Female Population Sample Research Articles

Global availability of data on HPV genotype-distribution in cervical, vulvar and vaginal disease and genotype-specific prevalence and incidence of HPV infection in females

BackgroundCountry-level HPV genotyping data may be sought by decision-makers to gauge the genotype-specific burden of HPV-related diseases in their jurisdiction and assess the potential impact of HPV vaccines. We investigated, by country, the availability of published literature on HPV genotypes in cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers and intraepithelial neoplasms (CINs, VaINs and VINs) and on prevalence and incidence of genital HPV infections among women without clinically manifest disease.FindingsPrimary sources of publications were the PubMed/Medline and EMBASE databases. Original studies or meta-analyses published from 2000, covering genotypes 16 and 18 and at least one of genotypes 31/33/45/52/58, were included. Key exclusion criteria were language not English, cervical lesions not histologically confirmed (cytology only), special populations (e.g., immunocompromised) and, for cervical studies, small population (<50). A total of 727 studies reporting HPV genotype-specific data were identified: 366 for cervical cancers and CINs, 43 for vulvar or vaginal cancers and VINs/VaINs, and 395 and 21 for infection prevalence and incidence, respectively, in general female population samples. A large proportion of studies originated from a small set of countries. Cervical cancer/CIN typing data was scarce for several regions with the highest cervical cancer burden, including Eastern, Middle and Western Africa, Central America, South-East Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. Data for vulvar/vaginal disease was limited outside of Europe and North America.ConclusionsAlthough a large body of published HPV genotype-specific data is currently available, data gaps exist for genotype-specific infection incidence and several world regions with the highest cervical cancer burden.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13027-015-0008-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Time-lagged moment-to-moment interplay between negative affect and paranoia: new insights in the affective pathway to psychosis.

Evidence suggests that affect plays a role in the development of psychosis but the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. This study examines the moment-to-moment dynamics between negative affect (NA) and paranoia prospectively in daily life. A female general population sample (n = 515) participated in an experience sampling study. Time-lagged analyses between increases in momentary NA and subsequent momentary paranoia were examined. The impact of childhood adversity, stress sensitivity (impact of momentary stress on momentary NA), and depressive symptoms on these time-lagged associations, as well as associations with follow-up self-reported psychotic symptoms (Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) were investigated. Moments of NA increase resulted in a significant increase in paranoia over 180 subsequent minutes. Both stress sensitivity and depressive symptoms impacted on the transfer of NA to paranoia. Stress sensitivity moderated the level of increase in paranoia during the initial NA increase, while depressive symptoms increased persistence of paranoid feelings from moment to moment. Momentary paranoia responses to NA increases were associated with follow-up psychotic symptoms. Examination of microlevel momentary experience may thus yield new insights into the mechanism underlying co-occurrence of altered mood states and psychosis. Knowledge of the underlying mechanism is required in order to determine source and place where remediation should occur.

Replication of the five-dimensional structure of positive psychotic experiences in young adulthood

Previous work has examined the structure of subclinical positive psychotic experiences. The current study, using confirmatory factor analysis in a general population sample of young adult females, replicated a five-dimensional model, which showed excellent model fit. The results suggest stability of the five-dimensional model across adolescent and young adult life.

