Female Camels Research Articles

Monitoring productivity of Kazakh Bactrian and Arvana camels of Kazakhstan population

The purpose of the study is to perform monitoring of camels of Kazakh Bactrian and Arvana dromedary breeds in the South West region of Kazakhstan; to determine perspective genotypes of purebred camels according to their dairy productivity. The study of class composition of the selected Arvana female camels of the 1st lactation with a milk yield of not less than 1950 kg allowed identifying 21.8% of Elite Class and 78.2% of Class I among 125 animal units. Kazakh Bactrian female camels of the first lactation are also selected with the yield of 1000 kg minimum in the number of 309 animals in the basic collective farms of camel breeding zones. It was found out that of 309 animals, 23.0% compose the Elite Class and 77.0% make the Class I. The estimation of Kazakh Bactrian female camels according to the milking capacity coefficient allowed determining that the optimal parameter for selection is Rank 1.5-1.9. It was found that in female camels according to the fertility index of Rank 1 (up to 42%), colt safety is reliably higher that compared with female camels of the same age with Rank 2 (42-47%) and Rank 3 (47% and higher).

Biological and production capacities of Kazakh Bactrian camels of various pedigrees

Kazakh Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) camels have biological and productive features. So far, there are no scientifically based data on modern breeding practices. The analysis of some peculiarities of Kazakh Bactrian female camels of various pedigrees and determination of their production features are of great importance to develop a productive camel breeding. In this paper some biological peculiarities of Kazakh Bactrian females and their production qualities are determined. It was found that with the decrease of pedigree fraction of Kazakh Bactrian camels the respiration rate increases up to the limit of the physiological standard, body temperature and pulse rate did not change with changing the pedigree of Kazakh Bactrian camels. The recorded data confirm that female camels are clinically healthy in all the physiological parameters. The data show the high level of changes in blood corpuscle concentration, which is 11% higher in red blood cells and 19% higher in white blood cells.

Monitoring the development of young camels and wool quality camels of Kazakhstan population

The purpose of the study is to explore economically valuable signs of female camels and set the selection criteria for down hair fibers according to length and fineness. The shorn wool amount was determined during spring shearing by individual weighing of wool with 0.1 kg precision balance. Selection criteria for down hair in Arvana breed are elaborated, with the parameters of length min. 9 cm and fineness of 15-19 microns, and for Kazakh Bactrian breed – with the parameters of length min. 12 cm and fineness of 14-18 microns; these criteria were used to select and form preferable types of 54 and 224 animal units correspondingly for further selection process works to increase wool production in stocks. For Bactrian camels, these parameters are 11.0% lower in Kospak-1 camels, 12.2% lower in Kospak-2 camels and 4.8% lower in Kospak-3 camels. As for the length of down hair fibers, it is almost the same for all the studied young camels. The absolute gain of the body weight of colts of domestic breeds is relatively high, making 103.8-127.4 kg, with the relative gain of 329.5-397.8 kg and with the average daily gain – 576.7-707.8 g.

Reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations in female camels (Camelus dromedarius) using a modified Goetz one-stage repair technique.

This study was designed to evaluate the modified Goetz-one-stage repair technique for reconstruction of third-degree perineal lacerations (TDPLs) in female camels. Fifteen female dromedary camels with TDPL were surgically reconstructed using the modified Goetz one-stage repair using the three-line closure technique. The surgical outcomes, the interval between repair and breeding, and the postoperative conception of the operated female camels were recorded and analyzed. During the 12-month postoperative follow-up period, TDPLs in 14 female camels (93.33%) healed completely by the first intention with mild inflammatory edema and infection in 2 female camels. One camel (6.67%) had a rectovaginal fistula, which was successfully repaired with suturing through the vaginal approach. Of the 15 female camels, 13 (86.67%) subsequently became pregnant through natural mating within 3 to 6 months postoperatively; however, 2 (13.33%) were one was immature and the other was barren which referred for gynecological treatment. The modified Goetz one-stage repair technique was successful in 14 of the 15 female camels after a single surgery, with a low incidence of postoperative complications. This technique is efficient for the repair of TDPLs in female camels, with promising results for subsequent fertility.

