Feline Pneumonitis Research Articles

Species-Specific Antigens from the Cell Walls of the Agents of Meningopneumonitis and Feline Pneumonitis

Summary When cell walls were prepared from the agents of meningopneumonitis and feline pneumonitis by treatment first with deoxycholate and then with trypsin, the group-specific antigens were found in the deoxycholate extract whereas the species-specific antigens remained in the cell walls. Group-specific antigens were demonstrated by complement fixation, whereas the presence of species-specific antigens was shown by both complement fixation and absorption of infectivity-neutralizing antibody. The deoxycholate extracts contained periodate-sensitive and periodate-resistant group antigens. The specific complement-fixing antigens of the cell walls resembled previously described specific antigens in being resistant to periodate but differed from them in not being destroyed by heating at 100°C. Unlike intact particles, the cell walls were not toxic for mice upon intravenous injection. The possible application of these findings to practical serology of the psittacosis group was discussed.

Penicillin-Insensitive and Non-Neutralizable Variants of Feline Pneumonitis Virus

When penicillin-resistant feline pneumonitis virus was passed in chick embryo yolk sac, first in the presence of chloramphenicol and then in the presence of penicillin, a new type of virus was obtained (Moulder et al, 1958a). When it was inoculated into the yolk sac, embryo deaths were spread over a period of 5 to 10 days as compared with 1 or 2 for the original penicillin-resistant virus; hence the name spread for this variant. The spread strains were all completely resistant to penicillin and were not neutralized by antiserum against the original resistant virus. Strains of penicillin-resistant virus which produce closely grouped embryo deaths and are specifically neutralizable are called normal to distinguish them from the spread variants. This paper describes the isolation of the same type of variant from both penicillin-resistant and parent feline pneumonitis virus under several other widely differing selective conditions. Despite their diverse origins, the new s read mutants were all very similar and

Isolation of a new strain of feline pneumonitis virus from a domestic cat.

Journal Article Isolation of a New Strain of Feline Pneumonitis Virus from a Domestic Cat Get access Theodore G. Yerasimides Theodore G. Yerasimides From the Wistar Institute, and the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Philadelphia Zoological Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 106, Issue 3, May 1960, Pages 290–296, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/106.3.290 Published: 01 May 1960 Article history Received: 09 September 1959 Published: 01 May 1960

Quantitative studies on meningopneumonitis virus.

Using dialyzed allantoic fluid suspensions of meningopneumonitis virus, Crocker (1954) studied the ratio of numbers of virus particles, as determined by electron microscopy, to egg infectivity. He reported the number of particles per egg LDso to vary from 200 to 1000. Zahler and Moulder (1953) used the method of Gogolak (1953), in which stained virus particles are counted by light microscopy, to study feline pneumonitis virus from yolk sac. They reported the number of particles per egg LD50 to be about 100. More recently, Moulder et al. (1956) reported a ratio of about 20 particles per egg LD50 of partially purified yolk sac-grown feline pneumonitis virus. Weiss and Huang (1954) obtained data from infected tissue cultures indicating that a single particle is probably sufficient to infect a susceptible cell, with all virus preparations having apparently a high proportion of inactive particles. Total nitrogen determinations have been used frequently to follow purification of feline and murine pneumonitis virus in yolk sac suspensions and various results have been reported. Brown et al. (1952) reported 10-11 65 to 10-12 08 g of nitrogen per LD50 of the feline virus; Gogolak (1953) found 10s1305 g nitrogen per particle of the murine virus; Zahler and Moulder (1953) found 10-11.5 to 10-12 g nitrogen per LD50 or about 10-'4 g per particle for feline virus. In a preliminary report, Smith and Manire (1959) used a modification of Gogolak's technique and presented evidence of its precision and accuracy in counting particles of purified allantoic fluid-grown meningopneumonitis virus. One egg LD50 was found to contain an average of 145 particles and 1 ,ug nitrogen was found in 108 particles (1 particle = 10-14 g nitrogen). The experiments reported here were initiated as a part of a study on the toxicity of meningo-

Separation of mixtures of two drugresistant strains of feline pneumonitis virus by limiting dilution passage in chick embryo yolk sac.

Separation of mixtures of two drugresistant strains of feline pneumonitis virus by limiting dilution passage in chick embryo yolk sac.

Group-specificity of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group skin test antigens in lymphogranuloma venereum patients.