Sexual Function in Female Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is defined as repetitive (≥5/hour) partial or complete cessation of breathing during sleep. Whereas obstructive sleep apnea is often considered to be associated with sexual problems in men, studies concerning effects of obstructive sleep apnea on female sexual function and distress are sparse. To investigate sexual dysfunction and sexual distress in female patients with obstructive sleep apnea and to determine which factors are of importance for their sexual function. We investigated 80 female patients (ages 28-64) admitted to a sleep laboratory and who after investigation received a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. All subjects answered questions drawn from three self-administered questionnaires on sexuality. The results were compared with a population sample (N=240). Data from nocturnal respiratory recordings. Female Sexual Function Index, Female Sexual Distress Scale and four questions from Life Satisfaction-11 (Lisat-11). Female Sexual Function Index indicated that obstructive sleep apnea patients were at a higher risk for having sexual difficulties. Female Sexual Distress Scale showed significantly more sexual distress in the obstructive sleep apnea group. Manifest Female Sexual Dysfunction (combined data from Female Sexual Function Index and Female Sexual Distress Scale) showed that female patients with obstructive sleep apnea also had more sexual dysfunction. Severity of sleep apnea was, however, not related to any of these indices but consumption of psychopharmaca was. In Lisat-11, we found that obstructive sleep apnea females scored lower than women in the population sample regarding life as a whole but not regarding domains of closeness. This study indicates that sexuality of women with untreated obstructive sleep apnea is negatively affected compared with a female population sample. This was not related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea, whereas psychopharmaca may act as an important confounder.

Risk Factors for Running Away Among a General Population Sample of Males and Females

The present study examines risk factors for running away and homelessness among a sample of more than 7,000 currently housed youth using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Structural equation modeling results revealed that those with greater levels of family instability and those who ran away at Wave 2 were significantly more likely to run away and/or become homeless 5 years later at Wave 3. Family instability also had a significant indirect effect on running away and/or being homeless at Wave 3 through greater levels of problem behaviors and running away at Wave 2. Running away at Wave 1 was indirectly associated with running away and/or becoming homeless at Wave 3 through family instability, problem behavior, and Wave 2 running.

Long-term cervical cancer survivors suffer from pelvic floor symptoms: A cross-sectional matched cohort study

Objective The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of and experienced distress from pelvic floor symptoms in cervical cancer survivors (CCS). Methods For this cross-sectional matched cohort study, we matched CCS, treated in the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam between 1997 and 2007, to a random female population sample aged 20 to 70 years (reference group). We assessed prevalence of and distress from bladder and bowel symptoms with validated pelvic-floor-related questionnaires. Severe distress was defined as values above the 90th percentile of reference group's symptom domain scores. Results One-hundred and forty-six CCS underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection (RH and LND), 49 underwent surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy (SART), and 47 underwent primary radiotherapy (PRT). Urinary incontinence and obstructive voiding were reported by each treatment group more frequently than by the reference group and caused more distress. Patients treated with RH and LND reported more distress from most uro-genital symptoms, except from overactive bladder symptoms. Patients treated with PRT reported more distress from each uro-genital symptom than matched controls. The RH and LND group reported more distress from constipation and obstructive defecation than the reference group. Patients who underwent primary or adjuvant radiotherapy reported more distress from anal incontinence than their matched controls. Conclusions Treatment of cervical cancer impairs pelvic floor function. Patients treated with PRT report the most adverse effects on pelvic floor function. The results of our study enable physicians to counsel accurately about specific symptoms. Furthermore, to facilitate referral to pelvic floor specialists when bothersome symptoms occur, we recommend evaluating pelvic floor symptoms as a standard during follow-up.

International Correlation between Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Cervical Cancer Incidence

Data from population-based human papillomavirus (HPV) surveys in regions of low, intermediate, and high cervical cancer incidence were used to study the ecologic correlation between high-risk HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence. All the surveys were conducted by the IARC according to a standardized protocol for the collection of female population samples and detection of HPV DNA using PCR assay in a central laboratory. Cervical cancer incidence data were extracted, when available, from a cancer registry covering the surrounding or nearby area of the prevalence survey. Thirteen areas were included in this analysis. The relation between high-risk HPV prevalence and cervical cancer incidence was investigated within 10-year age groups from age 25 to 65 years. A Poisson regression model was used to predict cervical cancer incidence from HPV prevalence, and the strength of the correlation was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The rank correlation was weakest in women ages 25 to 34 years and strongest in women ages 55 to 64 years. In addition, the prevalence of high-risk HPV was not able to predict cervical cancer incidence accurately in every country. Nevertheless, our data raise a concern about the cervical cancer burden in areas where reliable cervical cancer statistics do not exist but where the prevalence of high-risk HPV in women over age 45 is high.