Investigation of total immunoglobulin G concentration, heavy chain antibody levels, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in female camels and their newborn calves.

Camels belong to a group of animals, where the structure of placenta does not allow intrauterine transfer of maternal immunoglobulins to the fetus and maternal immunity is exclusively transferred by colostrum to the newborn calf. There are few studies on the passive transfer of maternal immunity in the dromedary camel. This study determined total immunoglobulin G concentration, heavy chain antibody (HCAbs) levels, and neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) in female camels and their newborn calves. For this, samples were collected from nine she-camels (blood and colostrum) and their calves (blood). IgG concentration and HCAb level were determined in mother serum and colostrum as well as in calf serum using ELISA. The NLR was calculated after the estimation of relative fractions of neutrophils and lymphocytes in collected blood samples using a blood cell analyzer. Both IgG and HCAbs were higher concentrated in camel colostrum than in mother serum. At parturition and before the first colostrum intake, calf serum did not contain any measurable concentration of IgG and only low levels of HCAbs. After colostrum consumption, a rise in IgG and HCAb levels was observed in calf serum. For total IgG, a minimum was reached on day 30 postnatum. While a significant increase in IgG concentration was seen on day 60 postnatum, no significant rise was measured in HCAbs at that age. Only post-colostrum IgG levels in calf serum correlated positively with IgG levels in mother colostrum. Directly after birth, newborn calves showed significantly higher NLR than their mothers. This indicates a pro-inflammatory nature of the calf immune response. The decrease of the NLR on day 60 postnatum may argue for the maturation of the calf immune response at this age.

Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Dromedary Camel during the Different Stages of Lactation

Objective: To assess the potential hematobiochemical alterations in healthy dromedary camel during the different stages of lactation. Design: Randomized controlled study. Animals: Fifteen healthy female dromedary camels, with mean body weight of 499.6 kg and mean age of 20 years. Procedures: Camels were categorized into 3 groups' according to their stage of lactation: group 1, early lactation (1-3 months), group 2, mid-lactation (four-6 months) and group3, late lactation (≥ 7 months). Blood samples were collected from every animals for hematological and biochemical evaluation. Results: Total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total leukocytes (TLC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, Calcium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) confirmed significant (p < 0.05) variation between different stages of lactation. However, non-notable (p > 0.05) dissimilarity were located in packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), in organic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), cholesterol, total protein (TP), albumen, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine kinase (CK) in the course of different ranges of lactation, Conclusion and clinical relevance: The results of this investigation may be useful as reference guide for dromedary camel to evaluate the metabolic health status at different stages of lactation.

Evaluation of Hematological and Biochemical Changes in Dromedary Camel during the Different Stages of Lactation

Objective: To assess the potential hematobiochemical alterations in healthy dromedary camel during the different stages of lactation. Design: Randomized controlled study. Animals: Fifteen healthy female dromedary camels, with mean body weight of 499.6 kg and mean age of 20 years. Procedures: Camels were categorized into 3 groups' according to their stage of lactation: group 1, early lactation (1-3 months), group 2, mid-lactation (four-6 months) and group3, late lactation (≥ 7 months). Blood samples were collected from every animals for hematological and biochemical evaluation. Results: Total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), total leukocytes (TLC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, Calcium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) confirmed significant (p 0.05) dissimilarity were located in packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), in organic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), cholesterol, total protein (TP), albumen, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine kinase (CK) in the course of different ranges of lactation, Conclusion and clinical relevance: The results of this investigation may be useful as reference guide for dromedary camel to evaluate the metabolic health status at different stages of lactation.

