Feed Units Research Articles

Behavior Analysis of Feeding Unit of a Paper Industry in Fuzzy Environment

The feeding unit is an important functional part in the paper industry that requires the development of effective maintenance plan based on its reliability analysis. This study analyzes reliability of the considered unit employing trapezoidal fuzzy numbers in fuzzy [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] methodology with Petri net modeling. In this analysis, the collected crisp input data of each subsystem has been fuzzified using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Then fuzzy values of several reliability factors of feeding unit, namely, failure rate, repair time, reliability, availability, etc. at ±15%, ±25% and ±40% spread levels have been calculated. Further, the obtained fuzzy values of reliability factors have been defuzzified to analyze system behavior of feeding unit. The analysis is useful for plant maintenance and operation management to understand the behavior of feeding unit in a more realistic manner.

Phenotypic and genetic parameters of circadian rhythms from core body temperature profiles and their relationships with beef steers' production efficiency profiles during successive winter feeding periods.

This 2-year study evaluated differences in circadian parameters obtained from measures of core body temperatures using telemetric reticulo-rumen and rectal devices during two winter feeding regimes in western Canada. The study also estimated phenotypic correlations and genetic parameters associated with circadian parameters and other production traits in each feeding regime. Each year, 80 weaned steer calves (initial age: 209 ± 11days; BW: 264 ± 20kg) from the same cohort were tested over two successive regimes, Fall-Winter (FW) and Winter-Spring (WS) at Lanigan, Saskatchewan, Canada. The steers received forage-based rations in both regimes where the individual feed intake was measured with automatic feeding units. During the trial, the reticulo-rumen (RTMP) and rectal (RCT) temperatures were simultaneously measured every 5min using telemetric devices. These were used to calculate the circadian parameters (Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythms, amplitude, and acrophase/peak time) for both temperature measures. Growth and efficiency performance traits were also determined for all steers. Each steer was assigned into inefficient, neutral, and efficient classes based on the SD of the residual feed intake (RFI), residual gain (RG), and residual intake and gain (RIG) within each year and feeding regime. Higher (p < 0.0003) RTMP and rectal temperature MESORs were observed in the Fall-Winter compared to the Winter-Spring regime. While the two test regimes were different (p < 0.05) for the majority of the RTMP or RCT temperature parameters, they did not differ (p > 0.10) with the production efficiency profiles. The heritability estimates were higher in FW (0.78 ± 0.18 vs. 0.56 ± 0.26) than WS (0.50 ± 0.18 vs. 0.47 ± 0.22) for the rumen and rectal MESORs, respectively. There were positive genetic correlations between the two regimes for the RTMP (0.69 ± 0.21) and RCT (0.32 ± 0.59). There was a negative correlation (p < 0.001) between body temperature and ambient temperature. The high heritability estimates and genetic correlations for rumen and rectal temperature parameters demonstrate their potential as beef genetic improvement tools of economic traits associated with the parameters. However, there are limited practical implications of using only the core-body temperature as a proxy for production efficiency traits for beef steers during winter.

