Female Labor Force Participation Rate Research Articles

Pengaruh Kesehatan Reproduksi Wanita dan Pemberdayaan Wanita Terhadap Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Wanita di Indonesia

This study aims to find out and analyze how the influence of women's reproductive health and women's empowerment on the participation rate of the female workforce in Indonesia. This study used secondary data sourced from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics with the research variables grouped into two parts, namely the bond variable which in this study was determined as the female labor force participation rate and the independent variables consisting of women's life expectancy, young women's marriage, female mother, female education level, female per capita income and female involvement in parliament. This study uses panel data regression analysis with the selected method, namely the Common Effect Model (CEM). The results showed that women's life expectancy, young women's marriage, women's fertility rates and women's involvement in parliament each had a negative and insignificant effect on women's labor force participation. Women's education level has a negative and significant effect on female labor force participation and women's per capita income has a positive and significant effect on female labor force participation.

Golden tears: A cross-country study of crying in the Olympics.

This article studies tears of joy by exploring data on the behavior of gold medalists of all 450 individual events at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympic Games at the end of the medalists' respective competitions and during the medal ceremonies. We find that women cry more than men, older athletes cry more than younger athletes, athletes from the host country cry more at the end of the competition, and athletes cry more when they receive information on their victory immediately after completing their task. When looking at the socioeconomic characteristics of athletes' countries, we find that men from countries with larger female labor force participation rates cry more than men from countries with lower female labor force participation, and athletes from countries with higher religious fractionalization cry less than those from countries with lower fractionalization. Finally, we find no relationship between the wealth of a country and the propensity of its athletes of any gender to cry. We discuss possible mechanisms that drive our results and suggest future directions for observational studies on emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A Study of Factors Influencing Female Labor Force Participation Rate in Different Countries and Regions Based on Multi-Type Data Regression Methods

The ongoing progress of contemporary society and the growing global recognition of women have led to heightened scrutiny of the influence of female labour force in social production. The rate of female labour force participation holds significant implications for both the advancement of the global economy and the long-term sustainability of society. In this study, a dataset comprising 146 nations spanning the years 1990 to 2020 was utilised. Employing regression techniques, the 146 countries were categorised into six continents to investigate the impact of GDP per capita and fertility rate on the female labour force participation rate. The findings of the research indicate that the relationship between the female labour force participation rate and GDP per capita and fertility rate is non-linear, assuming that only these two factors are taken into account. Given the observed trend of a gradual increase in female labour force participation rates in various regions in recent years, alongside a corresponding decrease in fertility rates globally, it is imperative for relevant authorities to expedite the enhancement of policies pertaining to female reproduction. Furthermore, it is crucial to legally ensure employment opportunities for women.

Nexus between Labour Force Participation, Decent Work and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This work investigated the impact of labour force participation on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1990 to 2021 using annual time series data on real gross domestic product (RGDP), male labour force participation rate (MLFPR) and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR). The objectives are to examine the impact of male labour force participation rate (MLFPR) and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) on economic growth in Nigeria and to ascertain the causality relationship between male labour force participation rate, female labour force participation rate, and economic growth in Nigeria using ARDL Bounds Testing methodology. The result indicated that male labour force participation rate (MLFPR) and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) had statistically significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria in the short run. The result also revealed that, in the long run, male labour force participation rate (MLFPR) and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) had statistically insignificant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. A uni-directional causality relationship is found between male labour force participation rate (MLFPR) and economic growth (RGDP) in Nigeria over the period covered with the causality running from economic growth to male labour force participation rate. The result further indicated that there is no significant causality relationship between female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) and economic growth in Nigeria over the period covered. The study therefore recommended that government should design active policy for male and female participation in labour force and seriously empower women to participate in labour force in Nigeria.

EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF ECOWAS COUNTRIES

Objective: The study investigated the effect of export diversification on women’s labor force participation in ECOWAS countries. Material and Methods: We employed the ordinary least squares estimation technique then the fixed-effects model for a panel of 15 countries of ECOWAS with data ranging from 2000 to 2020, collected from the databases of the world development indicators and UNCTAD. Results: The study has indicated that export diversification in ECOWAS countries increase the female labor force participation rate. Conclusion: We recommended that the governments of ECOWAS countries should not only provide incentives to expand the export basket, but also support businesses that need a female workforce for more inclusive growth in their countries.

