Female Flowers Research Articles

Correlações canônicas em caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos, produtivos e de pendão de milho

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to check whether there is linear dependence between phenological, morphological and production traits and tassel traits in maize genotypes. Seven experiments were conducted with 16 maize genotypes, in a randomized block design, with three replicates. Four groups of traits were evaluated: phenological (two), morphological (three), production (four) and tassel (11). Joint analysis of variance and F test at 5% significance level were performed. The matrix of phenotypic correlation coefficients between the traits was estimated and multicollinearity was diagnosed in each group of traits. Associations between the groups of traits were checked by canonical correlation analysis. There is linear dependence between phenological, morphological and production traits and tassel traits in maize genotypes. Phenological (number of days from sowing to 50% of male flowering and number of days from sowing to 50% of female flowering), morphological (plant height and spike height) and production (number of spikes and grain yield) traits are positively associated with tassel traits (tassel branch number and tassel dry matter). Tassel branch number and tassel dry matter can be used for indirect selection of maize plants.

Sex reversal in female cannabis plants as a in response to male flowering promoters

Cannabis sativa is a widely studied species and is currently accepted worldwide due to its medicinal properties, especially those conferred to the CBD phytocannabinoid, which is synthesized mainly in the globular trichomes of female flowers. Males are undesirable and rare in commercial plantations; however, they are necessary for breeding programs. This research aimed to evaluate sexual reversion methods in female cannabis plants as a preliminary stage of a plant breeding program. A completely randomized design with eight treatments and four repetitions was used. The treatments consisted of protocols for the sexual reversion of female plants through drip application and foliar spraying of Silver Thiosulfate (STS), Aminoethoxy-vinyl-glycine (AVG), 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and Gibberellic acid (AG3), plus a control treatment without application. Male flower production was evaluated in female cannabis plants, and pollen viability in male flowers was determined. The AVG treatments applied to the apex by dripping, and the AG3 applied to the foliage in the form of a spray influenced the sexual reversion of female plants and produced a total of 132 and 32 male flowers, respectively, without difference between them (P=0.08383). For AVG dripping, only male flowers were observed at the apex, where the application was made directly. Moreover, STS and 1-MCP did not induce the production of male flowers. The pollen from male plants treated with AG3 in spray, and AVG dripping showed high viability (>50%), contrary to the low viability observed in plants treated with AGC applied in spray. The plants treated with AG3 (spray) were higher due to the elongation of the internodes. The AVG and AG3 compounds are effective in the sexual reversion of female cannabis and generate male flowers with viable pollen.

Ethylene produced in carpel primordia controls CmHB40 expression to inhibit stamen development.

Sex determination evolved to control the development of unisexual flowers. In agriculture, it conditions how plants are cultivated and bred. We investigated how female flowers develop in monoecious cucurbits. We discovered in melon, Cucumis melo, a mechanism in which ethylene produced in the carpel is perceived in the stamen primordia through spatially differentially expressed ethylene receptors. Subsequently, the CmEIN3/CmEIL1 ethylene signalling module, in stamen primordia, activates the expression of CmHB40, a transcription factor that downregulates genes required for stamen development and upregulates genes associated with organ senescence. Investigation of melon genetic biodiversity revealed a haplotype, originating in Africa, altered in EIN3/EIL1 binding to CmHB40 promoter and associated with bisexual flower development. In contrast to other bisexual mutants in cucurbits, CmHB40 mutations do not alter fruit shape. By disentangling fruit shape and sex-determination pathways, our work opens up new avenues in plant breeding.