CYP17 MspA1 Polymorphism and Age at Menarche: A Meta‐Analysis

Objective: Literature data on the effects of CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism on age at menarche (AAM) are inconsistent. To reexamine this controversy, we performed a meta-analysis. Study design: In total 16 studies containing more than 11000 individuals of various ethnicities were selected for the analyses. For 11 case-control studies, odds ratio (OR) was employed to evaluate the risk of late AAM for each study, using homozygote at the wild-type allele as a control group. For the 5 studies with continuous outcomes, the effect size was estimated using the Hedges’ adjusted g, which is calculated based on the standardized mean difference between groups of subjects with early and late AAM. Results: We did not find evidence for association of the MspA1 polymorphism with AAM in the combined case-control sample with mixed ethnic background (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.90–1.18, P = 0.66), in the monoethnic case-control sample of Caucasian females (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.99–1.20, P = 0.08) and in the combined sample with continuous traits (Hedges’ g = 0.33 and −0.041, 95% CI: −0.14–0.80 and −0.18–0.10, P values 0.17 and 0.56 for the pooled population sample and monoethnic sample of Caucasian females, respectively). Conclusion: Our study showed that CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism was not a significant independent risk factor of AAM. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of the interaction between this gene and other genetic and/or environment factors on AAM.

A quadruplex real-time qPCR assay for the simultaneous assessment of total human DNA, human male DNA, DNA degradation and the presence of PCR inhibitors in forensic samples: A diagnostic tool for STR typing

A quadruplex real-time qPCR assay was developed to simultaneously assess total human DNA, human male DNA, DNA degradation and PCR inhibitors in forensic samples. Specifically, the assay utilizes a ∼170–190 bp target sequence that spans the TH01 STR locus to quantify total human DNA (nuTH01), a 137 bp target sequence directly adjacent to the SRY gene to quantify human male DNA (nuSRY), a 67 bp target sequence flanking the CSF1PO STR locus (nuCSF) to assess degradation (nuCSF:nuTH01 ratio) and a 77 bp synthetic DNA template used as an internal PCR control target sequence (IPC) for the assessment of PCR inhibition. Validation studies, performed on an ABI 7500 SDS instrument using TaqMan ® and TaqManMGB ® detection, indicate each of the targets in the quadruplex assay performs effectively and is informative even when challenged with DNase-degraded and hematin-inhibited samples. The nuTH01–nuSRY–nuCSF–IPC quadruplex qPCR assay is envisioned to assist in the choice of the most informative DNA typing system available, which may include standard autosomal STR typing when the results indicate the presence of non-degraded, single gender DNA or non-degraded, male:female mixtures at ratios expected to yield probative alleles; Y STR typing in samples containing a male component that is overwhelmed by the presence of an excess of female DNA; reduced amplicon size STR typing (“MiniSTRs”) where the nuCSF:nuTH01 ratio indicates the sample is highly degraded; enhanced STR amplification with additional AmpliTaq Gold ®/BSA and/or sample clean-up when the presence of PCR inhibitors is suggested by a delayed IPC C T value or mitochondrial DNA typing in samples where little to no nuclear DNA is detected. The present study includes evaluations of species specificity, sensitivity, precision, reproducibility, male–female mixtures, population samples and applications to various casework-type samples as indicated by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines.

Cardiovascular risk factors in two Czech female population samples

Cardiovascular risk factors in two Czech female population samples

Detection of bad treatments in female population's sample in a Primary Health Care Center in Barcelona

Detection of bad treatments in female population's sample in a Primary Health Care Center in Barcelona