Abstract Skin test antigens prepared from phenol-treated suspensions of yolk sacs of embryonated eggs infected with lymphogranuloma venereum, meningopneumonitis, ornithosis, feline pneumonitis, psittacosis, or mouse pneumonitis virus all elicited positive reactions when titrated in L.V. patients. The dermal activity of certain of the heterologous viruses, shown in the titrations, was slightly less than that of the homologous L.V. virus, suggesting slight species-specificity among these agents. However, the difference was neither great enough nor sufficiently consistent to be of practical significance in providing a species-specific diagnosis in infection with these agents. It is suggested that the mouse pneumonitis or feline pneumonitis viruses, which are nonpathogenic for man, might be profitably substituted for the highly virulent L.V. virus presently used to prepare skin test antigen.

The effect of passage with chloramphenicol upon the behavior of penicillin-resistant feline pneumonitis virus during subsequent passage with penicillin.

The development of a penicillinresistant strain of feline pneumonitis virus, a member of the psittacosislymphogranuloma group of microorganisms, has been described by Moulder et al (1955). After 33 passages in the yolk sacs of chick embryos receiving penicillin, the resistant virus produced 100*^ mortality in embryos dosed with sufficient penicillin to give complete protection against the parent virus, but penicillin-treated embryos survived 2 to 3 days longer than em bryos inoculated with resistant virus alone. When this level of resistance remained unchanged during 16 additional yolk sac transfers in the presence of penicillin, the resistant virus was passed 5 times in embryos given chloramphenicol and then returned to passage with penicillin in the hope that such alternate passage would raise the resistance to penicillin to a higher level than had been achieved by use of penicillin alone. This procedure was suggested by the report of Kraft and Braun (1954) that growth of Brucella suis on non-inhibitory concentrations of penicillin resulted in the isolation of an unusually large number of chloramphenicol-resistant mutants

The antigenic structure of psittacosis and feline pneumonitis viruses: I. Isolation of complement-fixing antigens with group and species specificity

Alkali-soluble and ether-soluble complement-fixing antigens were isolated by chemical fractionation of purified psittacosis and feline pneumonitis elementary body suspensions disrupted by sonic vibration. Both group- and species-specific serological activity were demonstrated in the alkali-soluble fractions by means of cross absorption and cross complement fixation tests. The destruction of the group activity with either potassium periodate or lecithinase produced psittacosis and feline pneumonitis species-specific antigens. In comparable experiments, the ether-soluble antigens exhibited only group serological activity. The alkali-soluble and ether-soluble group-specific complement-fixing antigens are serologically related. However, they show differences in heat stability, hemagglutinating properties, and prozone manifestation.

The antigenic structure of psittacosis and feline pneumonitis viruses: II. Chemical nature of the alkali-soluble antigens

Lecithin, protein, and nucleic acid have been identified in the psittacosis and feline pneumonitis virus alkali-soluble fractions containing both group and specific complement-fixing activity. The components were identified by ultraviolet absorption studies, chromatographic analysis, and enzymatic techniques. These data and other considerations suggest that both the group and specific serological activity reside in a lecithin-nucleoprotein complex.

Induced resistance in mice to intravenous toxicity of influenza virus.

SummarySublethal quantities of homologous and heterologous influenza virus, mumps virus, and Newcastle disease virus injected intravenously in mice produced a state of resistance to the toxic effects of large quantities of intravenously injected PR-8 influenza A virus. Virus heated sufficiently to destroy infectivity was less effective in inducing resistance than was fully active virus; destruction of hemagglutinin caused complete loss of resistance inducing activity. Injection of sublethal doses of virus was followed by a lag period, which varied with the virus injected, before resistance became demonstrable, and resistance waned after 3-4 days. No increase in resistance to influenza toxicity was demonstrable after pre-challenge injection of feline pneumonitis virus, R. prowazeki, or typhoid vaccine. A preparation of receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) was effective in inducing increased resistance but its effect could not be attributed to its capacity for destruction of mucoprotein receptors since heat des...

The effect of penicillin on multiplying and nonmultiplying populations of sensitive and resistant strains of feline pneumonitis virus.

The production of a penicillin-resistant strain of feline pneumonitis virus by repeated passage in the yolk sacs of chick embryos treated with penicillin was described in a previous report (Moulder, McCormack, Gogolak, Zebovitz, and Itatani, 1955). In the presence of sufficient penicillin to protect completely embryos inoculated with the parent virus, the resistant virus grew at one-half the normal rate and killed all

The activity of tetracycline on feline pneumonitis virus infection of chick embryos.

