Feed Volume Research Articles

Advancements in salbutamol sulphate formulation: Spray-drying technique for the production of porous particles with enhanced properties for inhalation drug delivery

A fast, simple and cost-effective technique has been used to produce spray-drying porous particles of salbutamol sulfate (SS) for inhalation drug delivery. The particles were produced using water as solvent and ammonium bicarbonate as pore-forming agent. A full factorial experimental design (24) with a central point was used to evaluate the influence of process parameters (drying air inlet temperature, atomization air volume flowrate, feed volume flowrate and the pore-forming agent concentration) on process yield, moisture content, densities and particle size. In addition, particle morphology, in-vitro aerosolization properties, stability and cytotoxicity of selected samples were studied. Within the experimental design parameters window, it was shown that the highest inlet temperature and pore-forming agent concentration were the factors that more affected the process yield and tap density values. Particles with the lowest tap densities values exhibited porous morphology. In addition, the pore-forming agent concentration proved to be the most significant variable affecting particle size. The highest pore-forming agent concentration, the largest particle size. The porous particles exhibit remarkable aerosolization performance, surpassing the performance of previously reported SS porous particles and a commercial formulation. These powders showed a high process yield and the absence of ammonium bicarbonate in the final product, as confirmed by FT-IR. Furthermore, the powders presented good stability even over long periods of time and did not exhibit cytotoxicity on the murine alveolar macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.

Opioid-free Pain Management after Cleft Lip Repair.

Side effects of opioid pain management after surgical repair of cleft lips are numerous and affect postoperative course. We compared opioid versus opioid-free pain management regimens for infants who underwent cleft lip repair to evaluate the impact on postoperative recovery. Cleft lip repairs at our institution from December 2016 to February 2021 were retrospectively reviewed, comparing patients who received opioids to patients receiving a nonopioid pain control regimen. Data collected include length of stay, oral morphine equivalents (OME) received on day of surgery (DOS)/postoperative day (POD) 1, time to and volume of first oral feed, and Face/Legs/Activity/Cry/Consolability (FLACC) scores. Seventy-three infants were included (47 opioid and 26 nonopioid). The opioid group received average 1.75 mg OME on DOS and 1.04 mg OME on POD1. Average DOS FLACC scores were similar between groups [1.57 ± 1.18 nonopioid versus 1.76 ± 0.94 (SD) opioid; P = 0.46]. Average POD1 FLACC scores were significantly lower for the nonopioid group (0.73 ± 1.05 versus 1.35 ± 1.06; P = 0.022). Median time to first PO (min) was similar [178 (interquartile range [IQR] 66-411) opioid versus 147 (IQR 93-351) nonopioid; P = 0.65]. Median volume of first feed (mL) was twice as high for the nonopioid group [90 (IQR 58-120) versus 45 (IQR 30-60); P = 0.003]. Nonopioid postoperative pain management was more effective than opioids for pain management in infants after cleft lip repair, as evidenced by FLACC scores and increased volume of the first oral feed.

Analysis of Feed Inlet and Optimal Feeding Amount of Waste Ground Film Impurity Removal Equipment

A tumbler screen-type residual film–impurity mixture wind separator is the key equipment for the secondary utilization of farmland residual film. During its operation, the proportion of impurities in the separated waste mulch film intermittently increases, resulting in poor working stability of the device, which may hamper long-term operation. To address the above issues, the material inside the separation unit was continuously monitored, and the main factor affecting separator performance was determined to be the challenges in the effective depolymerization of some residual film-impurity mixtures. The principles of agglomeration and depolymerization of the residual film-impurity mixtures were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) flow-solid coupling simulation methods. The key factor affecting the disaggregation of the mixture was the collision force between the residual film–impurity mixture and the trommel screen. The collision force was maximum when the residual film–impurity mixture first collided with the trommel screen when it was fed into the separation device. Furthermore, simulations were carried out for different inlet structure forms; the evaluation index was the maximum collision force of the residual film–impurity mixture agglomerate on the trommel screen. The best disaggregation effect was obtained with a square feed inlet and at a feeding rate of 202 kg/h. A prototype was built using these specifications for verification. The average value of the ratio of impurities in the residual film was 6.966%, the coefficient of variation was 7.38%, and the dispersion of statistical results was small. The ratio of impurities in the residual film was kept constant during the continuous operation of the wind separator. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the agglomerate disaggregation process and provided theoretical insights for determining the optimal structures of the inlets of various cleaning devices and the feeding volumes.