Mo-P5:356 Cardiovascular risk factors in two Czech female population samples

Mo-P5:356 Cardiovascular risk factors in two Czech female population samples

Hypothyroidism Is Common in Turner Syndrome: Results of a Five-Year Follow-Up

Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by a sex chromosome aberration. The aim was to study the prevalence and incidence of thyroid disease in adults with TS. Women with TS (n = 91; mean age, 37.7 +/- 11 yr) were compared with an age-matched female random population sample (n = 228). At baseline, 15 (16%) TS women were treated for hypothyroidism, and elevated serum TSH was found in another eight (9%). As a result, hypothyroidism was more common in women with TS (25%) than in controls (2%; P < 0.0001). Serum free T4 was lower (P = 0.02), and serum TSH was higher (P < 0.0001) in TS women than in age-matched controls. Of all TS women with hypothyroidism, 10 (43%) had an elevated thyroid peroxidase antibody titer vs. 15 (22%) of those without hypothyroidism (P < 0.05), evenly distributed between the karyotype 45,X and mosaicism. A high body mass index, but not a family history or blood lipids, was associated with hypothyroidism in TS. After the 5-yr follow-up, an additional 11 (16%) developed hypothyroidism, of whom four (36%) had elevated thyroid peroxidase. Altogether, 34 (37%) TS women had hypothyroidism after the 5-yr follow-up. Autoimmune hypothyroidism was common, with an annual incidence of 3.2% in TS. Thyroid function should be checked regularly in TS.

Estimation of Age in Adolescents—The Basilar Synchondrosis

The state of fusion of the basilar synchondrosis as a biological age indicator was assessed in a sample of 91 cadavers of both sexes whose ages ranged between 8 and 26 years. The correlation between the degree of closure and chronological age was investigated. Although the female population sample was very small (n = 21), the data indicate a tendency of differences in age between the "open" and "closed" groups. In the male population (n = 70), no significant differences were detected between the "open" and "closed" categories; in fact, the mean age of the two groups was the same (p = 0.9). These findings indicate that the stage of fusion of the basilar synchondrosis is not a good indicator of age in male cadavers, while in females the feature could be useful when estimating age of unknown human remains, although further investigation on a larger sample is advocated.

Population genetic comparisons of three X-chromosomal STRs

The X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) DXS6800, DXS101 and DXS8377 were analysed in male and female population samples from Germany and Austria using a PCR multiplex approach. We investigated 135 family trios from Innsbruck (Austria) and surrounding areas and 50 families and further male and female samples from Ulm (Germany) and surrounding areas. The comparisons of the allele frequencies gave similar distributions for Innsbruck and Ulm although minor variations were found for some alleles. Additionally, some differences were found when comparing the allele frequencies of the male and female samples independently. The forensic efficiency values demonstrate that especially DXS101 and DXS8377 are highly informative markers for kinship analysis and deficiency cases. Based on the investigated meiotic events no new mutations were detected.

Suicidal ideation in a female population sample. Relationship with depression, anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence/abuse.

The aim was to analyse the association between three psychiatric disorders (anxiety disorder, depression and alcohol dependence/abuse) and past year suicidal ideation in women. As part of the longitudinal population-based study "Women and Alcohol in Göteborg", face-to-face interviews were administered to a stratified sample of 25-65 year old women (n = 313). Past year and lifetime diagnoses of depression, anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence/abuse were made according to DSM-III-R. Past year suicidal feelings were rated according to Paykel et al. The weighted one-year prevalence of suicidal thoughts was 6.6%. Such thoughts were acknowledged by 24.2% of the women with a depressive disorder, 20% of the women with an anxiety disorder and 22.7% of those with alcohol dependence/abuse (ADA) during the past year. Depressive disorder and ADA were associated with suicidal thoughts in the univariate analysis. Such an association could not be shown for anxiety disorder. When all three disorders were entered into a logistic regression model, only depressive disorder remained associated with past year suicidal ideation. One third of the women who reported past year suicidal thoughts did not fulfil criteria for a DSM-III-R Axis I disorder during this time period. Our results underline the need for assessment of suicidality even in women with subsyndromal states.

