Feeding Patterns Research Articles

Relationship Between Maternal Negative Emotions and Feeding Patterns of Infants Aged 0-6 Months in Remote Rural Areas of Sichuan Province

Objective To investigate the status of exclusive breastfeeding and bottle feeding in remote rural areas of Sichuan province and explore the relationship between negative emotions of mothers and feeding patterns of infants.Methods Multistage cluster sampling was employed to select the infants aged 0-6 months and their mothers in remote rural areas of Sichuan province.A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the demographic characteristics of mothers and infants and the basic family information.The Chinese version of Depression Anxiety Stress scale was used to evaluate mothers' negative emotions,and the Breastfeeding Self-efficacy scale to assess the confidence level of mothers' behavior of adhering to exclusive breastfeeding.Results Totally 723 pairs of infants and their mothers were included.The exclusive breastfeeding and bottle feeding rates were 34.16% (247/723) and 57.54% (416/723),respectively.Mothers with depression tendency were less likely to adopt exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.532,95%CI=0.291-0.974,P=0.041) and more likely to adopt bottle feeding (OR=1.877,95%CI=1.054-3.344,P=0.033).Further subgroup analysis of breastfeeding self-efficacy showed that in the group of low self-efficacy,the mothers with depression tendency were less likely to adopt exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.461,95%CI=0.236-0.902,P=0.024) and more likely to adopt bottle feeding (OR=1.968,95%CI=1.047-3.701,P=0.036) than the mothers without depression tendency.In the group of high self-efficacy,mothers' depression,anxiety,and stress tendency had no significant correlation with infant feeding patterns (all P>0.05).Conclusions The mothers in the remote rural areas of Sichuan province are more likely to employ bottle feeding than exclusive breastfeeding.The mothers with stronger depression tendency demonstrate lower possibility of exclusive breastfeeding and higher possibility of bottle feeding.Breastfeeding self-efficacy may affect the association between maternal depression and infant feeding patterns.

Numerical simulation of proppant transport from a horizontal well into a perforation using computational fluid dynamics

With the increasing global demand for oil and gas, the development of unconventional resources such as shale gas is becoming ever more important. The key to developing unconventional oil and gas resources lies in horizontal wells with multistage fracturing technology. In the process of horizontal well segmentation fracturing, the distribution of the proppant among multiple clusters has a significant influence on the fracturing effect. However, the influence of various factors on the entry of proppant into the perforation and then into the fracture along the wellbore is unclear. In this paper, based on the flow characteristics of proppants in fracturing fluids, we investigate the wellbore–perforation proppant transport using a Eulerian multiphase flow model. The effect of different factors on proppant entry into the perforation in horizontal wells is studied. We first verify that the computational fluid dynamics model satisfies the accuracy requirements for studying the sand-carrying efficiency of proppants in a perforation cluster. Second, the effects of the proppant size, proppant density, fracturing fluid viscosity, perforation diameter, and fracturing fluid flow rate on the proppant transport efficiency are investigated. Finally, a mathematical model of the sand-carrying efficiency is established by multivariate nonlinear fitting. The results show that the proppant size has a more significant effect on proppant settling at low wellbore flow rates. Increasing the diameter of the proppant particles can accelerate proppant settling. Higher wellbore flow rates tend to reduce the sand-carrying efficiency, although using a low-density proppant can mitigate the effect of the wellbore flow rate. At low wellbore flow rates, increasing the perforation size makes it easier for the proppant to enter bottom perforations. Increasing the fluid viscosity helps to distribute the proppant evenly between perforations in different directions, but this effect diminishes as the flow rate increases. Finally, a formula for the wellbore sand-carrying efficiency is obtained and validated, providing a basis for optimizing the distribution of the proppant in the perforation. The results from this paper enhance our understanding of the sand and fluid feeding patterns of each perforation cluster and provide direction for improving the construction process and enhancing the fracture inflow capacity.