EFFECT OF ECOSIL AND VITAMIN C PREPARATIONS ON THE ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG PIGS

The article’s authors argue that it is necessary to use adsorbents and antioxidant preparations in diets to level the negative factors of the impact of aflatoxin B1 on the processes of digestive metabolism and the productivity of young pigs when fattening on diets with a tolerant content of this mycotoxin. The research aimed to determine the effect of the preparation of Ecosil and vitamin C on the economic and biological characteristics of young pigs fed on diets with tolerant levels of aflatoxin B1. In the course of the study and based on experience, the authors found that the gilts of the 3rd experimental group had a higher growth intensity, which had an advantage over the animals of the control group in absolute and average daily gain by 10.5% (P&lt;0.05) when enriched compound feed with a mixture of Ecosil and vitamin C. The authors managed to achieve in animals of the 3rd experimental group a reduction in costs per 1 kg of absolute gain - EFU (energy feed unit) by 9.45% and digestible Protein by 9.48% against control due to improved detoxification of the studied toxin. The coefficient of dry matter digestibility in gilts of this group was higher than in control by 3.1% (P&gt;&lt;0.05); the organic matter was higher by 3.2% (P&gt;&lt;0.05); crude Protein was higher by 3.2% (P&gt;&lt;0.05); fiber is higher by 3.4% (P&gt;&lt;0.05) and NFE (nitrogen-free extract) by 2.7% with a decrease in the digestibility of crude fat by 2.8% (P&gt;&lt;0.05). The authors found that gilts of the 3rd experimental group, who consumed a mixture of tested feed additives per day in the accounting period of the study, deposited 24.86 g of nitrogen in the body, which is significantly (P&gt;&lt;0.05) more than the control analogs - by 2.85 g. In addition, the animals of the 3rd experimental group absorbed better calcium and phosphorus in the diet.&gt;˂0.05) when enriched compound feed with a mixture of Ecosil and vitamin C. The authors managed to achieve in animals of the 3rd experimental group a reduction in costs per 1 kg of absolute gain - EFU (energy feed unit) by 9.45% and digestible Protein by 9.48% against control due to improved detoxification of the studied toxin. The coefficient of dry matter digestibility in gilts of this group was higher than in control by 3.1% (P˂0.05); the organic matter was higher by 3.2% (P˂0.05); crude Protein was higher by 3.2% (P˂0.05); fiber is higher by 3.4% (P˂0.05) and NFE (nitrogen-free extract) by 2.7% with a decrease in the digestibility of crude fat by 2.8% (P˂0.05). The authors found that gilts of the 3rd experimental group, who consumed a mixture of tested feed additives per day in the accounting period of the study, deposited 24.86 g of nitrogen in the body, which is significantly (P˂0.05) more than the control analogs - by 2.85 g. In addition, the animals of the 3rd experimental group absorbed better calcium and phosphorus in the diet.

О влиянии продолжительности пастбищного содержания коров на экологичность производства молока

There is a problem of establishing the digestibility of pasture feed, which leads to an expansion of the range of the obtained indicators and inaccuracy of the calculated values due to the accepted methodology for assessing enteral fermentation of methane by ruminant animals, based on the balance of produced products and feed consumption. In order to eliminate deviations, it is important not only to know the digestibility coefficient based on general estimates of feed, but also to take into account the duration of keeping animals on pastures. As calculations show, an increase in the duration of grazing greatly adjusts the average digestibility of consumed grasses, which leads to an increase in methane production and a decrease in the amount of metabolic energy per unit of feed, and ultimately to a decrease in productivity. Attempts to build an optimal scheme for grazing high-yielding animals on pasture in order to obtain the maximum yield of metabolic energy of consumed feed are impossible. In this regard, transferring high-yielding industrial cattle herds to year-round housing with feeding on walking areas is the only way to solve the identified problems in ensuring a balanced feed energy and reducing methane emissions.

Determination of engineering properties of selected animal feed and fodder materials

The traditional ways of handling feed and fodder in a commercial dairy farm are labour intensive, tiresome and also leads to huge expenses as labour charges. Therefore, there is a need of mechanised feed and fodder distribution unit in order to reduce the human drudgery and other expenses. Thus, an attempt was made to determine the engineering properties (moisture content, bulk density, angle of repose and coefficient of internal friction) of feed which would be affecting the design of a mechanised feed and fodder unit. Three feed materials viz., oat green, wheat straw and concentrate mixture were selected for study. The angle of repose varied from 24.78±0.34 to 37.79±0.76°,the coefficient of friction from 0.187±0.024 to 2.628±1.612depending on the moisture content and the bulk density of the selected materials. The coefficient of external friction was determined for different fabrication materials including wooden/ply board, galvanized iron, aluminium, mild steel and stainless steel and the maximum coefficient of external friction was offered to the feed materials by ply board followed by mild steel.