A comparative analysis of gender diversity in labour participation and growth in Sub-Saharan African countries

In recent years, official statistics on female labour supply in several emerging nations have shown that female labour force participation rates are dropping. Although development organisations have created and implemented non-contextual empowerment initiatives, some of which have improved women's lives, a desirable outcome has not been achieved. A comparative analysis of gender diversity in labour economic participation and growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was conducted. The study uses pooled least squares, fixed effects, random effects, difference generalised method of moments, and system-generalised method of moments models. Likewise, three models are estimated in the study for disaggregated male and female economic participation factors, respectively, while the third is for aggregate economic participation. In addition, causality was investigated using the panel vector correction model. The findings show that the indicators of human capital and labour economic participation are positive and significant in all three models. However, male human capital and labour economic participation contribute to productivity growth more than aggregate indicators. Also, the female indicators are the lowest contributing factor to growth. Also, the institutional quality is significant in aggregate and male labour economic participation but insignificant in female labour economic participation. The causality result shows one-way causality from female human capital to productivity growth. The study suggests, among others, the need to develop a financing mechanism to expand women-focused human capital interventions in SSA.

The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation Rate in Asian Economies

The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation Rate in Asian Economies

Impact of Safe Domestic Water Source on Female Labor Force Participation Rates and Female Literacy Rates in India

Impact of Safe Domestic Water Source on Female Labor Force Participation Rates and Female Literacy Rates in India

Unveiling the Gap: Exploring Gender Inequality in Economic Empowerment Across India

Gender inequality in economic empowerment remains a pervasive issue across the globe, manifesting in various forms such as unequal pay, limited access to economic resources, and disparities in employment opportunities and career advancement. This systemic imbalance stifles not only individual potential but also hampers overall economic growth and development. While this inequality exists universally, it is particularly pronounced in Indian society, rooted in deeply embedded cultural norms and historical gender roles. Traditionally, women's subordinate position has deprived them of asset ownership and participation in financial decision-making. Additionally, they have been denied employment opportunities and face discrimination in the labor market. These factors have led to a significant gender gap in economic participation at both household and societal levels. In this context, this study attempts to examine the gender inequality in economic empowerment in India through the lens of asset ownership, wage disparity, and labor force participation. This study is based on secondary data taken from the reports of the National Family Health Survey and the Periodic Labour Force Survey of the Government of India. The study found that, the female labour force participation rate was 46.2 per cent less than the male labour force participation rate and on an average, women earned Rs. 136.32 less than men in daily wage earnings. The study concludes that addressing gender inequality in economic empowerment requires a comprehensive approach at the policy, organizational, and societal level, including implementing and enforcing gender-sensitive labor laws, promoting equal pay for equal work, and providing affordable childcare and parental leave to level the playing field.

Does Declining Female Labour Force Participation Result in Fewer Gender Gaps?

South Asia has the second highest gender gap in8 major regions in the world. The highest gender gaps are for economic participation and political empowerment. Economic participation and opportunities grow as more women pursue professional and technical education. The over-all gender gap has marginally declined from 54.08 in 1998 to 50.8 in 2021. This indicate that the progress has been remarkably slow in terms of female labour force participation, with India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Maldives on the lowest side. While South Asia is the fastest-growing region globally, the female labour force participation rate is only 23.6% versus 80% for men. There is a significant negative relationship between the two variables. With every increase in per capita income level in South Asia, labour force participation shows an inverted U relationship. This contradicts the empirical estimations in the literature showing a U shape relationship. The main finding is that gender gaps in employment, job characteristics, and working conditions are growing as per capita incomes rise. Further, per capita, income growth speeds up the reduction process of gender inequality and gender gaps. This again confirms the proposition that labour force participation does not directly lead to reduction in gender gaps. Reduction in gender gaps does lead to increased labour force participation. Effective implementation of gender-centric policies, creating a level playing field for women, accelerates the process of gender balanced opportunities and outcomes. Technological interventions cannot act as a substitute for policy interventions.