Comparative evaluation of early postpartum breast feeding patterns in women undergoing caesarean section and vaginal delivery

Comparative evaluation of early postpartum breast feeding patterns in women undergoing caesarean section and vaginal delivery

The Effect of Stunting on Child Growth and Development

Stunting is one of the leading public health problems in lower-middle-income countries, including Indonesia. Stunting is a problem of chronic malnutrition caused by insufficient nutritional intake over a long period due to food that does not meet the dietary needs required. Nutritional issues in young children can have serious consequences; according to the World Health Organization, stunting can cause cognitive or intelligence, motor, and verbal development to develop sub-optimally, increase the risk of obesity and other degenerative diseases, increase health costs, and increase the incidence of morbidity and death. This literature review aims to determine the effect of stunting on children's growth and development and the influencing factors. Search for keywords: Stunting, growth, and development of checking in children, children, cognitive and motor skills. The conclusion from the literature review is that there is a significant relationship between stunting influence on motoric development in children, and the factors that cause stunting do not only come from the child but many external factors that influence such as maternal, economic, environmental, and infectious diseases factors and not only that. Feeding patterns are also one of the factors causing stunting in children.

Growth, tolerance and safety outcomes with use of an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula in infants with cow's milk protein allergy.

To evaluate growth, tolerance and safety outcomes with use of an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula (eHCF) in infants with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). A total of 226 infants (mean ± SD age: 106.5 ± 39.5 days, 52.7% were girls) with CMPA who received eHCF comprising at least half of the daily dietary intake were included. Data on anthropometrics [weight for age (WFA), length for age (LFA) and weight for length (WFL) z-scores] were recorded at baseline (visit 1), while data on infant feeding and stool records, anthropometrics and Infant Feeding and Stool Patterns and Formula Satisfaction Questionnaires were recorded at visit 2 (on Days 15 ± 5) and visit 3 (on Days 30 ± 5). From baseline to visit 2 and visit 3, WFA z-scores (from -0.60 ± 1.13 to -0.54 ± 1.09 at visit 2, and to -0.44 ± 1.05 at visit 3, p < 0.001) and WFL z-scores (from -0.80 ± 1.30 to -0.71 ± 1.22 at visit 2, and to -0.64 ± 1.13 at visit 3, p = 0.002) were significantly increased. At least half of infants never experienced irritability or feeding refusal (55.7%) and spit-up after feeding (50.2%). The majority of mothers were satisfied with the study formula (93.2%), and wished to continue using it (92.2%). In conclusion, eHCF was well-accepted and tolerated by an intended use population of infants ≤ 6 months of age with CMPA and enabled adequate volume consumption and improved growth indices within 30 days of utilization alongside a favorable gastrointestinal tolerance and a high level of parental satisfaction.

Feeding behaviours in infancy of children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder

Background: Autism spectrum disorder, the fastest growing childhood neurodevelopmental diagnosis, shows good outcomes with early intervention. The search for behavioral early markers is an important area of research. Studies of breastfeeding and weaning behaviours in autism have reported characteristic patterns which could be early indicators of this condition. Methods: The study was a cross sectional survey of breastfeeding and weaning patterns during the first year of life in 50 children aged 15 months to 5 years, including 25 with ASD and 25 Neurotypical children. A semi-structured interview schedule and the brief assessment of mealtime behavior in children scale was used to elicit feeding history from their mothers. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and tests of significance. Results: There were significant differences in the patterns of early feeding of children with ASD, compared to the NT children. 64% ASD children showed dysregulated vigorous sucking during breastfeeding, without knowing when to stop. 52% of them breast fed for more than 40 minutes per feed. 68% continued to breastfeed beyond the age of 2 years. A significant proportion of ASD children also showed weaning difficulties such as limited variety (40%), food refusal (36%) and disruptive mealtime behaviour (32%). Conclusions: Children with ASD show significantly more challenging breastfeeding and weaning behaviours in infancy, compared to NT children. These patterns could be identified by parents and health workers in early child development as possible early signs of ASD and prompt referral for further diagnostic evaluation.

Metagenomic Profiles of Yak and Cattle Manure Resistomes in Different Feeding Patterns before and after Composting.