Ecophysiology of camel ovarian functioning under extremely arid conditions in Algeria

The ovarian ecophysiology of mature female camels under extremely arid conditions was studied by investigating 288 nonpregnant genital tracts. The proportions of females with inactive ovaries were 31.25%, 25%, and 50% during the winter, the spring, and the summer, respectively. The mean number of active follicular structures per ovary and the proportion of females with active ovaries were significantly higher (P < 0.05) during the winter (0.75 ± 0.36, 68.75%) and spring (0.7 ± 0.41, 75%) than during the summer (0.33 ± 0.28, 50%). Furthermore, the proportion of active ovaries that presented active corpora lutea was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) during the spring season (45.83%). These physiological ovarian changes significantly influenced the ovarian weight and mass. The proportion of females with active ovaries was significantly correlated with the body condition score (BCS, P < 0.05). The results of this work indicate that the ovarian activity of Sahrawi female camels that live in extremely arid conditions in Algeria is high during the cold and rainy months (December–February) and moderately high in the spring (March–May), but drops significantly in the summer without stopping entirely. The favorable reproductive period for female camels corresponds to optimal seasonal food availability in pasture and a marked improvement in BCS.

A review on several important aspects of the camels

The present study was conducted to gather the information regarding habitat, population, management, production and economic analysis of the camels worldwide. The main findings of review showed camel population around 25.89 million worldwide in almost 47 countries. Majority of camel herders were reported un-educated. Researchers further indicated that camels generally are reared under sedentary (50%), transhumant (25%), nomadic (15%) and household (10%) management systems. Age of camel famers ranges from 25 to 50 years. The female ratio markedly remains higher than males and young ones because the females are generally used for milk production. However the males are mostly used to carry the luggage, carrying load pulling cart etc. It was also stated by scientists that camels are mostly allowed for open grazing of natural vagetations. Breeding is practiced by natural method and the camel spend 20 to 30 minutes for matting. The female camels reach at the puberty age in 3-5 years, while male at 3.5 to 5.5 years. The duration of estrus cycle in camels vary from 16 to 22 days. Breeding period of camels remain between November and March. The average hair production of camels is 1.63 kg, average daily milk production 6.40 liter. Male have carrying capacity of 553 kg. In conclusion the husbandry practices of camel farming worldwide are based on old traditional methods, however the scientific farming rarely exits. There is no extension services available for the herders to motivate, educate and aware them modern management practices. Market infrastructure, as per study review, is not well established. Mostly the camel herder sale out their animals to middlemen due to long market distances.

Seroprevalence and Molecular Identification of Brucella spp. in Camels in Egypt.

Brucellosis is one of the most important worldwide zoonoses of many countries including Egypt. Camel brucellosis has not gained much attention in Egypt yet. This study is focused on the three governorates with the highest camel populations and the largest camel markets in the country to determine the disease seroprevalence and identify the Brucella species in local camel holdings. In total, 381 serum samples were collected from male and female camels from Giza, Aswan, and Al-Bahr Al-Ahmar (the Red Sea) governorates. Samples were serologically examined using the Rose–Bengal plate test (RBPT), indirect ELISA (i-ELISA), competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and complement fixation test (CFT). Brucella antibodies were detected in 59 (15.5%), 87 (22.8%), 77 (20.2%) and 118 (31.0%) of sera by RBPT, i-ELISA, c-ELISA and CFT, respectively. Using real-time PCR, Brucella DNA was amplified in 32 (8.4%) seropositive samples including Brucella abortus (25/32), Brucella suis (5/32) and Brucella melitensis (2/32), defining a complex epidemiological status. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Brucella suis DNA in camel serum. The risk-associated factors including age, sex, breed and geographical distribution were statistically analyzed, showing non-significant association with seroprevalence. The results of this study will raise awareness for camel brucellosis and help develop effective control strategies.