Productivity of perennial herbage with the participation of Trifolium pratense L. on sod-podzolic soils of the Republic of Karelia

In the conditions of northern arable farming, the productivity and nutritional value of the dry mass of pure stand of Tr. pratense and three-component agrophytocenoses with the participation of meadow clover, as well as legume and cereal representatives (Galega orientalis Lam., Medicago varia Mart., Bromus inermis Leys., Phlum pratense L.) were studied. Against the background of spring fertilizing with N45P60K90 and two-time mowing, the yield of dry biomass of grass mixtures averaged 8.3-8.8 t/ha over four years compared to single-species sowing of meadow clover (7.8 t/ha). In terms of energy and protein productivity, the maximum indicators of one hectare were provided by agrophytocenoses of clover (7.54 thousand feed units, 84.8 GJ of exchange energy, 1.22 tons of crude protein) and clover-timothy with the addition of galega or alfalfa (up to 7.19 thousand, 87.7 GJ, and 1.09 tons, respectively). The highest nutritional value of the feed mass (up to 16.71% of crude protein and 138 g of digestible protein/feed units) was allocated to a single-species clover herbage.

HE PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRY CATTLE UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING AND FEEDING TECHNOLOGIES

There have been analyzed the data of production activity of 32 experimental farms of NAAS system for the last 20 years. There have been established connections and peculiarities of influence of cattle housing and feeding technologies on energy efficiency of production in dairy cattle breeding. It is established that the amount of concentrated feeds on one cow per year was 6 metric cent more fodder units on loose housing farms than on tied one (p&lt;0,01). Total feed costs per cow per year did not differ. Milk output per average cow per year was 1,290 kg higher in loose housing compared to tied housing with feed consumption per 1 kg of milk being 0.1 fodder unit lower (p&lt;0.001). The strength of the effect of cow housing technology was 4.5% and 8.6% respectively. The feed consumption per cow per year and the amount of concentrated feed fed in the farms using the feed mixture feeding technology were 25% and 92% higher, respectively (p&lt;0.001) compared to the separate feeding technology. In these farms, the milk output per average annual cow was 2070 kg higher and feed consumption per 1 kg of milk was 0.2 feed units lower (p&lt;0.001). The strength of the impact of cow feeding technology was 10.8% and 38.4% respectively. Total feed intake and concentrate feed consumption probably did not differ between farms with different housing technologies for young cows. However, with loose housing, average daily gains of young animals were 45g higher compared to tied housing with 1.1 t of feed consumed per unit (p&lt;0.05). There was a small effect of holding technology on these figures of 2.8% and 2.7% respectively. Consumption of forage per 1 head of young animals was higher by 3 cent of fodder units (p&lt;0,001) while the amount of the consumed concentrated forage was not different when feeding with fodder mixtures. As a result, an average daily gain by 123g was higher in the farms that used the feed mixture feeding technology and the cost per unit of production was lower by 1.4 t of feed units. The strength of the influence of the factor in question was 23% and 6.2% respectively. The established relations and features of influence of technologies of the housing and feeding of dairy cattle indicate the greater energy efficiency of loose housing technology of cows and young cattle with feeding by full-feed mixture of fodder. Experimental farms pay insufficient attention to balancing feed rations, especially for young cattle, which leads to overconsumption of feed. Keywords: housing technology, feeding, feed consumption, dairy cattle, output, average daily gains, reproduction capability.

TECHNOLOGY OF FEED ADDITIVES FROM THISTLE’S SEEDS PREPARATION

Some features of feed additives’ producing technology for dry cows are presented. This thistle seeds’ feed composition and biologically active substances is justified. The thistle grains in rations using the digestive’s process significantly improving and the cows’ milk production increasing. This feed additive in all types of animals’ ration and compound feeds can be used. The parameters of the grain’s physical forms are studied, its grinding features are established. To determine the bulk materials’ particles floating speeds, the thistle grains floating speeds and crushed grain particles distribution’s polygons are constructed. The technological regulations for feed additives on existing domestic equipment for the feed preparation at workshop have been developed: a feed unit "Dose", a crusher with a pneumatic intake sleeve, an extruder, a small mixer for premix, a mobile transporter and tensometric scales for components’ weighing. An experimental sample of the feed additive was made. Its composition in % by weight is: crushed thistle grain - 92,76; profort - 6,00; betaine hydrochloride (97%) - 1,20; vitamin E (50%) bulk - 0,04. The percentage shows the amount of active substance in the drug. The developed feed additive at the dry cows’ ration in a dose of 0,5 kg per head per day was tested. Its using made it possible these animals’ milk production in 4,3% to increase. The thistle seeds’ feed additives producing, so and biologically active components on the farms can be carried out.