Antibiotic resistance is a global threat to public health, with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) being one of the emerging contaminants; furthermore, animal manure is an important reservoir of biocide resistance genes (BRGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs). However, few studies have reported differences in the abundance and diversity of BRGs and MRGs between different types of animal manure and the changes in BRGs and MRGs before and after composting. This study employed a metagenomics-based approach to investigate ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) of yak and cattle manure before and after composting under grazing and intensive feeding patterns. The total abundances of ARGs, clinical ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, and MGEs were lower in the manure of grazing livestock than in the manure of the intensively fed group. After composting, the total abundances of ARGs, clinical ARGs, and MGEs in intensively fed livestock manure decreased, whereas those of ARGs, clinical ARGs, MRGs, and MGEs increased in grazing livestock manure. The synergy between MGEs mediated horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transmission via host bacteria proliferation, which was the main driver that altered the abundance and diversity of ARGs, BRGs, and MRGs in livestock manure and compost. Additionally, tetQ, IS91, mdtF, and fabK were potential indicators for estimating the total abundance of clinical ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, and MGEs in livestock manure and compost. These findings suggest that grazing livestock manure can be directly discharged into the fields, whereas intensively fed livestock manure should be composted before returning to the field. IMPORTANCE The recent increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), biocide resistance genes (BRGs), and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in livestock manure poses risks to human health. Composting is known to be a promising technology for reducing the abundance of resistance genes. This study investigated the differences and changes in the abundances of ARGs, BRGs, and MRGs between yak and cattle manure under grazing and intensive feeding patterns before and after composting. The results indicate that the feeding pattern significantly affected the abundances of resistance genes in livestock manure. Manure in intensive farming should be composted before being discharged into the field, while grazing livestock manure is not suitable for composting due to an increased number of resistance genes.

Active feeding of anadromous white-spotted char Salvelinus leucomaenis at the southern latitudinal rivers

Although starvation poses a serious risk of death, it is a common phenomenon among anadromous salmonids that fast after returning to the river following oceanic feeding migration. To address the effects of geographic environmental factors on their feeding, we examined the river feeding patterns and condition of sea-run migrants of white-spotted char ( Salvelinus leucomaenis) in rivers with latitudinal variation from 38°N to 46°N along the Sea of Japan. The river feeding patterns showed a significant latitudinal trend: char were observed to feed at lower latitudes and fast at higher latitudes. In contrast, the condition factor did not exhibit any latitudinal trends. These findings suggest that the environmental conditions encountered by individuals prior to and after river entry may influence their river feeding. Active feeding by the southern sea-run migrant char may be an adaptive strategy to maintain their body condition in response to the local conditions. This study highlights the importance of rivers not only as spawning and growth habitats for juveniles, but also as feeding habitats for certain anadromous salmonids.

Daily vertical distribution and diet of Cyclothone braueri (Gonostomatidae) in the Polcevera submarine canyon (Ligurian Sea, north-western Mediterranean)

Despite its abundance, the role of Cyclothone braueri in intermediate mesopelagic food webs has been poorly investigated, notably its trophic behaviour in areas characterized by peculiar oceanographic and ecological features, such as submarine canyons. In this study, we investigated the diel feeding pattern of C. braueri in the Polcevera submarine canyon, in the Ligurian Sea. Stratified sampling from the surface to 1300 m was undertaken with a BIONESS every 6 h during a 24 h period. Stomach contents of 244 C. braueri specimens from 11.6 to 27.5 mm SL were examined. Calanoid copepods were the dominant taxa in the fish stomachs (98% of all copepods), with Pleuromamma abdominalis, Neocalanus gracilis, Pleuromamma gracilis and Euchaeta acuta being the main preys. Among the 20 identified copepod prey species, about 20% were typical of the epipelagic zone, while the remaining 80% usually live in mesopelagic waters. The low number of prey per stomach (average = 1.4) and high vacuity index (53%) indicated that this species had very low metabolic requirements (trophic level in this study was 3.03). Most of the full stomachs were found during the morning and afternoon in the upper mesopelagic zone (200–400 m), indicating two main periods of feeding activity per day. This study confirmed high abundance and biomass of C. braueri in Polcevera canyon compared to those of open ocean waters and raised the question of how the presence of the canyon affects migratory and trophic behaviours of this mesopelagic fish. Further analyses aimed at investigating the link between the hydrodynamic regime of the Polcevera canyon and the behaviour and trophic ecology of C. braueri are needed to address this question.