FORAGING ECOLOGY and ABUNDANCE of NATIVE POLLINATORS in BITTER GOURD

An experiment is conducted in bitter gourd cropping system at Coimbatore district, to study bitter gourd floral character, the foraging ecology of native pollinators and their modes of pollination. Bitter gourd is a monoecious plant bears separate male and female flowers. Male flower blooms early followed by female flowers. Stigma receptivity of pistillate flowers was confirmed on 4th day old flower showed yellowish-green stigma with shining stigmatic exudation. The stigma receptivity last upto 24 hours after anthesis. Pollen viability test done with 2 per cent acetocarmine solution indicated that pollen collected during morning hours (0600 h) were more viable and were deeply stained, whereas pollens collected at evening hours (1700 h) remained unstained and considered as nonviable. The foraging activity of A. cerana indica and T. iridipennis begins at 0600 h and 0630 h respectively and ceased by evening 1700 h. T. iridipennis foragers spent more time in pollen collection (31.1 seconds/ flower) and nectar collection (26.14 seconds/ flower) whereas, A. cerana indica spent less time in pollen collection (8.62 seconds/ flowers) and nectar collection (3.56 seconds/ flower) respectively. A total of 17 pollinator species belongs to four orders viz., Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera have been documented and grouped based on their mode of foraging in bitter gourd flowers.

Ampelographic Characteristics of Grape Varieties Cultivated in Aksaray Province

In this study, eight cultivars, all of which are Vitis vinifera L., are grown in Aksaray province were determined. Identification material was selected approximately 20 years old, own roots vines in the producer vineyards. Ampelographic characteristics are defined by 123 descriptive characters in the OIV (The International Organization of Vine and Wine) list of grape and grapevine rootstock varieties identification criteria. With the numerical codes of the OIV identification criteria, similarity analysis was made in the IBM SPSS Statistics software (SPSS) package program, and the similarity relationships of the cultivars were visualized with a dendrogram. Aşeri and Mor Üzüm varieties defined in Aksaray province are not registered in the European Catalogue, but all varieties are Vitis vinifera L. Subsp. vinifera is registered as Turkey varieties. All the cultivar excluding Aşeri, and Emir names defined here are included in the Turkey grapevine genetic resources list, and several cultivars containing the same name or synonyms have been defined in different studies. The ampelographic descriptions of Aşeri and Emir grape varieties were made for the first time. The ampelographic definitions of Ak Dimrit, Çavuş, Kalecik Karası, Mor Üzüm, Parmak Üzümü and Sergi Karası cvs were confirmed with previous descriptions made in different provinces. The similarities and differences of the varieties we identified were reflected in the similarity dendrogram. Six of the eight grape varieties are hermaphrodite, and two of them (Çavuş and Sergi Karası) are functional female flowers. In the international variety catalogue records, the most common Aksaray variety on a global scale is Çavuş variety originating from Turkey. The cv. Parmak Üzümü was a separate ecotype due to its differences from previous identification records. It would be appropriate to protect the Aşeri, Emir, and Parmak Üzümü varieties, which we described for the first time, in the grapevine genetic resources of Turkey

Relationships between Different Growth and Yield Traits in Bottle Guord [Lagenaria siceraria (mol.) Standl] with Path Coefficient Analysis over Seasons under Salt Affected Soil

This study used 23 genotypes of bottle gourd—27 F1 hybrids, 12 Parents (9 lines, and 3 testers)—during two seasons (Y1 and Y2) and pooled analyses to analyze the correlations between fruit production per plant (Kg), growth, and economic features. The observations were evaluated based on qualities that are related to growth and yield. It was discovered that the fruit yield per plant had exhibited a significant and positive phenotypic correlation with the length of the male and female flowers' pedicels, the number of primary branches per plant, the length of the vine, the number of nodes per vine, the internodal length, the duration of picking, the length of the peduncle, the length of the fruit, the average fruit's circumference, the average fruit's weight, the number of fruits per plant. The highest positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant was exerted by number of fruit per plant followed by average fruit weight at phenotypic level. Whereas, higher negative direct effects exerted by days to first fruit harvest. The soil type of experimental site was sandy loam with average fertility level and pH in the range of 7.5-8.5

Performance of Different Varieties of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition

Eight cucumber varieties were evaluated at SHUATS, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh, in randomized block design with three replications during summer season-2022 for growth, yield and fruit quality traits. The variety AGRI GREEN gave maximum mean value for maximum vine length (217.33cm), number of primary branches (5.67), number of nodes per plant (39.10), Days to first female flower appearance and node to first female flower appearance were minimum and that was about (50.76) and (4.33) respectively, fruit length and weight with (15.83cm) and (126.00gm) respectively), node number at which first female flower appears (4.33), number of female flowers per Plant (16.37), fruit yield/ha (164.10 q/ha), number of fruits per plant (13.30), TSS (4.20 oBrix), was observed in same variety. The maximum fruit diameter was found in SS-100 (45.50 mm). AGRI GREEN was found superior based on overall performance in terms of growth, yield, and quality parameters. The study revealed that, these varieties of cucumber provide high benefit to the farmers through easy cultivation, better stress tolerance, diseases resistance and higher yields.