Impact of feeding volumes in the first 24 h of life on neonatal feeding intolerance.

This study investigates whether volumes of intake in the first 24 h of life (24 HOL), in relation to birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA), impact neonatal feeding intolerance (FI). This study employed a retrospective chart review of 6,650 infants born at ≥35 weeks. The volumes of each formula feed per kg BW in the first 24 HOL were assessed. FI was defined as evidenced by chart documentation of emesis, abdominal distension, abdominal x-ray, and/or switching to a sensitive formula. Overall, the maximum volume of formula intake per feed was inversely correlated with GA and was higher in infants with FI (β = -1.39, p < 0.001) compared with infants without FI (β = -1.28, p < 0.001). The odds of emesis in late preterm infants with first feeding of >8 ml/kg [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-4.6] and formula switching in the exclusively formula-fed group with volumes >10.5 ml/kg [AOR = 2.2, 95% CI (1.8-2.6)] were high. In the breastfeeding group, the odds of FI increased by 2.8-, 4.6-, and 5.2-fold with 5-10, 10-15, and >15 ml/kg of supplementations, respectively. A higher volume of intake in relation to BW often exceeds the physiological stomach capacity of newborns and is associated with early FI. Optimizing early feeding volumes based on infant BW and GA may decrease FI, which may be an issue of volume intolerance.

Optimization of the Vacuum Fractional Distillation Process for Enhancing the α-Guaiene of Patchouli Oil with Response Surface Methodology

α-guaiene is one of the primary sesquiterpene compounds used as a flavor and fragrance agent in patchouli oil. The fraction of patchouli oil that is rich in α-guaiene has been successfully isolated. In the present work, α-guaiene was isolated from crude patchouli oil through vacuum fractional distillation followed by GC-MS identification. Three important process parameters—feed volume, reflux ratio, and applied run pressure—were investigated and optimized using Box–Behnken design. The research methodology was an experimental laboratory using response surface methodology (RSM) with a feed volume level from 75 mL to 125 mL, a reflux ratio from 10:1 to 30:1, and an applied run pressure from 5 mmHg to 15 mmHg. The α-guaiene-enriched fraction was found in the first distillate fraction patchouli. The optimum condition that generated α-guaiene fraction at 44.70% purity was the treatment with a feed volume of 75 mL, a reflux ratio of 24:1, and applied run pressure of 14.80 mmHg. Results indicated that feed volume did not significantly affect the α-guaiene content, while the applied run pressure and reflux ratio used had a significant effect. A quadratic mathematical model with R2 0.861 and validation 96.14% was suitable for predicting the optimum α-guaiene fraction content during the vacuum fractional distillation process.

花生大喂入量摘果装置优化设计与试验

For a peanut picking device with a feeding rate greater than 5 kg/s, the problem of low picking rate and high damage rate will occur during the picking process. A discrete element model is developed to determine the range of values of the main influencing factors affecting the peanut picking device. A three-factor, three-level orthogonal combination test was carried out with feeding volume, drum speed, and peanut picking gap as test factors to investigate the effects of the main influencing factors on the quality of peanut picking operation of the peanut picking device. The results of the field trials showed that the best results were achieved at the optimum combination of drum speed of 508 r·min-1, peanut picking gap of 22 mm, and feeding volumes of 6.3 kg/s. At this time, the peanut picking rate was 99.17%, and the peanut breakage rate was 0.91, meeting the standard technical requirements for mechanized peanut harvesting. The study results provide a theoretical basis for further enhancing the development of peanut combine harvesting equipment.

