collar jobs. Government machinery, non‐governmental organizations and progressive political parties should focus on the education of women if they want to enhance the status of women in Pakistan by implementing special schemes and programmes for absorbing them into different occupations, particularly in organized sector so as to improve their structures of employment as well as status of jobs.Originality/valueClassification of male and female age groups is done into three main categories, i.e. age ten to 14, 25‐29 and 55‐59 for young, adult and old groups, respectively. This paper provides the clear picture of women problems and causes.

Women and work in Kerala: a comparison of the 1981 and 1991 censuses.

This study examines census data on women's work status during 1981 and 1991 in Kerala state in India. During 1981 and 1991, Kerala had a stable female work participation rate (FWPR), which placed Kerala 19th out of 30 states and Union territories. However, Kerala's FWPR declined in size and in the ratio to the male work participation rate during 1951-81. The work participation rate in Kerala was 15.85 for women and 47.58 for men in 1991 and 16.61 for women and 44.89 for men in 1981, which was under the national average. Fertility declined from 3.7 during 1970-75 to 1.7 in 1992. Life expectancy at birth was 74.7 years for women and 68.8 years for men, which is higher than the national average. The proportion of persons aged 15-59 years increased. Several explanations are offered to explain the low FWPR. Women increased in the number of enrollments in higher education. The increase for women was 50% compared to only 24% for men. The number of unemployed women aged 15-34 years rose during 1961-81. A 1987-88 unemployment survey revealed that over 10% of the unemployed in India lived in Kerala state, which had only 3.4% of total Indian population. A 1987 migration survey indicated that 300,929 workers from Kerala migrated to the Middle East, of which 92.5% were men. 31.43% of Kerala's population in 1991 were workers. The increase in the proportion of workers during 1981-91 was due primarily to the increase in male workers. The number of main workers increased over the decade for men and women, although only marginally for women. Marginal workers declined for both genders. Work participation rates of main and marginal workers increased for men and declined for women. Urban employment for women increased. Two districts had very low FWPRs. 48.78% of the female work force worked as cultivators and agricultural laborers. Growth occurred in urban and tertiary activities.