Study on desert agrophytocenoses on the drained bottom of the Aral Sea

The drained bottom of the Aral Sea encloses an area of around 6 million hectares, of which 3.2 million hectares are located on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In addition to the removal of salt, dust and sand from the dried seabed, which cause enormous damage to the environment, there is 1.5 million hectares forest-usable area on the Aral Sea, which in turn, can be seen as an opportunity to create desert shrub agrophytocenoses. The aim of this research was to develop the most effective strategies for establishing desert agrophytocenoses on the afforestationable area of bottom sediments of the drained Aral Sea and to select desert forage plants for increasing the productivity of the pastures created. Studies have shown that with the use of focal, pasture-protective and reclamation-forage methods, as well as forage plants such as chogon, teresken, boyalych, keireuk, it is possible to create pastures with a feed capacity of up to 500 feed units per 1 hectare. This will increase the number of grazed animals by 20-30%. The results can be applied to sediments from the drained Aral Sea bottom that are of the afforestationable type. In the near future, the drained bottom of the Aral Sea will serve as a reserve for animal feed, opening up new opportunities for the development of an animal husbandry industry in the Aral Sea region. At the same time, forage plants will fix the soils of the drained bottom of the Aral Sea, greatly enhancing the region’s ecological situation.

Горение фосфора: проблемы и решения при постановке эксперимента

Introduction. During storage ammunition both in open areas and indoors, various situations of ignition and fire development may occur. The article deals with the issues of extinguishing burning ammunition by isolating them from oxygen supply. As a fire extinguishing agent, a fast-hardening foam based on a specialized two-component composition for fire extinguishing, as part of an aqueous solution of expanded clay, was used. The ignition of phosphorus-containing ammunition, which is in the standard capping when using the system of automatic supply of fast-hardening foam to the ignition source, is simulated. A systematic approach to the planning and staging of the experiment is described. A test procedure has been developed and the choice of measuring instruments has been justified. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out. The main conclusion based on the results of the experiment is that the ranges of the phosphorus burning temperatures obtained during the detonation of ammunition both with free burning and when using fire extinguishing means are determined. The dynamics of burning is studied. The results can be used for further testing of both the properties of the fast-hardening foam and its automatic feeding system. Purpose and objectives. The purpose of the study is to improve the methods of extinguishing explosive and flammable substances and to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of fast-curing foam based on a specialized two-component composition for fire extinguishing as part of an aqueous solution of expanded clay. Methods. The effectiveness evaluation process is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the parameters of free phosphorus burning obtained as a result of the detonation of regular mortar ammunition without extinguishing are determined. At the second stage of the study, phosphorus burning is extinguished using foam based on a specialized two-component composition for fire extinguishing and an assessment of its effect on burning process. Results and discussion. Private results of the application of an automated foam feeding unit to the ignition source are obtained and the results were evaluated. Conclusions. The proposed method of extinguishing explosive substances based on the use of special foam, based on a specialized two-component composition for fire extinguishing showed that the direction of development was chosen correctly, but currently the method cannot be applied in practice due to: - low reliability of the installation, according to the reliability criterion; - obtaining unreliable results due to insufficient development of technology for measuring physical quantities; - insufficient time for monitoring the process (4 times less than the calculated time); - the lack of the possibility of determining the mass of the burning substance and, as a consequence, the lack of calculation of the dynamics of the development of burning. The directions of further research in terms of the development of the obtained results and the planning of experiments are determined. Keywords: white phosphorus; experiment; extinguishing; fast-curing foam; analysis; criteria.