Female Labor Force Participation and Uganda’s Economic Growth

This comprehensive study explores the impact of various female labor force participation indicators on Uganda's economic growth, encompassing participation rate, educational levels, and fertility rate while considering confounding factors like capital formation and inflation. Utilizing a quantitative approach and a causal relationship research design, the study employs the ARDL (3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2) model on quarterly data from 1990 to 2021. Results reveal a significant adverse short-term causal impact of the female labor force participation rate on economic growth, with no such effect in the long term. The educational levels and fertility rate exhibit statistically insignificant impacts in both short and long terms. The findings suggest a prevailing trend of female labor contributing predominantly to labor-intensive agriculture and the informal economy, without a noticeable shift to more lucrative sectors over the long run. Additionally, the study underscores the potential for short-term economic growth through birth control measures and policies enhancing physical capital stocks, contributing to our understanding of Uganda's economic progress within the neoclassical and U-shape development frameworks.

Exploring cross-country heterogeneity in the relation between female labor force participation and fertility in Latin America

In Latin America, despite an apparent convergence on the relation between female labor force participation (FLFP) and total fertility rates (TFR), there are differences between and within countries that must be considered. This paper aimed to understand the heterogeneity in the relation between the FLFP rate and the TFR in Latin American from 1990 to 2018 in order to identify cross-country patterns. Using World Bank data for the 20 countries in Latin America, clustering longitudinal data was performed, and mixed-effect models were fitted to quantify the heterogeneity. Three patterns of relationship were observed in Latin American countries: low TFR and intermediate FLFP, high TFR and high FLFP, and high TFR and low FLFP. The heterogeneity identified suggests the diversity of socio-economic and cultural factors influences the dynamics of the relation between FLFP and TFR in Latin America.

Literate & Technical Female Labour Force Participation in Pakistan’s Economic Change

This study examines the relationship among “female labour force participation”, “technical education”, and “economic growth” in Pakistan. As we know, there is more prosperity when skilled females become part of the economy. The authors assessed the secondary data sources from 2001-2020 and applied various diagnostics based on the theoretical background and research methodologies. Specifically, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag is applied for analysis as per the nature of the data. This study provides insight into how increasing the “female labour force participation rate” with “technical education” spurs “economic growth” in Pakistan. The empirical results show that technical education, female labor force participation rate, male labor force participation rate, and gross fixed capital formation positively influence economic growth. Only the inflation rate and exchange rate hurt economic growth. This study aims to guide policymakers, educators, and economic stakeholders towards measures to maximize the benefits of increased “female labour force participation” and improved technical education in Pakistan. Its results are giving more deep understanding of some critical aspects of women’s employment and empowerment and provide more practical ideas for prosperous future of Pakistan. However, the study has some limitations like constraints in resources, time and specific targeted data.

The Recent Drop in Female Labour-Force Participation in Jammu and Kashmir

The J&K economy will not reach its full potential unless the government and employers remove barriers to women's full labour-force participation in the labour market. Failure to address structural labor market issues, employment policy does more than limit women's career opportunities and aspirations for a better life. In Jammu and Kashmir context overall labor force participation is reported to be considerably low and has been on consistent decline. It has decreased by 7% from 62.09% in 1999-00 to 55.68% in 2017-18. The overall decline in labor force has been mainly attributed to the sharp decline in female labor force participation rate, which has registered almost 8% decline from 39.86% to 31.61% during 1999-00 to 2017-18. This decline is puzzling some and against the gender development goals like inclusive development, women empowerment etc. Women's participation barriers also act as brakes on the national economy, stifling growth. By adopting gender friendly policies and removing barriers to women's participation we can narrow down gender gap in participation and achieve stronger economic growth

The impact of fiscal policy on female labor force participation in Egypt

There is no doubt that women play a vital role in all aspects of economic activities around the globe. However, despite the great efforts that governments have made over the past three decades to increase women’s integration into the labor market, their participation is still relatively low compared to men. On the other hand, economic literature argues that the government can use fiscal policy tools such as tax revenue and spending to decrease gender inequality in the labor market. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of government spending and tax revenue shocks on the female labor force participation rate (the share of women in the total labor force) in Egypt. Annual time-series data were collected from the Central Bank of Egypt and the World Bank from 1990 to 2021, where the vector autoregressive (VAR) model and impulse response functions have been used. The results suggest that government spending and tax revenue shocks increase gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, female labor force participation, and inflation. Results validated the research hypotheses and showed that a one standard deviation shock to either government spending or tax revenue has a positive impact on female labor force participation. Therefore, the study recommends that using an expansionary fiscal policy may increase the accessibility of Egyptian women to the labor market.