It has been demonstrated that chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are effective against viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group in experimental infections of mice,2 and chick embryos-6 and that the tetracyclines have been successfully employed clinically.7-10 Chlortetracycline has become the drug of choice in the treatment of human infections caused by these agents. Recently these drugs have shown some promise in field trials in the chemotherapy of natural psittacosis and ornithosis.,12 In experimental infections of laboratory animals and chick embryos, chlortetracycline prolongs the period of survival of the infected animals, thus suppressing but not completely inhibiting the multiplication of these viruses in vivo.,3,' Since it has been demonstrated that chlortetracycline is unstable in vitro at 37 C at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, or in the presence of protein,13,14 Received for publication October 17, 1955. This investigation was supported by a grant-inaid from the Hartz Mountain Corporation, New York City. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Vincent Groupe and Miss Leonora Pugh for their interest, suggestions, and criticism, to Mr. Michael Chirigos for carrying out certain of the studies reported herein, and to Miss Clara H. Wark and Miss Phyllis Wechezak for technical assistance. 1. Kneeland, Y., Jr. and Price, K. M. 1950, Treatment with chloramphenicol, aureomycin and terramycin of the pneumonia caused by feline pneumonitis virus. J. Immunol. 65: 653-660. 2. Loosli, C. G., Hamre, D., Ritter, G. and Berlin, B. S. 1954-1955, Experimental airborne mouse pneumonitis virus (MPV) infections in mice. II. The prophylactic and therapeutic effect of sulfadiazine and antibiotics. Antibiotics Ann. pp. 474-489. 3. Allen, E. G., Girardi, A. J., Sigel, M. M. and Klein, M. 1953, Studies on the psittacosislymphogranuloma group. III. Effect of aureomycin on propagation of virus in the chick embryo. J. Exper. Med. 97: 783-795. 4. Gogolak, F. M. and Weiss, E. 1950, The effect of antibiotics on agents of the psittacosislymphogranuloma group. II. Effect of aureomycin. J. Infect. Dis. 87: 264-274. 5. Hurst, E. W., Peters, J. M. and Melvin, P. 1950, Therapy of experimental psittacosis and lympho-granuloma venereum (inguinale). 1. Comparative efficacy of penicillin, chloramphenicol, aureomycin and terramycin. Brit. J. Pharm. & Chemotherap. 5: 611-624. 6. Wong, S. C. and Cox, H. R. 1948, Action of aureomycin against experimental rickettsial and viral infections. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc. 51: 211-217. 7. Brainerd, H., Lennette, E. H., Meiklejohn, G., Bruyn, H. B., Jr. and Clark, W. H. 1949, The clinical evaluation of aureomycin. J. Clin. Investigation 28: 992-1005. 8. Fitz, R. H., Meiklejohn, G. and Baum, M. D. 1955, Psittacosis in Colorado. Am. J. M. Sc. 229: 252-261. 9. Green, T. W. 1950, Aureomycin therapy of human psittacosis. J.A.M.A. 144: 237-238. 10. Wright, L. T., Sanders, M., Logan, M. A., Prigot, A. and Hill, L. M. 1948, Aureomycin, a new antibiotic with virucidal properties. 1. A preliminary report on successful treatment in twenty five cases of lymphogranuloma venereum. J. A. M. A. 138: 408-412. 11. Meyer, K. F. and Eddie, B. 1955, Chemotherapy of natural psittacosis and ornithosis. Field trial of tetracycline, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. Antibiot. & Chemotherap. 5: 289-299. 12. Meyer, K. F. and Eddie, B. 1954-1955, Chemotherapy of natural psittacosis and ornithosis. Field trial of tetracycline (polyotic HC1), chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. Antibiotics Ann. pp. 544-555. 13. Price, C. W., Randall, W. A. and Welch, H.

The mouse erythrocyte hemagglutinin of feline pneumonitis virus.

Haig and Hilleman (1950) have demonstrated a mouse erythrocyte hemagglutinin in the allantoic fluid of embryonated eggs infected with the meningopneumonitis strain of ornithosis virus. This report describes the production of a similar hemagglutinin by another member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group, the feline pneumonitis virus of Baker (1942). The hemagglutinin produced by the growth of feline pneumonitis virus in the allantoic cavity of embryonated eggs was completely separated from the infective virus particles and could be concentrated by differential centrifugation or by adsorption on the flocculent precipitate produced by freezing and thawing infected allantoic fluid. Simultaneous

Biochemical aspects of the growth of feline pneumonitis virus in the chick embryo yolk sac.