A Comparison of Slow Infusion Intermittent Feeding versus Gravity Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The transition to full enteral feeding is important for ensuring adequate growth in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different intermittent feeding methods on the transition to full enteral feeding in preterm infants. A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted in a neonatology and perinatology center. Preterm infants with a gestational age between 24 + 0/7 and 31 + 6/7 were included in this study. They were divided into two groups: the SIF (slow infusion feeding) group and the IBF (intermittent bolus feeding) group. In the SIF group, feed volumes were administered over one hour using an infusion pump through an orogastric tube, with feeding occurring every three hours. The IBF group received enteral feeding using a gravity-based technique with a syringe through an orogastric tube, completed within 10 to 30 min. The primary outcome was the achievement of full enteral feeding and the occurrence of feeding intolerance. A total of 103 infants were enrolled in the study (50 in SIF and 53 in IBF). The time to achieve full enteral feeding did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.20). The SIF group had significantly fewer occurrences in which gastric residual volume exceeded 50% (p = 0.01). Moreover, the SIF group had a significantly shorter duration of non-per-oral (NPO) status than the IBF group (p = 0.03). It is our contention that the use of the SIF method as an alternative feeding method is appropriate for infants with feeding intolerance and those at high risk of feeding intolerance.

Transpyloric feeding with artificial lung ventilation in premature with pneumonia: an observational study

INTRODUCTION: Feeding critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation through a gastric tube can be challenging. Parenteral nutrition is often preferred when enteral feeding is problematic. Transpyloric feeding has been identified as an optimal method of nutrition for seriously ill premature infants. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the advantages of transpyloric feeding combined with artificial ventilation compared to gastric feeding in premature neonatal patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 64 patients with low tolerance to enteral feeding who required mechanical ventilation. The gestational age of the patients did not exceed 34 (32–35) weeks. Enteral feeding using a NAN® mixture was administered through a feeding tube placed outside the pylorus with an anti-reflux mechanism. The volume of enteral feeding was determined based on the requirement of 120 kcal/kg/day. RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrated that the group receiving transpyloric feeding had a significantly shorter hospital stay of 54 (41–67) days compared to the group receiving gastric feeding with 86 (64–94) days, p &lt; 0.05. The weight gain in the group receiving gastric feeding was significantly lower at 89 (55–200) g compared to the group receiving transpyloric feeding with 161.5 (110–218) g. Similar findings were observed regarding a decrease in total protein levels on the 10th day of the study in the gastric feeding group with 36.5 (32–40) g/l compared to the transpyloric feeding group with 47 (42–50) g/l, p &lt; 0.05. CONCLUSION: Transpyloric nutrition in premature infants on mechanical ventilation is a more efficient method compared to gastric feeding. The findings suggest positive effects including reduced hospitalization duration, prevention of hypoproteinemia, and significant increase in body weight.

Transformation of the feed supply segment of the aquaculture value chain in Bangladesh

The rapid growth of aquaculture in Bangladesh over the past three decades has been facilitated by increasing supplementary feed use and increasing numbers of feed suppliers, but little is known about the organization and behavior of the feed supply segment of aquaculture value chain. We conducted a comprehensive survey with 79 feed suppliers of two types: ‘dealers’ linked to feed companies (n = 34) and independent retailers (n = 45), in the seven main aquaculture producing districts of southern Bangladesh in 2021 to address this knowledge gap. We found the following. (1) Over the past 10 years, the number of traders increased 70% and the volume of feed traded almost doubled. (2) Feed supply is shifting from traditional agricultural byproducts to formulated feeds (47% of total feed), and floating feeds as a subset of those (54% of formulated feed), contributing to increasing farm productivity. (3) The formulated fish feed market in Bangladesh is diverse, but quite concentrated. Feed suppliers sold formulated feed produced by 35 companies, with eight companies accounting for 74% of sales. (4) Feed handling practices are efficient. Traders sell feeds quickly (average turnover time 10 days) and storage practices are adequate to maintain quality. (5) No traders reported experiencing any waste or loss of feed during their most recent completed transaction, and only 5% of traders reported losing a small portion of feed (1.7%) during transport. (6) The average profit margin earned by feed suppliers is a modest 6.2%. (7) Feed trading creates substantial employment: 43,937 full time equivalent (FTE) jobs in the seven surveyed districts. In sum, the feed supply segment of the aquaculture value chain in southern Bangladesh is dynamic, well-developed, and relatively competitive and efficient. This finding is contrary to the conventional wisdom, which often portrays the sector as inefficient and beset by problems.