Can Female Political Representation Impact Female Labour Force Participation Rate? A Study across Indian States using Fixed Effect Panel Data Model

Can Female Political Representation Impact Female Labour Force Participation Rate? A Study across Indian States using Fixed Effect Panel Data Model

Lockdowns and female labour force participation: the curious case of India

ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, employment opportunities dried up owing to lockdowns and the economic fallout was felt by men and women alike. In this paper, we explore the impact of the pandemic-induced lockdowns on the female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) in India overall and in rural and urban areas taken separately. We use a panel dataset of 15 Indian states over the period 1991–2021 and estimate a dynamic GMM model to study the pandemic effect. Our results show that FLFPR that had historically shown a declining trend increased during the pandemic years despite lockdowns and job cuts. We find that there was an increase of 2.5% in FLFPR during the pandemic years. Our results hold even after controlling for other determinants of FLFPR such as per capita income, school education, fertility rate and male unemployment rate. Our results are consistent across rural and urban settings taken together and considered separately. Our findings suggest that economic distress drove women to take up low-paying jobs, resulting in the feminization of poverty.

If you can't fix the problem change the standards.

Over the last few months, established data systems in India have been the target of heated dispute, chiefly by members of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, ranging from the inflation numbers [1], to the sampling frame for surveys done by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSS), the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)[2], haemoglobin cut-offs for anaemia [3] and childhood growth standards, female labour force participation rate and life expectancy at birth [4]. The attempts to revise economic data systems has invited a raging debate [5, 6], prompting the government to set up a panel to review the NSS's methodology. However, the arguments being made in favor of downward revision of nutritional standards have received much less scrutiny, except for a recent editorial which comments on the general problem of drawing up standards [7]. This is despite the fact that these proposals have already caught the fancy of the government. A policy decision has already been taken to discontinue gathering of data on Hb-levels as part of the quinquennial National Family Health Surveys, which would now be collected as part of a new Dietary and Bio-markers Survey. Neither the rationale for such a move, nor the details of the methodology of the new survey, or the time-frame within which such data would be released have been made available for public deliberation. Similarly, discussions have been initiated on devising "indigenous" growth standards for children [8]. Hence, it becomes imperative to examine the basis of these renewed calls for revision of existing standards.

The future of the labour force: a quantitative examination of the drivers of female labor force participation and total fertility rate in developed economies

ABSTRACT Recent sluggish economic growth in developed countries has become a cause for concern regarding the long-term sustainability of the global economy. Continuous declines in the total fertility rate (TFR) constitute an essential factor in stagnant economic growth in developed countries. In this paper, we utilize fixed and random effect models to examine the relationships of TFR with putative TFR determinants in G7 countries from 1980 to 2020. Our findings support the societal response hypothesis wherein the relationship between TFR and female labour force participation rate (FLFPR) is posited to be stable and positive. Furthermore, the present study confirms a positive relationship of crude marriage rate (CMR) and market childcare availability (MktCC) with TFR. A negative relationship between the ageing population (AGE) and TFR was observed, consistent with broad concerns regarding the impending economic impacts of population ageing in developed countries.

Financial Inclusion and Its Impact on Fertility: An Empirical Investigation

This paper explores the empirical relationship between financial inclusion and fertility, primary developmental outcomes. Some studies show the impact of financial inclusion on different developmental outcomes, such as poverty, inequality, education, health, empowerment and economic growth and development. However, only a few studies have analysed the impact of financial inclusion on specific health indicators. Financial inclusion has a significant impact on fertility decline. This study uses data from 2004 to 2018 from a panel of 152 countries from the World Development Indicators and the IMF’s Financial Access Survey to test the link between financial inclusion and fertility. I used techniques, that is, the panel fixed-effect model, SLM test, semi-parametric approach and quantile regression analysis, to understand the relationship between financial inclusion and fertility. The results suggest a non-linear relationship. As financial inclusion increases, fertility initially declines, but after reaching a critical point, the relationship turns positive, showing a U-shaped relationship. Other important variables that statistically influence fertility levels are levels of education, female labour-force participation rates, levels of urbanisation and age dependency. Inflation rate and trade openness also significantly influence fertility. This paper provides some policy implications concerning fertility and financial inclusion.