Parenting toddlers: Evidences of parental needs from South India.

Quality of childcare can predict a child's emotional and behavioural adjustment throughout the life span. Furthermore, this has major implications for child development and mental health in the long-term. Parents often face major challenges while providing childcare especially during the early years of a child. This paper describes specific parental concerns in raising a toddler from a mental health developmental perspective. The study was conducted in urban Bengaluru, India under an exploratory research design using semi-structured interviews. Ten parents participated in the study. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Four major themes emerged. The first theme was related to the formation of parental beliefs about parenting which identified several sources such as parenting practices witnessed during childhood, childhood experiences and influence of culture, mass or social media. The second theme to emerge was on concerns related to toddlers which parents had difficulties in understanding as well as managing, specially navigating through sleep and feed pattern, identifying developmental needs and making a meaning of toddlers' communication styles and content. The third theme showed parental concerns which consisted of areas such as parental stress, physical exhaustion, lack of time for each other or toddler, lack of information about handling toddlers and absence of validation of parental efforts. The final theme was on their current parenting practices with their toddlers which showcased controlling styles, play time but low on quality, inappropriate responses to toddlers' emotions or behaviours and several culturally practiced measures which were not validated scientifically. The pre-existing belief among parents about parenting and toddlers' specific behaviours influence parenting practices. The understanding of the parental challenges is beneficial in developing an appropriate parenting programme focussing on strengthening psychological capacities of toddlers.

Feeding behaviour and food preferences of native and introduced snail species from the Lomas formations, threatened seasonal fog oases

The Lomas formations are ephemeral seasonal oases found along the Pacific arid coast of South America. Whereas fast-growing plants are characteristic in the Lomas, other organisms such as land snails are also conspicuous. In the Lomas, several snails can occur sympatrically and therefore they might have adapted their food requirements to the limited available items while avoiding competing for food (resource partitioning). Since the dietary items and food preferences of Lomas’ snails are almost completely unknown, our study aimed to document these in three snails occurring sympatrically, two native (Succinea peruviana and Bostryx conspersus) and one introduced (Cornu aspersum) species in Lomas de Lucumo, a threatened Lomas from Central Peru. We recorded the snails’ activity, host, and food items. We also carried out dual-choice bioassays to evaluate the feeding preferences of B. conspersus and C. aspersum when offered leaf disks of the two dominant plant Lomas species, Senecio abadianus and Sicyos baderoa. Whereas we were unable to record any food item used by C. aspersum, we recorded the two native Lomas species (B. conspersus and S. peruviana) having contrasting patterns of feeding as they were on different hosts (plants vs soil) and food items (vascular plants vs. lichens/organic material/mosses/algae). Although the feeding preferences were similar between B. conspersus and C. aspersum (i.e., both species preferred the leaves of Si. baderoa over Se. abadianus), C. aspersum, after feeding stimulation, consumed significantly less leaf area of Se. abadianus than B. conspersus. Sicyos individuals are fast-growing plants and might be less herbivore-resistant, while Senecio species are characterized to produce defensive alkaloids which make plants less palatable. Our results indicate that Lomas’ snail species have evolved distinct trophic niches by partitioning the limited food resources and native herbivorous species are better adapted to feed on Lomas’ native plants given their common evolutionary history.

The impact of semi-continuous and alternating microbial feeding patterns on methane yield from UASB reactors