Optimization of yield and quality of hull-less seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca) through foliar application

The present investigation was conducted during the spring 2021 and 2022 at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for optimization of yield and quality of hull-less seeded pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca) through foliar applications. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block design with thirteen treatments viz., T1 (control-water spray), T2 (ZnSO4 @ 0.5%), T3 (MgSO4 @ 0.5%), T4 (KNO3 @ 0.5%), T5 (B @ 0.5%), T6 (ZnSO4 @ 1.0%), T7 (MgSO4 @ 1.0%), T8 (KNO3 @ 1.0%), T9 (B @ 1.0%), T10 (ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + KNO3 + B; each @ 0.5%), T11 (ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + KNO3 + B; each @ 1.0%), T12 (Salicylic acid @ 100ppm) and T13 (Salicylic acid @ 200 ppm), replicated thrice. All thirteen foliar treatments exhibited significant influence on horticultural yield and quality traits of hull-less seeded pumpkin cv. PAU Magaz Kadoo-1. Among horticultural traits, maximum vine length was observed in T10 (ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + KNO3 + B; each @ 0.5%) while, salicylic acid @ 200 ppm (T13) gave highest leaf length, leaf width and petiole length. Minimum days to 50 % male and female flowering as well as harvest were observed with foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% (T2). ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + KNO3+ B; each @ 0.5% (T10) and MgSO4 @ 0.5% (T3) significantly affected the fruit yield traits like polar and equatorial diameter of fruit, flesh thickness, fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, number of fruits per plot, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per plot and seed yield traits viz., number of seeds per fruit, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Quality traits like seed color, dry matter, oil content, protein content, ash content, fiber, total sugar and reducing sugar too were maximized by foliar application of T10 (ZnSO4+ MgSO4 + KNO3 +B; each @ 0.5%) and T3 (MgSO4 @ 0.5%). Consequent to the above and the cost involved, T3 (MgSO4 @ 0.5%) can be adjudged as the best treatment for enhancing the growth and yield of PAU Magaz Kadoo-1. Thus, four foliar applications of MgSO4 @ 0.5% at fortnightly interval with the onset of 50% flowering can significantly improve hull-less seeded pumpkin’s horticultural, yield and quality attributes.

Deciphering genetic variability in melon (Cucumis melo L.) using morphological characters

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance were investigated in 96 melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes from 4 horticultural or 6 varietal groups using 10 quantitative traits. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was enough variation among the genotypes for all the attributes. The highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations (PCV and GCV) were observed for node to first male flower (40.98 and 31.3%), average fruit weight (36.23 and 30.8%) and total soluble solids (28.01 and 26.67%), while days to first male flower anthesis (10.49 and 8.85%) and days to first female flower anthesis (8.86 and 7.4%) had the least coefficients of variations. The high difference between PCV and GCV estimates exhibited that environmental factors had more influence on trait expression. High heritability coupled with high-moderate GAM was observed for TSS and flesh thickness, indicating that additive genes govern these traits and that these traits could be effectively breed through selective improvement. Nine promising genotypes were identified for further breeding for earliness and lateness in order to extend melon supply in the market.