Effect of Orostachys spinosa dry extract on the white rats behaviorin tests with positive reinforcement

The purpose of the study to determine the Orostachys spinosa dry extract effect on the white rats behavior in tests with positive reinforcement.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on Wistar rats. The O. spinosa dry extract effect at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg on animal behavior was assessed in the hypophagy and T-maze tests.&#x0D; Results. Against the background of the O. spinosa extract introductionat doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the number of animals fed in the hypophagy test was 1.6 and 1.8 times greater than in the control; the feed volume exceeded by 94 and 78%, respectively, the indicator in control group animals. On the 4th day of training, a conditioned reflex was formed in 100% of the animals treated with O. spinosa extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Against the background of the O. spinosa extract introduction at a dose of 100 mg/kg and the reference drug, a conditioned reflex was formed in 63 and 71% of the animals, respectively, which is 2.0 times higher than in the control.&#x0D; Conclusions. The O. spinosa dry extract in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg has a positive effect on the removal of the anxiety level, promotes an increase in orienting-exploratory activity, and thereby accelerates a conditioned reflex development in white rats.

Continuous Generation of Gas‐Water Slugs with Improved Size Uniformity at a Tunable Scale

AbstractSlug flow has received increased interest due to the slugs serving as individual microreactors for enhanced process efficiency and product quality. In this study, slugs were continuously generated in various scales and sizes, with slug size uniformity studied by in‐line imaging. Different strategies of gas flow control and slug scale‐up were evaluated regarding the slug size distribution. With modified gas flow control, the slug uniformity was improved significantly. Slug flow can also be scaled up without sacrificing slug size uniformity, either by increasing the reservoir feeding volume or the flow rate. The type of gas used (air and nitrogen) to generate slugs does not affect the slug size uniformity. A narrow slug size distribution can improve the particle size distribution and, hence, lead to better product quality.

Higher Dose Noninvasive Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Increases Feeding Volumes and White Matter Microstructural Complexity in Open-Label Study of Infants Slated for Gastrostomy Tube

To determine whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) paired with twice daily bottle feeding increases the volume of oral feeds and white matter neuroplasticity in term-age-equivalent infants failing oral feeds and determined to need a gastrostomy tube. In this prospective, open-label study, 21 infants received taVNS paired with 2 bottle feeds for 2 - 3weeks (2x). We compared 1) increase oral feeding volumes with 2x taVNS and previously reported once daily taVNS (1x) to determine a dose response, 2) number of infants who attained full oral feeding volumes, and 3) diffusional kurtosis imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after treatment by paired t tests. All 2x taVNS treated infants significantly increased their feeding volumes compared with 10days before treatment. Over 50% of 2x taVNS infants achieved full oral feeds but in a shorter time than 1x cohort (median 7 days [2x], 12.5days [1x], P<.05). Infants attaining full oral feeds showed greater increase in radial kurtosis in the right corticospinal tract at the cerebellar peduncle and external capsule. Notably, 75% of infants of diabetic mothers failed full oral feeds, and their glutathione concentrations in the basal ganglia, a measure of central nervous system oxidative stress, were significantly associated with feeding outcome. In infants with feeding difficulty, increasing the number of daily taVNS-paired feeding sessions to twice-daily significantly accelerates response time but not the overall response rate of treatment. taVNS was associated with white matter motor tract plasticity in infants able to attain full oral feeds. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04643808).

Skin to Skin Contact Correlated with Improved Production and Consumption of Mother's Own Milk.