Hormonal and biochemical studies on female dromedary camels affected with multiple ovarian cysts

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hormonal and biochemical profile of dromedary she-camels with multiple ovarian cysts (MOC). Seventeen she-camels suffering from MOC and 10 control animals were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected from all animals. Progesterone (P4), estradiol 17-β (E2), Testosterone, tri-iodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), glucose, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were estimated in blood serum. Results revealed the presence of three or more large follicular ovarian cysts either on one (n = 6) or both ovaries (n = 11) of MOC cases with absence of any luteal structure. She-camels with multiple MOC had significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower levels of P4 (0.24 ± 0.02 vs. 0.40 ± 0.03 ng/mL, respectively) and significantly higher levels of E2 and T3 (19.62 ± 0.62 vs. 13.74 ± 0.67 pg/mL, P ≤ 0.001 and 1.85 ± 0.09 vs. 1.44 ± 0.10 ng/mL, P ≤ 0.012, respectively) as compared with control. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding testosterone and T4 levels (0.031 ± 0.002 vs. 0.026 ± 0.001 and 10.93 ± 0.24 vs. 10.17 ± 0.28 ng/mL, respectively). She-camels having MOC had significantly higher levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, total lipids and MDA and lower levels of GPX and NO as compared with control group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of total proteins, albumin and globulin. In conclusion, the hormonal imbalances, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress are involved in the formation and/or persistence of multiple ovarian cysts in dromedary camels.

Acute Phase Proteins, Trace Elements and Cytokines Expression as A Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Diseased Camel

The present study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of inflammatory biomarkers on diseased camels via exploring the possible effects on oxidants and antioxidants status in addition to characterizing the profiles of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Forty-eight adult male and female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) were examined, according to general health conditions, clinical and laboratory diagnosis they were split into 3 groups. Group 1: Included 20 apparently healthy camels act as a control group, Group 2: Included 12 camels suffered from trypanosomiasis, Group 3: Included 16 camels suffered from mange. Our results revealed that the mean values of copper and zinc were significantly decreased with statistical elevation of MDA and statistical lowering of catalase and total antioxidant capacity in cases of trypanosomiasis and mange compared to apparently clinically healthy camels (P value <0.05), there is a pearson negative correlation between copper and MDA (r=-0.6; P<0.05) in diseased camels, The mean values of acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and serum amyloid A) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) were significantly elevated in diseased camels at (Trypanosomiasis and mange) than apparently clinically healthy camels (P value <0.05).

In Vivo and In Vitro Dromedary Camel Embryos’ Production under Egyptian Conditions

The aim of the present study was to compare between in vivo and in vitro production of dromedary camel embryos under Egyptian conditions. At in vivo experiment, three female camels (donors) were treated with a one-shot injection of 3000 IU PMSG, followed by induction of ovulation treatment (i.m. administration of 5000 IU hCG). Natural mating was performed after 8 days from the superovulation treatment. Embryos were flushed via non-surgical collection after eight days of animal mating. For in vitro experiment the oocytes were retrieved by slicing ovaries collected from the slaughterhouse. Recovered oocytes were examined before and after IVM culture for grading and investigating cytoplasmic maturation. Only good-quality oocytes were selected (n=72). Cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) were incubated at 38.5 oC, 5% CO2 and 95% humidity for 40 hours. Matured COCs were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen (3x106 spermatozoa/mL) in the fert-TALP medium at 38.5 oC, 5% CO2 and 95% humidity for 18 hours. Results showed that the in vivo embryos recovery rate was 74.92%. The hormonal treatment had no significant effect on the activity of ovaries regarding ovarian side. For in vitro experiment the mean oocyte yield was 9.83 COCs per ovary and the recovery rate (%) was 37.5%. The maturation rate of dromedary oocytes in vitro was 72.72%, while the fertilization rate was 11.5%. In conclusion, this study showed that in vivo embryo production can be considered as an effective tool for embryo in dromedary camels when compared to embryo production in vitro.