Diversity and foraging behavior assessment of watermelon pollinators in Tizi-Ouzou area (Algeria)

Foraging insects of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae), were studied during flowering periods in 2016 and 2017 in Tizi-Ouzou area (Algeria). Our observations showed that a majority of watermelon visitors were apoid Hymenoptera belonging to three families. Eleven species were identified including six Apidae, four Halictidae and one Megachilidae. Apis mellifera was the most abundant species on watermelon flowers followed by Lasioglossum pauxillum and Ceratina saundersi. The daily activity study of these species demonstrated varying patterns of daily distribution. During two flowering periods, the greatest bee activity occurred in the morning recording peak visits between 8 am and 9 am and was synchronized with the maximum flowers opening. The behavioral study of these species did not reveal the pollen collection but all the visits were devoted to nectar collection. Regarding pollinating efficiency of these three species, results showed that honey bee was the fastest recording a foraging speed of 9.9 ± 1.25 flowers/min and the three species spent significantly more time on female flowers than male flowers. This work highlighted the mutual relationship between watermelons and bees. Firstly, this plant provides the nutritional needs of these insects during the drought period and secondly, the bees guarantee Cucurbitaceae pollination.

The Use of High-Quality Watermelon Seedlings Is Prerequisite to Limit the Transplanting Shock and Achieve Yield Earliness

One of the most important crops of the Mediterranean, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), is almost exclusively established through seedlings. For many years, agronomists, nurseries, and farmers have aimed to produce and use high-quality seedlings for better growth in the field. However, seedling quality has not been examined as to what defines the subsequent plant, flower, and fruit development, and to what extent. Our aim was to test whether different seedling qualities labeled as “Optimum”, “Acceptable”, or “Not Acceptable” for cultivation actually perform variably in terms of vegetative, flowering, and fruit development, as well as fruit quality after a full growing cycle in the field. Vegetative growth (stem diameter, plant area, and leaf number) was evaluated until flowering and was enhanced for Optimum plants. The flowering of Not Acceptable plants started two days later, while Optimum plants retained a greater number of female flowers throughout the two-week blooming evaluation. Most importantly, Optimum plants developed mature fruits four and six days faster than the Acceptable and Not Acceptable ones, respectively, showing considerable yield earliness. The photosynthetic mechanism, as well as fruit morphology and phytochemical content, were not affected by quality categories. Overall, indeed it is important to use high-quality seedlings to achieve yield earliness of watermelon fruits.

Biosynthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Hagenia abyssinica female flower aqueous extract for characterization and antibacterial activity

The present study deals with the biosynthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using the Hagenia abyssinica female flower aqueous extract. The prepared MgO NPs were characterized by visual observation, UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, and SEM studies. Optimum parameters such as plant extract volume (25 mL), temperature (60 ℃), pH (12), precursor concentration (1 mM), reaction time (120 min), and the formation of the MgO NPs in the colloidal solution were monitored by a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. XRD patterns of MgO NPs confirmed the face-centered cubic structure and average crystallite size of NPs at 12.8 nm. The FTIR spectra depicted a peak at 407 cm−1, which corresponds to the stretching vibration of MgO and is the characteristic peak for MgO NPs. SEM confirms spherical morphology, and the overall size of MgO NPs ranges from 10 to 40 nm. The antibacterial activity of synthesized MgO NPs was determined by the agar-well-diffusion method, which found that nanoparticles have significant antibacterial activity zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (27 ± 0.28 mm) and against Escherichia coli (15 ± 0 mm).

Evaluation of Ivy Gourd (Coccinia grandis L) Genotypes under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions

The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis L) genotypes under Prayagraj agro climatic conditions” was carried out from October, 2022 to March 2023 at Horticultural Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven genotypes in three replications. The genotypes namely G1-Arka Neelachal Khunki, G2-Arka Neelachal Sabuja, G3-Local Geda, G4-Local Denga, G5-Surekha, G6- CHIV-7 and G7-CHIV-8 were evaluated. It was concluded that all seven genotypes showed a significant performance on almost all the growth and yield characters as well as quality of Ivy gourd. The genotype G2-Arka Neelachal Sabuja was found superior in terms of vine length (315.11 cm), petiole length (6.37 cm), internodal length (12.71cm),fruit diameter (2.87 cm), average fruit weight (21.08 g), No. of seeds per fruit (122), No. of fruits per plant (422), fruit yield per plant (8.82 kg) ,fruit yield per hectare (17.35 t/ha), TSS (4.33), Ascorbic acid (15.34 mg/100g) and minimum days taken for first female flower anthesis (35.17 days) whereas maximum fruit length was obtained from genotype G1- Arka Neelachal Khunki (6.12 cm). Among the genotypes, highest gross return (Rs/ha) (3,47,000), net return (Rs/ha) (1,90,140), benefit cost ratio (2.21) was also obtained from genotype G2 i.e Arka Neelachal Sabuja.