Background: Human milk diet, preferably mother's own milk (MOM) over donor milk (DM), is recommended for preterm infants. Expression of MOM in proximity to preterm infants, especially during or immediately after skin-to-skin contact (SSC), is associated with greater milk production. However, the correlation between SSC and MOM production during hospital admission in preterm infants has not yet been studied. Our study investigated the relationship between SSC and MOM production and consumption in preterm infants during the first postnatal month of life. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Mothers and their preterm infants born at <35 weeks by gestational age (GA) and eligible for SSC within the first 5 postnatal days were eligible for the study. Mothers were given a binder to document pumped breast milk volumes and SSC sessions. Pumped breast milk volumes, enteral feeding type and volume, and SSC duration and frequency were collected daily over the first 28 days of life, along with demographic, perinatal, and feeding data from electronic medical records (EMR). Results: Mean birth GA and weight were 30 ± 3 weeks and 1,443 ± 576 g, respectively. SSC duration was inversely correlated with GA and weight. The SSC duration was positively correlated with ingested MOM volume after correcting for birth GA. The SSC duration was predictive of increased volumes of pumped MOM. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SSC duration is associated with improved MOM production and consumption. SSC can be a useful tool to increase MOM exposure and improve long-term health outcomes in preterm infants.

Effect of blenderized tube feeds on gastric emptying: A retrospective cohort study.

Blenderized tube feeds (blends) are associated with lower hospital admissions and reduced gastroesophageal symptoms, but their high viscosity may theoretically prolong gastric emptying. Our objective was to compare differences in gastric emptying with blends vs with formula. We retrospectively identified individuals 6 months to 20 years with enteral tubes who underwent 1-h liquid gastric emptying scintigraphy from 1998 to 2020 at Boston Children's Hospital. Examinations were excluded if a postpyloric tube was present, tracer was administered orally or with diet differing from habitual, habitual diet was indeterminable, imaging was terminated early, or >50% of input counts emptied during bolus administration. Emptying was classified as delayed if gastric residual at 1 h was ≥60% of ingested dose. Eighteen examinations (15 individuals) were performed with blends and 35 examinations (32 individuals) with formula. Although percentage of residual at 1 h was significantly higher in patients receiving blends compared with formula (54 ± 17 vs 40 ± 25, P = 0.04), the number of patients with delayed gastric emptying did not differ (39% vs 29%, respectively, P = 0.54). Type of diet, feed volume or concurrent medications did not predict delayed gastric emptying. Children with blends received higher bolus volumes (106 ± 55 vs 66 ± 59 ml; P = 0.02), and this significantly predicted percentage of residual (β = 0.14; P = 0.01). The proportion of patients with delayed gastric emptying was similar in children receiving blends and formula. Although the mean percentage of gastric residual was higher with blends, this may be explained by higher bolus volumes administered. This preliminary work suggests that blends compare favorably to formula.

Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A Literature Review

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition where stomach contents reflux into the esophagus, causing discomfort and complications. It is most prevalent in infants (26.9%) and lesser in children under 10 (3.2%) and over 10 years old (10.1%). Discussion: GERD is caused by frequent relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), allowing stomach contents to escape into the esophagus. Symptoms vary with age, with infants experiencing regurgitation and irritability, while older children may have heartburn and nausea. Diagnosis requires differentiating GERD from similar conditions and may involve various tests, though their primary use lacks sufficient evidence. Nonpharmacological treatments include thickened feeding, reducing feeding volume but increasing frequency and possibly eliminating cow's milk protein. Pharmacological treatments include Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs), and Histamine Receptor Antagonists (H2RAs), though their efficacy varies. Prokinetics are generally not recommended due to lack of evidence. If all these treatments fail, anti-reflux surgery such as fundoplication can be considered. Conclusion: The hallmark of GERD is the presence of esophagitis during endoscopy. However, Barrett’s esophagus is rare in pediatric GERD patients. Factors indicating a worse prognosis include early onset age, an initial GERD diagnosis, and the need for PPI or combination of H2RA and PPI treatment.