Feeding strategy represents one of the most important bioreactor operation parameters, however, how different feeding patterns impact reactor microbiome development and treatment performance in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors has not been systematically investigated. In the present study, three feeding strategies, including continuous feeding, semi-continuous feeding (with starvation-feast cycles), and alternate feeding (with high loading-low loading cycles) were assessed and compared using three laboratory-scale UASB reactors. It was observed that both long and short starvation-feast cycles provided by a semi-continuous feeding strategy failed to sustain stable anaerobic digestion under the conditions examined in the present study, while alternate feeding with high and low loading cycles supported microbial development. This feeding pattern resulted in an average methane yield of 74 ± 8.5% and an effluent COD removal efficiency of 89 ± 2.8%, which is comparable to the reactor operated under a continuous feeding pattern (Methane yield of 72 ± 2.4% and a COD removal efficiency of 87 ± 7.7%). Interestingly, as compared to continuous operation, reactors experienced starvation/feast stress (i.e., semi-continuous feeding) developed significantly higher methanogenic activities once continuous feeding was presumed, with dominant methanogens shifted from Methanosaeta in continuous feeding UASB to Methanosarcina in reactors undergone semi-continuous feeding. It was concluded that reactor feeding strategies can significantly impact microbiome communities in UASB, and an alternate feeding pattern is preferred, as compared to semi-continuous operation when reactor feeding cannot be continuously supplied.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in areas of the northeastern United States infested with the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis

The northeastern United States (US) is a hotspot for tick-borne diseases. Adding to an already complex vector landscape, in 2017 large populations of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick, were detected in New Jersey (NJ) and later found to be widespread from Connecticut to Georgia. In its native range in northeastern Asia, H. longicornis is considered an important vector of deadly pathogens to humans, companion animals, and livestock. To identify the primary hosts of H. longicornis, we surveyed synanthropic small and medium-sized mammals in three different sites in suburban New Brunswick, NJ. Specifically, we collected approximately 9,000 tick specimens belonging to nine species from 11 different species of mammals sampled between May and September 2021. We found that H. longicornis feeds more frequently on rodents than previously thought, and that this invasive tick is likely exposed to important enzootic and zoonotic pathogens. Overall, we obtained detailed information about the seasonal dynamics and feeding patterns of six tick species common in the northeastern US, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes texanus and Ixodes cookei. We found that unlike I. scapularis that feeds on mammals of all sizes, H. longicornis feeds on hosts following the general pattern of A. americanum, favoring larger species such as skunks, groundhogs, and raccoons. However, our survey revealed that unlike A. americanum, H. longicornis reaches high densities on Virginia opossum. Overall, the newly invasive H. longicornis was the most numerous tick species, both on multiple host species and in the environment, raising significant questions regarding its role in the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens, especially those affecting livestock, companion animals and wildlife. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable insights into the tick species composition on mammalian hosts in NJ and the ongoing national expansion of H. longicornis.

FEEDING PATTERN WITH NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CHILDREN AGED 11-12 YEARS AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 04 SEPANJANG JAYA BEKASI CITY IN 2023

Beckground : The body's physiological function needs, as well as social and emotional needs, everyone needs to eat (consume food) with the right diet. Fulfillment of the amount of food and nutrients that are good for the body will lead to a better quality of one's health and this will have a positive impact on one's education. Adequate nutrition plays an important role during school age to ensure these children achieve their full or optimal growth, development and health potential. Weight is often a problem, triggering an increase in the prevalence of obesity and the emergence of eating disorders (malnutrition). Research Objectives : Knowing the Relationship Between Feeding Patterns and Nutritional Status in Children Aged 11-12 Years at SDN 04 Sepanjang Jaya Bekasi City in 2023 Research Methods : The research method used is quantitative with cross-sectional analytic research. The population in this study were children aged 11-12 years in grades 5 and 6 at SDN 04 Sepanjang Jaya, Bekasi City, consisting of 66 people. Research results : From the results of statistical analysis, it was obtained that the value of α was 5% (0.05) the results of the Chi-Square Test obtained a p-value (0.000) &lt; the value of α (0.05) so that it could be concluded from these results that H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted. Conclusion : There is a Relationship between Feeding Patterns and Nutritional Status in Children Aged 11-12 Years at SDN 04 Sepanjang Jaya, Bekasi City.