Испытание нового сорта козлятника восточного «Еля-ты» (Galega orientalis) в условиях Ненецкого автономного округа

The paper deals with the adaptive properties of the new fodder culture of Eastern galega, variety‘ Elya-Ty”, its influence on the productivity, nutritional value and botanical composition of haying hytocenoses for the research period of 2003-2022. The natural and climatic conditions are favorable for Eastern galega breeding as evidenced by the ecological test data of its biopotential in the floodplain ecosystem of the Lower Pechora River. The area differs by temperature regime (average daily temperatures of 8.6–16.2 °C) and moisture conditions from arid to excessively moist (hydrothermal coefficient 0.6–3.9) with the production of 80–294 centners/ha of green mass without fertilizer. By the correlation analysis, economic characters of the cultivar moderately to strongly depend on the deficiency coefficient of active (˃10 °S) and average daily air temperatures. The productivity of galega is characterized by a moderate type of fluctuation. By the data obtained, the productivity increase is mean stable (p = 0.391) with high dependence on random meteorological factors during the vegetation period and in winter time (JR = 0.7571). 1 kg of feed contains 0.70 feed unit, 9.3 MJ exchange energy, nitrogen-free extractable substances - 45.1, raw protein - 19.5, raw fiber - 27.6, raw fat and ash - 1.86 and 5.9, respectively, and sugar - 9,5 %.

Productivity of the Syniukha variety alfalfa grass stands of the fourth and fifth years of growing in conditions of the northern Podillia

Purpose. To evaluate the productivity of feed grass stands of the Sinyuha variety alfalfa according to yield indicators, quality and nutritional value of green mass harvested in the phases of budding and flowering to establish their value for the use in livestock industry in conditions of northern Podillia. Methods. Field experiment (visual and phenological observations of the growth and development of alfalfa plants), calculation, thermostatic, mathematical-statistical. Results. The studies were carried out in the field experiment of the Khmelnytskyi state agricultural research station of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of NAAS during 2019-2020 on podzolized medium loam black soil. The optimal phase of mowing alfalfa in the feed grass stands of the fourth-fifth years of life was determined. It is the budding phase, in which the feed productivity of the crop increased: the yield of green mass in the sum of four mowings, which was 2.5 t/ha or 5% higher. Despite a slight difference in dry matter content, its total yield was practically equal to that of the flowering phase. The studied phases of mowing had an impact on the feed productivity of alfalfa. It has been established that, in terms of quality and nutritional value of the leaf-stem mass, a greater accumulation of nutrients occurred during the mowing of alfalfa in the budding phase, when the gross yield of the sum of cuttings was: feed units – 8.78 t, crude protein – 2.39 t, gross energy – 151.52 GJ and exchange energy – 92.12 GJ. Conclusions. To ensure high yields and good feeding qualities of the Sinyukha variety alfalfa grass stands of the fourth-fifth years of cultivation in conditions of northern Podillia, mowing in the budding phase should be applied, what will contribute to the increase in the total yield of green mass with a slight difference in the total dry matter yield and increase in gross yield: feed units, crude protein, gross and metabolizable energy relative to the flowering phase.