Multiple-objective optimization on ammonia decomposition using membrane reactor

Ammonia plays a key role in the renewable hydrogen economy nowadays, thus, the efficiency of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production becomes an important research topic. In this study, a numerical model was built to study the performance of ammonia decomposition using a membrane reactor and Ru/Al2O3 catalyst under various operating conditions such as feed NH3 temperature and volume flow rate as well as retentate side pressure. The reactor performance was characterized by ammonia conversion, hydrogen recovery, and recovered hydrogen flow rate. Pre-exponential factor and activation energy of ammonia reaction rate were obtained by equilibrium conversion and two-step parametric sweeping. It was found that ammonia conversion can be increased by about 33% compared to a conventional fixed-bed reactor under the same operating conditions. H2 recovery can be enhanced when the reactant inlet temperature and the pressure difference between the retentate and permeate sides increase. The increase in feed NH3 flow rate (gas hourly space velocity, GHSV) decreased the ammonia conversion and H2 recovery. An optimum GHSV that results in a maximum recovered H2 flow rate can be found. Finally, optimum operation conditions for maximizing the hydrogen recovery and recovered hydrogen flow rate were analyzed using the multi-objective Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). It was found that maximum H2 recovery with a value of 79.7% can be obtained under the conditions of inlet temperature of 336 °C, GHSV of 900 h−1, and retentate side pressure of 9.9875 bar. The maximum recovered hydrogen flow rate with a value of 9.55×10−14(mol·s−1) can be obtained under the conditions of an inlet temperature of 394 °C, GHSV of 1315 h−1, and retentate side pressure of 9.9879 bar.

Multicenter Evaluation of Pre-operative Feeding in Infants with Ductal Dependent Circulation.

Enteral feeds are often withheld from neonates with ductal dependent cardiac lesions who are receiving prostaglandins. This is despite positive benefits of enteral feeding. We describe a multicenter cohort of these neonates who were fed pre-operatively. We also give a granular description of vital sign measurements and other risk factors prior to feeding. A retrospective chart review was performed at seven centers. Inclusion criteria were full-term neonates under one month of age with ductal dependent lesions receiving prostaglandins. These neonates were fed for at least 24h during the pre-operative period. Premature neonates were excluded. Using the inclusion criteria, 127 neonates were identified. While being fed, 20.5% of the neonates were intubated, 10.2% were on inotropes, and 55.9% had an umbilical arterial catheter in place. Median oxygen saturations in the six hours prior to feeding were 92.5% in patients with cyanotic lesions, median diastolic blood pressure was 38mmHg and median somatic NIRS were 66.5%. The median peak daily feeding volume reached was 29ml/kg/day (IQ range 15.5-96.8ml/kg/day). One patient developed suspected necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in this cohort. Only one adverse event occurred, which was an aspiration thought to be related to feeding, but did not result in intubation or cessation of feeds. NEC was rare among neonates with ductal dependent lesions while receiving enteral nutrition pre-operatively. Umbilical arterial catheters were in place in the majority of these patients. Hemodynamic measures demonstrated a high median oxygen saturation prior to initiation of feeds.

Enteral feeding abilities of neonates with congenital heart diseases underwent cardiac surgery — analysis of opportunities

Objective: to analyze the factors affecting enteral feeding ability of neonates with congenital heart defects (CHD) who underwent cardiac surgery.Patients and methods. The study included 214 full-term newborns with CHD who underwent cardiac surgery: 63 children with palliative correction of CHD and 151 children with radical correction of CHD. The characteristics of the early postoperative period, the timing of bottle feeding with additional gavage feeding, the achievement of the full volume of bottle feeding, the incidence of breastfeeding after surgery, and the duration of hospitalization were analyzed.Results. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and inotropic therapy after cardiac surgery. Positive correlations (r &gt; 0.6) were revealed between the duration of mechanical ventilation, inotropic therapy, of stay in the intensive care unit and the timing of the bottle feeding ability (including without additional gavage feeding). Newborns with palliative correction were able to feed from bottle significantly later than children with radical correction: there was a higher frequency of supplementary gavage feeding by the time of discharge (15.7 % vs. 1.8 %, p = 0.0016), a longer length of stay in hospital. Children who underwent the Norwood procedure were able to bottle feeding significantly later than newborns after other types of surgery.Conclusion. Newborns with CHD require a personalized approach to enteral feeding, depending on the types of cardiac surgery undergone. Factors influencing the feeding of newborns were the use of CPB, the duration of mechanical ventilation and inotropic therapy after surgery.