Identification of Volatile Compounds of Oil Palm Flower (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Based on the Difference in Time

The pollination process in oil palm is assisted by the insect Elaeidobius kamerunicus, which occurs when male and female flowers bloom producing volatile compounds that act as attractants. This study aims to identify volatile compounds in oil palm flowers based on differences in times with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The research steps include determining the time of the release of volatile compounds in oil palm flowers, extracted using steam distillation, and identification by GC-MS. There are different times of the release of volatile compounds for each type of oil palm flower. Three times by male flowers, at 08:00 am, 11:00 am and 14:00 pm, with the highest volatile compounds at 14:00 pm. Meanwhile, female flowers occurred at 09:00 am, 12:00 am and 15:00 pm, with the highest volatile compounds at 12:00 am. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that 21 and 19 volatile compounds were identified, with a total of 38 different types. Estragole compounds were dominant in both types of flowers and did not show significant differences in the area sum values at each time of observation. These results indicated the importance of estragole compound for the pollination process in oil palm.

Foraging activity and role of stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in bitter gourd

In the bitter gourd cropping system, honey bees were the primary pollinators. In the Coimbatore district, a field study was conducted to record the foraging activity and pollination efficiency of the stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis in bitter gourd. Bee foraging activity was recorded separately in male and female flowers, with the number of foragers/flower/min recorded. Fruit set and yield were assessed under three different conditions: pollinator exclusion, bee pollination, and open pollination. Abundance of Pollinators and foraging rate of stingless bees observed on male flower 1.71 bees/ flower/ minute and flower handling time in seconds was (37.86 sec) was higher than female flowers 1.22 bees / flower/ minute and (25.73 sec) respectively. The peak foraging activity of stingless bees was observed between 08:00-10:00 hours with 3.30 bees/ 5 mins. The pollination efficiency index of stingless bees in bitter gourd flowers was 41600. The foraging activity of bees at the hive entrance was at its peak at 08:00 to 10:00 hours. T. Iridipennis colony growth parameters show increased honey sealed area 1464.5 g and brood development. The experiment results show that yield was higher in the managed bee-pollinated condition in terms of number of fruits/plant was (18.2 fruits) and fruit yield per hectare (44.08 t/ha) than in the open pollinated condition (16.5 fruits) and (38.30 t/ha), and with pollinators excluded, no fruit set was recorded.

Evaluation of Easy and Economic Protocols for High Quality Genomic DNA Extraction and Sex Determination in Papaya Using SCAR Markers

Rapid and precise identification of three sex types (male, hermaphrodite and female flowers) is the key in achieving good returns in papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivation. This study presents a simple, reliable, fast and cost-efficient DNA isolation protocol and a rapid and precise method of sex determination in papaya. Three DNA isolation protocols viz., CTAB method, Modified Dellaporta method and BioBasic DNA isolation kit were comparatively evaluated for their simplicity, economic, DNA quantity and purity. Among them, CTAB method was regarded as relatively economic, with a cost of Rs. 11.80943 per sample with higher amount of DNA (4667.4 µg/ µl). However, it was noticed that DNA isolation with the BioBasic kit was fastest method, which took only 6 hours 7 minutes. On the other hand, relatively better DNA purity was noticed with the Modified Dellaporta method (average ratio of absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm range between 1.8-2.0) and yielded clear, intact and distinct DNA bands. Hence, Modified Dellaporta method is suggested as an ideal DNA isolation protocol for papaya. Molecular markers (such as SCAR derived from RAPD T12, W11, NAPF-2 and PKBT-4) were employed in this study to identify the sex type and they have successfully distinguished between male and hermaphrodite plants in both dioecious and gynodioecious varieties; especially, NAPF-2 has successfully distinguished male in dioecious varieties. Evaluation of different kinds of molecular markers has shown that the SCAR marker T12 can be used as reliable marker for rapid and precise identification of papaya sex type.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