Feed and biological value of the alfalfa green mass carbohydrate-lignin complex

Purpose. To study how the content of the main nutrients, the amount and ratio of structural and nonstructural carbohydrates in the green mass of alfalfa changes during the process of growth and development. To establish a phase in which the produced feed will have high feed and biological value. Methods. Sampling was carried out in accordance with the State Standard of Ukraine (SSU) ISO 6497:2005, determination of the content of moisture and other volatile substances – SSU ISO 6496:2005, nitrogen and crude protein – SSU 7169:2010, crude fat – SSU ISO 6492:2003, fiber – SSU 8844: 2019, raw ash – SSU ISO 5984:2004, carbohydrate-lignin complex (sugars, hemicellulose, cellulose) – SSU 7982:2015, neutral detergent fiber – SSU ISO 16472, acid detergent fiber and lignin – SSU ISO 13906:2013, starch – SSU ISO 6493:2008. Results. During alfalfa green mass growth and development, the content of dry matter increases gradually from 15% to 25%, the content of crude protein in it decreases from 26% to 13%, and crude fiber increases from 15% to 38%, the content and composition of nitrogen-free extractives change. In the phase of branching, the cellulose content is 12%, in the phase of full flowering – 24.6%, during beans development – 30.6%. The lignin content increases from 2.3% to 14.4%, that is, more than six times. The feeding value, expressed in the feed unit indicator, decreases from 0.9 to 0.79, and the exchangeable energy in the phase of budding and the beginning of flowering is at the level of 9.5 MJ. Conclusions. The green mass of alfalfa in the phase of budding-beginning of flowering is a valuable raw material for the production of feeds (hay, silage, granulated feed, grass flour, etc.), since the yield of the crop in this phase is still high, the crude protein content is at the 20% level, the amount of easily hydrolyzed carbohydrates is 14%, the amount of structural carbohydrates is still at the 30.0% level. The calculated feeding value of green mass is higher than the feeding value of the produced hay in terms of feed units by only 3.5%, digestible protein by 11%, and exchangeable energy by 2.6%.

Nettle hay meal feeding and development of replacement pig stock

The effect of different amount of nettle hay meal replacing concentrated feed on the development of replacement pig stock in terms of live weight and external measurements are studied. Indicators of growth patterns, nutrient consumption per 1 kg of pigs under test are cinsidered as well. Hematological indicators were researched. The main group of pigs was fed with the basic diet in the comparative and main periods of the experiment. (barley, wheat, pea and corn grits and sunflower meal). Nettle hay meal was added to the diet of the second group under test. It replaced 12.5 % of the protein of the above-mentioned diet. The third diet of pigs under test included 25 % nettle hay meal to replace the protein in concentrated feed. A mixture of micro- and macroelements was used as a mineral additive. The meal was given as dry form twice a day. Nettle hay meal was dried when nettle grass in the budding phase. Nettle hay was ground with a mill of 2 mm grid diameter. Long-term feeding with nettle hay meal in the amount between 12.5 % and 25 % of protein in the concentrated feed diet does not reduce the growth index of the pigs under test and does not increase the consumption of feed units, metabolism and protein per 1 kg of their growth compared to stock fed with concentrated feed rations. The growth indicator analysis demonstrates that the assessing stabable growth of piglets under test is higher than in the rest of groups under test. A similar tendency is observed in the growth tension index assessment. When growing the proportions of piglets’ body structure change, it depends not only on changes in their live weight. So at 8 months of age the pigs that comsumped 12.5 and 25 % nettle hay meal had the highest linear growth rates compared to the other group under test. The results of hematological studies proved the replacement of concentrated fodder protein with nettle hay meal contributed to the increase in the erythrocyte amount, hemoglobin and total protein in the blood. Key words: pigs, young stock, nettle, hay meal, concentrated feed, average daily, absolute, relative growth, mineral elements, feed consumption, formation intensity, stress index, hematological indicators.

Chemical composition, nutritional and energy value of perennial cereal grasses depending on fertilizer