Suboptimal macronutrient ratios promote cannibalism in a generalist herbivore (Trichoplusia ni)

Abstract Discretional cannibalism is a widespread phenomenon among lepidopteran herbivores. Herbivores encounter variation in dietary nutrient quality when foraging, which alters feeding behaviour, as well as population‐ and trophic‐level dynamics. For example, plant resistance traits directly influence feeding patterns in insect herbivores through reduced consumption of plant tissue and increased rates of cannibalism. However, the effects of dietary composition, in particular unbalanced macronutrient ratios, on driving cannibalism remain unknown. We examined the effects of unbalanced macronutrient ratios on cannibalism in the generalist caterpillar Trichoplusia ni using an artificial diet experiment with varied ratios of two important macronutrients: protein and carbohydrates. We quantified cannibalistic behaviour from the second instar to pupation and measured survival among cannibals and non‐cannibals to understand the long‐term and short‐term costs and benefits of cannibalism. Caterpillars in high carbohydrate, low protein treatments cannibalised 20% more than the optimum control diet treatment, whereas herbivores in high protein, low carbohydrate treatments cannibalised 33% more than herbivores reared on the optimum macronutrient diet treatment. Survival of cannibals in macronutrient‐deficient diet treatments was 10.4%, compared with 76.9% for cannibals in the optimal macronutrient diet treatment. While previous work demonstrates the importance of induced chemical defence in promoting shifts to cannibalism, our results indicate that unbalanced macronutrient ratios can also promote cannibalism in insect herbivores. We propose that understanding how unbalanced macronutrient ratios drive cannibalism yields insight into how dietary quality, including both plant resistance traits and plant nutrients, influences behavioural plasticity and mediates plant–herbivore interactions.

Macroanatomical investigations of the skulls of both genders of Heliosciurus gambianus (Gambian sun squirrel) and Funisciurus anerythrus (Thomas’s rope squirrel)

BackgroundThe skull shape and morphometry have been used by several researchers to differentiate and classify species, breeds and also to age the specimen. This study highlights details of the gross morphometry of the skulls of two species of squirrels, Heliosciurus gambianus and Funisciurus anerythrus, using both sexes.ResultsA total of thirty-one (31) linear morphometric parameters were measured on each skull specimen, relating to individual bones. Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation with significant difference at (P < 0.05). Linear measurements were similar in both genders, although some were negligibly higher in females (51.61% in H. gambianus, 70.96% in F anerythrus); no statistically significant difference was observed (P > 0.05). In spite of the similarity in shape, size and linear morphometric values obtained in both species, Pearson’s correlation analysis of the skull height with other measured parameters gave widely differing results. Correlation data obtained may be used to understand better the pattern of the skull development in these squirrels, as well as how it differs from those obtained in other mammals. Examination of the dentition revealed a varied dental formula across the two species, relating to the presence or absence of the upper and lower premolars.ConclusionsThe results obtained in this study may find application in the fields of comparative anatomy and forensics as well as provide basis for future research in ageing, skull development and feeding patterns in these species.

Relationship between Socio-Economic with Parent’s Knowledge of Toddler Feeding Patterns

Parental knowledge about toddler feeding patterns is one of the factors that can affect the incidence of stunting. Knowledge about toddlers' feeding patterns can be influenced by socioeconomic factors such as education level, occupation, and income. This study analyzed the relationship between education level, occupation, and income with parental knowledge of toddler feeding patterns in the stunting locus. This study used a quantitative correlation design with a secondary data approach. The population is the respondent from secondary data, parents with toddlers in Sukamulya Village. The samples were taken using the total sampling technique of 76 people. The variables in the study were education level, occupation, income, and knowledge of child nutrition patterns. The instrument consisted of questions on education level, employment status, income level, and 14 toddler feeding patterns knowledge questions. Statistical test using Chi-square with 5% significance level. The results of the study found that there was no relationship between education level (p-value=0.282), occupation (p-value=0.717), and income (p-value=1.000) with toddler feeding patterns knowledge. It is due to other factors that influence the knowledge of children's eating habits. More research is needed to determine the factors that influence knowledge of children's feeding patterns.

A health-promoting role of exclusive breastfeeding on infants through restoring delivery mode-induced gut microbiota perturbations.