Coxiella burnetii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Algeria: Seroprevalence, molecular characterization, and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) vectors

Q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that most commonly infects not only a variety of mammals but also arthropods and in particularly ticks. The aim of this study was to detect C. burnetii infection in camels including ixodid ticks using serological and molecular assays. Between July 2018 to June 2019, blood samples from 184 male and female camels (Camelus dromedarius) were collected from 3 regions of South–East Algeria and serum samples were tested for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The positive sera and a total of 60 ticks were tested by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detection of C. burnetii with primers and probes specific to the transposon-like repetitive region (IS1111 gene). Positive samples were genotyped by amplification and sequencing of partial sequences based on the IS1111 gene.The seroprevalence of antibodies against C. burnetii was 75.5%. Statistical analysis pointed out three potential risk factors associated with Q fever infection: geographic location, age class and season. No positive DNA of camel blood sample was observed. However, five Hyalomma dromedarii, one H. impeltatum and one H. excavatum tick species were detected positive for Coxiella burnetii DNA by qPCR, with an overall prevalence rate of 11.66% (7/60). The revealed Algerian strains by phylogenetic and comparative analysis of the IS1111 nucleotide sequences were clustered with several pathogenic C. burnetii strains isolated from ticks, human, and cattle located in Tunisia, Greece and in some Mediterranean countries, respectively. The study results clearly indicate that camels and their ticks in Algeria may play an important role as a reservoir for C. burnetii and can be considered as a significant source of Q fever transmission to other animal species and humans.

Genetic parameters of birth weight trait in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Birth weight data of dromedary calves from the database of one of the world’s largest dairy herds (Dubai, UAE) were analyzed for the period from 2007 to 2018. The assessment included the data of 4124 camel calves that were classified into six ecotypes (Emirate, Emirate crossed, Black, Pakistanian, Saudi-Sudanian, and Saudi crossed). The aim of the study was to describe the heritability of birth weight of calves and the breeding value of sires. Genetic parameters of birth weight were estimated by ANOVA model and two BLUP animal models as well. The mean value of the camel calves’ birth weight was 34.75 ± 5.67 kg. The direct heritability of birth weight (h2d = 0.09 ± 0.04–0.11 ± 0.03) was rather low, so was the maternal heritability (h2m = 0.23 ± 0.10–0.50 ± 0.06). The maternal effect from environmental origin (c2 = 0.23 ± 0.08) far exceeded the results previously calculated in cattle. There was no difference in reliability between BLUP1 and BLUP2 models, and both of them were more accurate than the ANOVA model. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the birth weight of dromedary calves was more influenced by the dam’s intrauterine rearing capacity and by the environment, management, and feeding of the pregnant female camels than the hereditary growth potential. Considerable differences were found among male dromedaries in their breeding values for the birth weight trait.

KISAH SHALEH A.S DAN TSAMUD DALAM AI-QUR’AN

Shaleh a.s was a prophet and apostle sent by Allah Swt to the Tsamuds to preach and invite them to worship Allah and leave the worship of idols. Shaleh a.s are from the original Arab nation. He was Shaleh bin Ubaid ibn Aasif whose last lineage reached Sam bin Noah. Whereas the Tsamud according to Ibn Katsir they were a people descended from one of his grandfathers named Tsamud bin Amir. The Tsamud people lived in peace and enjoyed the blessings that Allah provided to them with gardens and springs and a variety of plants and many palm trees. And they chiseled mountains for them to become their castles or dwellings. They make idols as worship besides Allah Almighty. Therefore Allah sent the prophet Shaleh a.s as their apostle. But they don't want to believe him. They even gave Shaleh a miracle. When God brought a female camel, she always gave her milk to drink. However, they tried to kill him as a way of rejecting the preaching and calling on Shaleh a.s to worship Allah. After they had killed the camels, God sent down a terrible disaster, which caused a great storm and rain, so that they all died with bodies lying in their houses.

Analysis of variation in growth and spline-based growth models for Marecha and Lassi dromedary camels.