Purpose. To establish changes in the chemical composition, nutritional value and energy intensity of various types of perennial grasses feed under the influence of mineral fertilizers. Methods. General scientific – hypotheses, inductions and deductions, analogies, generalizations, and special – field, laboratory, analytical, mathematical-statistical, calculation-comparative. Results. The results of research on the content of organic and mineral substances in various types of perennial grasses feed, its nutritional value and energy intensity on sod-podzolic soils of the Carpathian region are presented. Conclusions. Nitrogen has the most positive effect on the chemical composition of cereal grass stands. With the fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of N90 under each mowing against the background of application of P60K60, the content of crude protein in the dry mass of various types of grasses increased from 10.3-11.5% to 14.5-15.6%, or by 3.1- 4.0%, protein – from 7.6-8.0% to 10.0-10.8%, or by 2.2-2.4%, as well as tendentious crude fat, and the content of nitrogenfree extractive substances decreased from 46.8-51.2 to 41.9-45.9%, or by 4.2-4.9%. At the same time, the supply of digestible protein of the feed unit increased from 107-110 g to 142-152 g, or by 35-42 g. With the application of P60K60, compared to the variant without fertilizers application, the phosphorus content in the dry mass of grasses increased by 0.02-0.04% and that of potassium – by 0.20-0.36%. Most of these mineral elements, as well as raw ash, were accumulated by the Dactylis glomerata. Due to the improvement in quality through introduction of N90, perennial grasses are suitable for the production of high-quality grass feed, in particular hay, haylage and green fodder of the 1st class and artificially dried grass feed of the 3rd class.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И СОСТАВ ТРАВОСТОЕВ ПАСТБИЩНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СЕВЕРА РОССИИ

The scientific work presents the results of 2017–2021, obtained at the experimental field of the Northwestern Dairy Farming and Grassland Management Research Institute in the Vologda region, on the influence of purposefully selected species and varieties of cereals and legumes, complementing festulolium and ryegrass, on the productivity and botanical composition of agrophytocenoses of the European North of the Russian Federation. The soil of the experimental site is sod-podzolic, medium cultivated, medium loamy. The scientific experience consists of 10 variants (including a control consisting of fescue, timothy and bluegrass), the repetition is threefold. Observations and records were carried out according to the methods generally accepted in forestry at the V.R. Williams Research Institute of Forage. The processing of yield data will be carried out by the method of variance analysis described in the "Methodology of field experience" by B.A. Dospekhov. It was found that on average, over 4 years of research on cereal grass with the use of fertilizers, productivity was 6.1–7.2 tons of dry weight, the content of feed units was 5.0–5.8 thousand, digestible protein 0.7–0.8 tons, metabolic energy 610–72.0 GJ per hectare. On legumes and cereals grass stands with the inclusion of meadow and creeping clover, the production indicators were: dry the weight is 8.2–8.4 tons, the metabolic energy is 84.8–87.6 GJ, the collection of feed units is 7.1–7.3 thousand and crude protein is 1.1–1.6 tons per hectare.

Influence of the aftereffect of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of a long-term phytocenosis in the conditions of the Privilyui agrolandscape of the middle taiga subzone of Yakutia

The article provides the research of 2011-2019 on studying the long-term influence of the aftereffect of 36-year application of mineral fertilizers on the productivity and nutritional value of long-term meadow phytocenoses. In a stationary experiment with a radical improvement of meadows, the following variants for applying mineral fertilizers were studied from 1974 to 2010: the minimum level was N62P60K11 (control), the average level was N202P175K43, and the maximum level was N318P362K189. In the conditions of the Privilyui agrolandscape of the middle taiga subzone of Yakutia, a long-term aftereffect of fertilizers (from 2011 to 2019) contributed to the preservation of the main dominant in the grass stand - couch grass (Elymus repens (L.) Nevski) up to 27.4-42.1 % and codominant – short-awned barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin) Link.) up to 14.7-24.3 %. During the aftereffect of fertilizers, the yield of cereal-forb phytocenosis averaged 1.71-2.03 t/ha of hay, which is 2.1-2.5 times higher than the yield of natural meadows. At the same time, hay forage contained up to 8.9-9.1 MJ of exchange energy, up to 0.62-0.65 feed units, and up to 80-90 g of digestible protein, which corresponds to the zootechnical norm.