Biochemical aspects of the growth of feline pneumonitis virus in the chick embryo yolk sac.

The incorporation of radioactive phosphate into feline pneumonitis virus in the chick embryo yolk sac.

that the energy for the synthesis of feline pneumonitis virus in chick embryo yolk sac is supplied by the aerobic oxidation of endogenous substrates and the concomitant production of organic acidsoluble phosphate esters. Infected yolk sacs, during the 24 hours just preceding the death of the embryos, incorporate phosphorus into their desoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA) fraction much more rapidly than do uninfected yolk sacs. The infection may also cause an increase in the rate of incorporation of phosphorus into pentose nucleic acid (PNA). This investigation was made to clarify the mode of feline pneumonitis virus reproduction. Virus purified from infected yolk sacs labeled with radioactive phosphorus (P32) was fractionated and compared with the yolk sac pool from which it was prepared. Both DNA and PNA appear to be integral components of the virus, and the nucleic acids of the purified virus have higher specific activities than any chemical fraction of the yolk sac pool from which the virus is isolated.

Energy requirements for synthesis of feline pneumonitis virus in isolated chick embryo yolk sac.

Energy requirements for synthesis of feline pneumonitis virus in isolated chick embryo yolk sac.

Observations on antiviral activity of netropsin.

SummaryNetropsin, an antibiotic from culture nitrates of Streptomyces netropsis, has marked therapeutic effect on experimental vaccinial infections (WR strain) in intracerebrally inoculated mice. It is ineffective against infections in mice with the viruses of feline pneumonitis, influenza, Western equine encephalomyelitis, and poliomyelitis.

The effect of trypsin and other enzymes on feline pneumonitis virus.

Journal Article The Effect of Trypsin and Other Enzymes on Feline Pneumonitis Virus Get access Arthur Brown, Arthur Brown From the Departments of Bacteriology and Parasitology and of Biochemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago 37, Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Margaret K. Itatani, Margaret K. Itatani From the Departments of Bacteriology and Parasitology and of Biochemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago 37, Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar James W. Moulder James W. Moulder From the Departments of Bacteriology and Parasitology and of Biochemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago 37, Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 91, Issue 2, July 1952, Pages 184–190, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/91.2.184 Published: 01 July 1952 Article history Received: 27 March 1952 Published: 01 July 1952

In Vivo and in Vitro Studies of Serological Specificity among Viruses of the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group

Summary The serological specificity of the direct and indirect complement-fixation, serum neutralization, conglutinating complement absorption (C.C.A.T.), and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for viruses of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group was compared in tests with rooster, human, rabbit and pigeon sera. Purified elementary body, purified lipid, hemagglutinating (meningopneumonitis) and phenol-enhanced antigens prepared from psittacosis, ornithosis (including meningopneumonitis), LV, feline pneumonitis and mouse pneumonitis viruses were used. The rooster antisera were group-specific in the indirect complement-fixation test. This was in contrast to the sharp specificity which these same sera showed in serum neutralization tests. The hemagglutination-inhibition tests with rooster and pigeon sera and the conglutinating complement absorption tests with human, rabbit and pigeon sera all gave group-specific reactions. Group-specificity was likewise shown in the direct complement-fixation tests with human, pigeon and rabbit sera when phenol-enhanced and lipid antigens were used. Minor antigenic differences, however, were evident when the rabbit and certain of the pigeon sera were tested with purified elementary body antigens. These differences were neither sufficiently consistent nor great enough to be of practical value in differentiating the viruses of the group.

Inhibition of the Growth of Viruses in the Chick Embryo by Aromatic Diamidines

Summary Inhibitory effects of aromatic diamidines on the viruses of influenza, mumps, feline pneumonitis and meningopneumonitis in the allantoic sac of chick embryos are compared. With pentamidine the order of activity may be stated as follows: feline pneumonitis > meningopneumonitis > mumps > influenza B > influenza A. Stilbamidine was inhibitory only to the mumps virus. Growth of influenza viruses in de-embryonated allantoic sac preparations was slowed down by propamidine and pentamidine. In mice the agents of feline pneumonitis and meningopneumonitis were inhibited to a slight degree, while results with influenza were negative.