An experiment entitled Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was conducted at Horticulture Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj during July-October, 2022. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with thirteen treatments and replicated thrice. The growth regulators were sprayed at two true leaf stage and four true leaf stages. Data was collected from vine length, days to first appearance of male flowers, days to first appearance of female flowers, days to 50% pistillate flowers, days to first harvest, length of fruit, fruit weight, fruit diameter, number of fruits per plant, average yield per plant, yield per hectare, Total Soluble Solids, and vitamin C and analyzed using analysis of variance. Results showed that GA3 175 ppm sprayed at 2 and 4 true leaf stage of cucumber hybrid TMCU-1107 was superior in terms of vine length (119.56cm), days to first appearance of male flowers (32.16), days to first appearance of female flowers (38.2), days to 50% pistillate flowers (41.2), days to first harvest (52.41), fruit weight (255.86g), length of the fruit (17.27cm), fruit diameter (4.82cm), number of fruits per plant (12.16), average yield per plant (3117.11g), yield per hectare (27.7t/ha), TSS (4.23 0Brix), Vitamin C (2.05mg/100g).

Changes in Phytohormone Contents During Growth and Development of Female and Bisexual Flowers of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Changes in Phytohormone Contents During Growth and Development of Female and Bisexual Flowers of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Selecting the superior late-leafing genotypes of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) using morphological and pomological evaluations

BackgroundLate-spring frost is one of the major factors limiting and reducing yield of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in temperate regions, including Iran. Therefore, in the present study, seedling-originated genotypes of walnut were investigated to identify late-leafing genotypes with high-quality kernels for direct cultivation in orchards or as parents in breeding programs. In the first step, the variation of the selected trees was investigated in terms of traits related to phenology, vegetation, and fruit. In the second step, late-leafing trees were identified and their traits related to kernel quality were investigated to identify superior genotypes.ResultsStrong variabilities were exhibited among the studied genotypes based on the traits recorded. The genotypes showed high variation based on dates of leafing, full male flowering date, and full female flowering date, including very early, early, moderate, and late. After recording the leafing date, 21 late-leaf genotypes were identified and evaluated to select the superiors among them in terms of kernel quantity and quality. Among them, the values of nut-related traits ranged as follows: nut length: 30.12–49.74 mm, nut width: 29.31–37.17 mm, nut weight: 8.77–16.47 g, and shell thickness: 1.15–2.25 mm. The values of kernel-related traits ranged as follows: kernel length: 22.35–35.73 mm, kernel width: 21.79–29.03 mm, kernel weight: 3.22–8.17 g, and kernel percentage: 35.08–53.95%.ConclusionsAccording to the ideal values and situations of commercial characteristics of walnut, twelve promising late-leafing genotypes (No. 9, 13, 32, 33, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83, 86, 92, and 98) were identified and are recommended for cultivation in orchards.

Influence of Panchgavya on Growth, Yield and Quality parameters of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

The Present experiment aims to highlights the Influence of Panchagavya on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.). The Experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during July-October, 2022. The Experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with twelve treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of two factors. Factor 1: Hybrids as TMBI-1304, TMBI-1305 and Factor 2: Different concentrations of Panchagavya P₀: Control (water spray), P1: 1% spray of Panchagavya, P2: 2% spray of Panchagavya, P3: 3% spray of Panchagavya, P4: 4% spray of Panchagavya, P5: 5% spray of Panchagavya. Among different concentrations 5% spray of Panchagavya gave better results in Vine length (140.500 cm), Appearance of 1st male flower (33.110), Appearance of 1st female flower (35.110), Days to 50% flowering (36.157), Days to 1st harvest (49.778), Number of fruits per plant (41.556), Length of fruit (14.344 cm) Average fruit weight (153.667 g), Girth of fruit (17.678), Average fruit yield per plant (56.760), Average fruit yield per plot (5.66) TSS (4.177) and Ascorbic acid (2.050). The best interaction results were found in TMBI-1304 along with 5% spray of Panchagavya which gave maximum growth, yield and quality characteristics in bitter gourd.