The influence of azotovite and phosphatovite on crop yields in the crop rotation link

The results of studies of two–factor field experience for 2019-2021. On the study of the influence of three methods of using azotovite (A) and phosphatovite (F) - (factor B) and mineral fertilizers (background 1, 2) (factor NQ) on the yield and nutritional value of forage crops in the link are presented improved fodder crop rotation: spring rapeseed for green mass; winter rye and spring barley for grain on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Novgorod region. High efficiency was ensured by the use of azotovite and phosphatovite (factor B3) – treatment of seed material with preparations (A + F for 2 l / t of each preparation) and non-root treatment of crops in phases: tillering of cereals and leaf formation-stalking of rapeseed (A + F for 1 l/ha of each preparation) against the background of 1. Yield cultivated crops over the years of research amounted to 34.7; 6.8 and 4.4 t/ha, which is 27; 25 and 33% higher in relation to background 1, respectively, with a production profitability of 130-160%. On average, for the crop rotation link, the highest yield of feed units is 5.8 thousand/ha, digestible protein is 0.47 t/ha, as well as an increase in the provision of digestible protein for a feed unit by 6 grams was obtained when using factors N1P1K1 and B3 in relation to background 1 in technological operations. In this variant, the best economic and energy effect was revealed – the conditional net profit increased by 37% (in 2019 prices), the energy intensity of the production of basic products decreased by 20%, the energy efficiency of production increased by 24% relative to background 1.

Effect of Titanium tetrachloride on the rate of chlorination of Yarega quartz-leucoxene concentrate

This paper considers the results of a study that looked at chlorination of the Yarega quartz-leucoxene concentrate in an ebullated bed reactor (EBR) that feeds titanium tetrachloride vapours and their mixture with chlorine to the reaction mass. The experiments were conducted at a temperature of 850 oC and an incoming gas flow rate of 1,600 ml/min. 250&ndash;315 &mu;m concentrate grains mixed with 160&ndash;250 &mu;m calcined petroleum coke (the carbon to titanium dioxide molecular ratio was 5) were subjected to chlorination. The reaction products were analyzed with the help of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. It was found that, in the absence of chlorine, titanium tetrachloride only interacts with iron oxides. Feeding a mixture of titanium tetrachloride vapours and chlorine into the reactor leads to an intensified chlorination of the main concentrate components, including TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The TiO2 chlorination rate rises proportionally to the square root of the partial pressure of titanium tetrachloride in the gas-vapour mixture. The risen rate can be attributed to a higher concentration of active chlorine atoms, which in this case occur on carbon surface not only due to dissociation of molecular chlorine but also as a result of decomposition of titanium tetrachloride. A higher partial pressure of chlorine atoms leads to higher rates of reaction between the chlorine atoms and the concentrate components. According to the proposed reaction mechanism, the TiO2 chlorination rate is proportional to the square root of the product of the partial pressure of TiCl4 and the carbon grains surface area. The excessive chlorine does not impact the chlorination rate. It would be advisable to take into account the discovered ability of TiCl4 to intensify the titanium dioxide chlorination process when designing a chlorine feeding unit in the ebullated bed reactor. Feeding chlorine mixed with titanium tetrachloride vapours into the lower section of the reactor can help enhance the process performance while avoiding using too much chlorine.The work weas carried out under financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant, the project No. 18-29-24187mk.

Ray tracing-based delay model for compensating gravitational deformations of VLBI radio telescopes

AbstractThe precision and the reliability of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) depend on several factors. Apart from fabrication discrepancies or meteorological effects, gravity-induced deformations of the receiving unit of VLBI radio telescopes are identified as a crucial error source biasing VLBI products and obtained results such as the scale of a realized global geodetic reference frame. Gravity-induced deformations are systematical errors and yield signal path variations (SPVs). In 1988, Clark and Thomsen derived a VLBI delay model, which was adopted by the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to reduce these systematic errors. However, the model parametrizes the SPV by a linear substitute function and considers only deformations acting rotationally symmetrically. The aim of this investigation is to derive the signal path variations of a legacy radio telescope and a modern broadband VGOS-specified radio telescope and to study the effect of nonrotationally symmetric deformation patterns. For that purpose, SPVs are obtained from a nonlinear spatial ray tracing approach. For the first time, a tilt and a displacement of the subreflector perpendicular to the optical axis of the feed unit is taken into account. The results prove the commonly used VLBI delay model as a suitable first-order delay model to reduce gravity-induced deformations.