The establishment of human gut microbiota in early life is closely associated with both short- and long-term infant health. Delivery mode and feeding pattern are two important determinants of infant gut microbiota. In this longitudinal cohort study, we examined the interplay between the delivery mode and feeding pattern on the dynamics of infant gut microbiota from 6 weeks to 6 months post-delivery in 139 infants. We also assessed the relationship between infant respiratory infection susceptibility and gut microbial changes associated with delivery mode and feeding pattern. At 6 weeks postpartum, the composition and structure of gut microbiota of cesarean section-delivered (CSD) infants differed from those of vaginally delivered (VD) infants, with decreased Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella and increased Klebsiella, Veillonella, and Enterococcus. At 6 months postpartum, these delivery mode-induced microbial shifts were restored by exclusive breastfeeding, resulting in similar gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were exclusively breastfed (P = 0.57) and more variable gut microbial profiles between VD and CSD infants who were mixed fed (P < 0.001). We identified that the VD-associated genera were enriched in healthy infants, while the CSD-associated genera were enriched in infants who suffered from respiratory infections. Our findings indicate that exclusive breastfeeding may play a health-promoting role by reducing infant respiratory infection susceptibility through the restoration of gut microbiota perturbations caused by cesarean section.

Household food insecurity levels in Ethiopia: quantile regression approach.

Numerous natural and man-made factors have afflicted Ethiopia, and millions of people have experienced food insecurity. The current cut-points of the WFP food consumption score (FCS) have limitations in measuring the food insecurity level of different feeding patterns due to the diversified culture of the society. The aim of this study is to adapt the WFP food security score cut-points corrected for the different feeding cultures of the society using effect-driven quantile clustering. The 2012, 2014, and 2016 Ethiopian socio-economic household-based panel data set with a sample size of 3,835 households and 42 variables were used. Longitudinal quantile regression with fixed individual-specific location-shift intercept of the free distribution covariance structure was adopted to identify major indicators that can cluster and level quantiles of the FCS. Household food insecurity is reduced through time across the quintiles of food security score distribution, mainly in the upper quantiles. The leveling based on effect-driven quantile clustering brings 35.5 and 49 as the FCS cut-points corrected for cultural diversity. This corrected FCS brings wider interval for food insecure households with the same interval range for vulnerable households, where the WFP FCS cut-points under estimate it by 7 score. Education level, employment, fertilizer usage, farming type, agricultural package, infrastructure-related factors, and environmental factors are found to be the significant contributing factors to food security. On the other hand, the age of the head of the household, dependency ratio, shock, and no irrigation in households make significant contributions to food insecurity. Moreover, households living in rural areas and farming crops on small lands are comparatively vulnerable and food insecure. Measuring food insecurity in Ethiopia using the WFP FCS cut-off points underestimates households' food insecurity levels. Since the WFP FCS cut-points have universality and comparability limitations, there is a need for a universally accepted local threshold, corrected for local factors those resulted in different consumption patterns in the standardization of food security score. Accordingly, the quantile regression approach adjusts the WFP-FCS cut points by adjusting for local situations. Applying WFP cut-points will wrongly assign households on each level, so the proportion of households will be inflated for the security level and underestimated for the insecure level, and the influence of factors can also be wrongly recommended the food security score for the levels. The quantile clustering approach showed that cropping on a small land size would not bring about food security in Ethiopia. This favors the Ethiopian government initiative called integrated farming "ኩታ ገጠም እርሻ" which Ethiopia needs to develop and implement a system that fits and responds to this technology and infrastructure.

Food Habits of Snakehead, Channa Striata (Bloch), in Aquatic Habitats: a Review Literature

Snakehead fish as a fish of high economic value is currently still caught through nature where cork maintenance has not been widely done. Snakehead fish contains high protein, good for health can also for recover damaged. This investigation intends to produce findings from earlier research into the feeding patterns of snakehead fish (Channa striata) in aquatic environments. Because it can serve as a resource for the public and other parties in terms of ecological and biological studies as well as serve as a guide for activities involving the farming of snakehead fish, this study literature is fascinating to address the feeding habits of snakehead fish (Channa striata). Fish fries are the principal diet for carnivorous snakehead fish. when zooplankton or other tiny crustaceans are more commonly consumed by snakehead fish larvae. This disparity in eating patterns is determined by things including fish kind, age, food availability, environment, and fish size. Due to the lack of food, the effects of the season, and the time spent searching for food, snakehead fish are found to have an empty stomach in both their larval and adult stages.