Distribution of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Genotypes in a Siberian Female Population Sample

Variations at the apolipoprotein E (APOE) locus influence lipid and lipoprotein levels in the normal population, and are associated with prema- ture coronary artery disease. In the present study, the APOE genotypes and allele frequencies in 299 women from Novosibirsk (West Siberia) were determined. APOE genotypes were detected by restriction isotyping after amplification of the genomic DNA by PCR. APOE*3 was found to be the predominant allele (allele frequency = 0.769). The frequency of APOE*2 and APOE*4 alle- les were found to be 0.048 and 0.182, respectively. The results are compared with those reported for major hu- man populations of the world. Moreover, genotypic re- lationship with quantitative lipid levels (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) were examined. Subjects with APOE*2 allele showed much lower total choletsterol and HDL values as com- pared to APOE*4 allele carriers supporting the notion that E*4 allele is a susceptibility factor for cardiovascu- lar diseases.

Distribution of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Genotypes in a Siberian Female Population Sample

Distribution of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Genotypes in a Siberian Female Population Sample

The influence of hearing and age on speech recognition scores in noise in audiological patients and in the general population.

To describe the influence of pure-tone audiometry and age on the speech recognition score in noise, both in audiological patients and also in a random population sample. In a cross-sectional study, speech recognition scores (SRS) using monosyllabic words presented in a fixed background noise were evaluated on 1895 audiological patients of both genders with normal hearing or sensorineural hearing losses. The background noise was speech weighted and presented with a signal to noise ratio of +4 dB. In 291 participants, SRS in quiet was estimated as well. A female random population sample also was tested (N = 513). The major predictor for the SRS-noise was high-frequency hearing thresholds. If hearing was normal, age had no effect on speech recognition. Young persons with hearing loss had higher SRS-noise than older persons with the same degree of hearing loss. The difference between young and old persons became larger the greater the hearing loss. Predictive SRS-noise with consideration taken to hearing function and age are presented. SRS-noise correlated stronger with pure-tone audiometry and age than SRS-quiet. Controls performed better (by 10 to 20%) than their same-aged peers with similar hearing loss. It is recommended that speech recognition tests be performed in background noise. SRS-noise is a valuable tool for audiologists and audiological physicians to identify patients in need of pedagogic rehabilitation programs or further diagnostic investigations.

Osteoporosis and Fractures in Turner Syndrome—Importance of Growth Promoting and Oestrogen Therapy

OBJECTIVE Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal aberration (45,X) characterized by endogenous oestrogen deficiency and short stature. The aim was to study body composition, bone mineral density, fracture frequency, social and life style factors and biochemical bone markers, as well as hormones, in adults with TS in comparison with a female random population sample. PATIENTS Seventy women with TS responded to questionnaires. They underwent physical examination, bone mineral density measurement with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and blood sampling. Mean age was 31 ± 12 (range 16–71) years. A random population sample of women from the WHO MONICA Project, Goteborg (25–64 years) served as controls (n = 740). RESULTS Women with TS were shorter than the controls and had lower body weight and lean body mass (P < 0.0001). Body mass index and waist/hip circumference ratio were higher in TS (P < 0.0001). Osteoporosis was present in seven TS women, six above 45 years of age. None of these had received oestrogen substitution continuously. Fractures (all types) were reported by 11 (16%) TS women (six (50%) above 45 years) compared with 5% in the population sample (P < 0.001). Four TS women with fractures had osteoporosis, all above 45 years of age. Osteoporosis and fractures did not differ between women with the 45,X karyotype and those with mosaicism. Impaired hearing was reported by 40%, and 73% wore glasses. Six percent among TS were smokers compared with 25% in the population (P < 0.001). TS women reported a lower degree of leisure time physical activity than controls (P < 0.001). Parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin were higher among TS (P < 0.02 and 0.001). Insulin-like growth factor-I was similar. Ninety-one percent of all TS had oestrogen substitution and 96% of TS below 25 years of age had received growth hormone treatment. CONCLUSION Osteoporosis and fractures were common above, but not below, 45 years of age in Turner syndrome. It is probable that modern therapy, including growth promoting and continuous oestrogen therapy, will prevent osteoporotic fractures in the future.