Preparation, structure characterization and functional properties of pea dregs resistant dextrin

BackgroundPeas (Pisum sativum L.), the second largest edible bean in the world, have comprehensive and balanced nutrition. In China, peas are mainly used in the processing of starch and related products, during which a large amount of processing by-products—pea dregs—is produced. Because of its large particle size, coarse texture, and difficulty in storage, it is mostly discarded or used as feed, resulting in unnecessary waste.Materials and methodsThe preparation and simulated moving bed chromatographic purification process conditions of pea-resistant dextrin were optimized using pea production waste-pea residue as raw material, and structural characterization and functional properties of pea residue-resistant dextrin were analyzed.ResultsThe results showed that the optimal preparation process conditions for pea-resistant dextrin were as follows: acid concentration 1.0%, acid addition 7.3%, treatment temperature 178.8°C, and treatment time 92.5 min. Subsequently, the pea-resistant dextrin content of 42.15 ± 0.16% was obtained. The optimal SSMB purification conditions were as follows: feed volume 455 g/h, feed volume 682 g/h, circulation volume 346 mL, outlet concentration 24.8 ± 0.2%, purity 99.35 ± 0.17%, and yield 91.08 ± 0.42%. The structural characterization revealed that pea-resistant dextrin had large and variable particle size and amorphous structure; the chemical bond or functional group differences between pea-resistant dextrin and pea starch were not significant; pea-resistant dextrin was a glucose-based dextran with a monosaccharide composition of 2.6% arabinose, 1.5% xylose, and 95.9% glucose, and its molecular weight was (601.1 ± 8.5) × 103 u. Functional characterization revealed that the RS content of pea-resistant dextrin was 92.35%, which had significantly slow digestive properties as well as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.ConclusionsUsing pea dregs to produce pea dregs resistant dextrin has low production cost and significant functional characteristics, which can be widely applied in the food industry.

776 Importance of Adequate Nutrition Support in Severely Burned Patients

Abstract Introduction The importance of optimal nutrition for burned patients has been well established through research. Provision of adequate nutrition is believed to improve healing outcomes, reduce complications and overall length of stay for burned patients. Enteral Nutrition (EN) support is the favored method of feeding for a severely burned patient, however timing of initiation of feeding and ability to meet estimated nutritional needs throughout a hospital stay still needs to be further established. The objective of this study was to evaluate not only the timing of initiation of EN for severely burned patients, but also the adequacy of the nutritional provisions the patients received. Methods Patients admitted to a Regional Burn Center with a burn ≥20% TBSA, intubated and started on EN support were eligible for the inclusion in this retrospective review. Specific variables that were assessed included time for burn team to consult Registered Dietitian (RD), time from consult until RD assessed patient, time from admission to initiation per order, total tube feed volume (in mL) actually infused per RN documentation, and percentage of EN received compared to order. Results Forty-two patients were included in this retrospective review. All patients had EN initiated within 24 hours of admission. Out of twenty-five patients that specific EN initiation time (by the minute) was able to be identified, the average time for EN to start was 9.5 hours. Average time for enteral nutrition to reach RD recommended goal rate was 26.2 hours, with 59% of patients reaching goal rate in ≤24 hours. Average amount of EN formula (in mL) patients actually received compared to what was ordered was 80.9%. Some complications observed for those patients whose EN did not reach goal rate in ≤24 hours or those who received a lower percentage of EN formula included difficulties with GI tolerance, high residuals, and incidence of ileus. However, these complications were only seen in 19% of patients included in the study. Conclusions The average time for initiation of EN support was within the SCCM/ASPEN guidelines for the critically ill patient. Additionally, more than half the patients reached the RD recommended EN goal rate in ≤24 hours. The investigator found that early initiation of EN and aggressive advancement to goal, as tolerated, to be safe. Applicability of Research to Practice A standard of practice for timing of EN initiation and advancing to goal would be beneficial, with possibility of reaching EN goal rates faster helping to increase the provisions of total EN received during admission and therefore closer meeting estimated nutritional needs. The effects of adequate nutrition in relation to overall burn healing / graft acceptance, complications, length of stay and mortality all warrant further studies prior to implementation of early EN/aggressive advancement to goal into practice.