Camel is an important domestic animal that is well adapted to extremely harsh environments. Due to its multi-purpose role, the camel is gaining importance, particularly as a meat producer. Body weights at different ages and growth curves have been extensively studied in several livestock species. However, the information on the camel is very limited. We investigate patterns of variation in birth weight and weaning weight of two prominent breeds of camels in Pakistan, namely Marecha and Lassi. A further objective is not only to develop growth models which will account for systematic differences due to breed and sex but also to allow for individual variation in growth, by the application of appropriate statistical models. Birth weight, weaning, and monthly weights for a period of up to 48months were recorded for each camel. Growth records of 137 camels consisting of 108 Marecha and 29 Lassi were obtained. Differences were detected between the two breeds, Marecha and Lassi, as well as differences between sexes, but only after 2years of age. Beyond that, female Marecha camels had slower growth than males, whereas Lassi (mostly females) had faster growth than female Marechas. In addition, there is a sizable variation between individuals within the same breed-sex combination. The results of the present study will be of use to explore the potential of the camel as a meat producer in Pakistan.

Ovary and ovarian bursa in dromedary camels: Clinical relevance of the topographical features

This study aimed to associate ovarian characteristics with the efficiency of clinical examination and occurrence of genital diseases in dromedary camels. The reproductive tract of 870 female camels was examined through standard transrectal palpation and by ultrasonography during the breeding season. The ovaries were examined for structures and dimensions. The follicles were categorized according to size, the thickness of the wall and contents. Follicle aspiration was carried out from females with overgrown follicles (OVGF, n=127), and the obtained follicular fluids were examined. At the slaughterhouse, 100 genital tracts were examined in situ and after dissection. Ovarian bursae were examined for patency and the presence of fluid (ovarian hydrobursitis, OVHB). Risks associated with the development of OVGF and OVHB were identified by the logistic regression. The results showed that, due to topographical difference, the right ovary was more accessible at rectal palpation than the left ovary (98.9% vs. 96.1%, p=.0005). Time needed for rectal palpation of the right ovary was shorter than the left ovary (25.1±25s vs. 34.6±34.5s, p=.03). Significant relationships were found between OVGF and OVHB (Odds ratio=10.5, p=.001), OVGF and clinical endometritis (Odds ratio=21.1, p=.001), OVGF and vaginal adhesion (Odds ratio=4.4, p=.03), and OVHB and clinical endometritis (Odds ratio=11.3, p=.001). Ultrasonographic examination was imperative for the differentiation between active corpus luteum, old non-active corpus luteum and small luteinized follicle. In conclusion, anatomical arrangement of the ovary and ovarian bursa in dromedary camels affects the likelihood of their accessibility during clinical examination and predisposes to unusual genital disorders.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) from Saudi Arabia

Serological screening of 199 serum samples from Dromedary camels-from different cities in Saudi Arabia-was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies against two cyst-forming coccidian parasites, namely Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 68 (34.2%) samples, while those against N. caninum were present in 33 (16.6%) samples. The highest seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was reported in samples from Taif (51.2%), while the lowest seroprevalence was reported in samples from Riyadh and Hofuf (15.1%). The highest seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies was reported in samples from Jizan (35.9%) while the lowest was reported in samples from Taif (2.4%). A total of 47 male and 21 female camels exhibited antibodies against T. gondii , while 19 male and 14 female camels showed antibodies against N. caninum . Concurrent detection of both T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies was observed in 18 camels. It has been demonstrated that T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies are prevalent in camels from different cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Trypanosoma evansi Abortion in a dromedary camel herd in the UAE - Part I

A dromedary camel breeding herd consisting of 16 female and 2 male camels experienced an abortion storm over a period of 2 years. Fifteen (94%) of the 16 female camels aborted during the last stage of pregnancy. Trypanosoma evansi was directly identified by the buffy coat technique in 7 (39%) of the camels and in 15 (83%) with the indirect in-house antibody ELISA developed at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL). One bull and two newly introduced female camels were negative in both tests.