Goat Feed Research Articles

Economy Circular Pengelolaan Sampah Organik Pasar di Peternakan Sapi dari Hulu hingga Hilir (Studi Kasus di Kelompok Tani Sumber Makmur, Gunung Tembak Kota Balikpapan)

Management of market organic waste in Balikpapan City is an important thing to do to reduce the burden on Manggar TPA. Organic waste, especially market organic waste, which continues to increase along with the rapid growth of the population in Balikpapan City as a buffer city for the IKN can increase the risk of environmental pollution and safety. Market organic waste can be used as an alternative feed for cattle and goats and this has been done by the Sumber Makmur Farmer Group, Gunung Tembak, Balikpapan City. In addition to utilizing market organic waste as cattle and goat feed, the Sumber Makmur Farmer Group has also managed cow manure in the form of solid and liquid into solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer. Thus there has been a series of Economy circular which can be an alternative in overcoming the problem of market organic waste in the Balikpapan city as well as increasing economic value. The method in this study uses a descriptive-qualitative method with a design action research model or action research by observing directly to obtain information from the object of study. Discussion of this research is divided into 4 parts such us System for Utilizing Market Organic Waste as Cattle and Goat Feed, the system for utilizing solid cow manure, the system for utilizing liquid cow manure, the potential for managing cattle and goat farms based on an economy circular. The results of observations at the Sumber Makmur Farmer Group, Gunung Tembak, Balikpapan City, show that there have been livestock management activities that apply an economy circular from upstream to downstream. Furthermore, it is hoped that further and in-depth research can be carried out in terms of economy circular-based livestock management in the utilization of organic waste as animal feed so that it can provide more comprehensive information to the wider community so that they can implement this system.
 
 Keyword: market organic waste, farming, animal feed, economic circular, manure

Introduction of Feed Processing Technology for Goats in the Batang Sinama Farmer Group

This was marked by obtaining goat livestock assistance for the group and the existence of joint land processing activities carried out by the group. One of the group's potentials in raising goats is the existence of corn plants that are managed by the group. In terms of feeding goats, the group still relies on providing forage in the form of field grass or corn straw obtained during harvest. The problem found in raising goats is that there is potential that has not been utilized by the group, namely the use of corn straw as animal feed which is continuously available and the low performance of the goats. The service activities carried out include counseling about feed processing to fulfill goat nutrition, goat health checks, practice of fermenting corn straw, making feed supplements and administering worm medicine. The method of implementing service is through lectures, discussions and direct practice. The results of the service that has been carried out are that the group knows the process of making fermented corn straw and feed supplements, adds to the group's insight into livestock care and knows about cases of worms in goats which can reduce goat performanThis was marked by obtaining goat livestock assistance for the group and the existence of joint land processing activities carried out by the group. One of the group's potentials in raising goats is the existence of corn plants that are managed by the group. In terms of feeding goats, the group still relies on providing forage in the form of field grass or corn straw obtained during harvest. The problem found in raising goats is that there is potential that has not been utilized by the group, namely the use of corn straw as animal feed which is continuously available and the low performance of the goats. The service activities carried out include counseling about feed processing to fulfill goat nutrition, goat health checks, practice of fermenting corn straw, making feed supplements and administering worm medicine. The method of implementing service is through lectures, discussions and direct practice. The results of the service that has been carried out are that the group knows the process of making fermented corn straw and feed supplements, adds to the group's insight into livestock care and knows about cases of worms in goats which can reduce goat performan

APPLICATION OF RATION FORMULATION BASED ON AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS GOAT COMPLETE FEEDING IN KALIMPORO VILLAGE, JENEPONTO REGENCY

This community service was carried out in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, and aimed to increase farmers' knowledge, especially the Kalimporo Village farmers group, regarding the utilization and processing of agricultural waste into complete feed for livestock. Community Service was held on Sunday, 4th June 2023 in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, attended by 25 out of 30 farmers (83.3%). The method used was discourse and plot demonstration. The results of this community service were the use of several types of agricultural waste such as bran, green bean skin, corn cobs, lamtoro, cassava, copra meal, and pollard available around the village to be formulated into complete feed with added minerals and salt. The ration was tested in the laboratory and showed good quality with a crude protein content of 12.13%. The feed was highly palatable when given to the goats. Ration based on agricultural waste can be used as a complete feed for goats with economic value so as to reduce livestock production costs and improve the farmers' well-being in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi.

Long-Term Feeding of Dairy Goats with 40% Artichoke by-Product Silage Preserves Milk Yield, Nutritional Composition and Animal Health Status.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of 40% inclusion of artichoke by-product silage (AB) in dairy goat diets on milk yield, composition and animal health status during a full lactation period compared to an isoenergetic and isoproteic mixed ration based on alfalfa hay and a cereal and legume mixture. Milk yield was not affected by the dietary treatments, and neither was body weight. AB treatment reduced whey protein (0.38 vs. 0.42%, p < 0.05) and milk urea concentrations (687 vs. 773 mg/L, respectively, p < 0.001), and did not affect total true protein (3.22 vs. 3.24% p > 0.05) or other macro-composition variables. AB treatment showed higher milk concentrations of Ca (p < 0.05), Mn (p < 0.01), Cu (p < 0.01) and Zn (p < 0.001) compared to the control group (C). Slight differences were observed in milk fatty acid profile without any negative effects (p > 0.05) on the blood cholesterol and glucose of goats. The AB group reduced blood urea due to its high dietary total phenol content. However, it had a positive effect on β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (p > 0.05). It was concluded that 40% artichoke by-product inclusion in dairy goat feed for the whole lactation period (23 weeks) is a sustainable solution, reducing feeding cost by 12.5% per kg of dry matter, contributing to a better circular economy without any negative repercussions on the productivity and health of Murciano-Granadina dairy goats.

Enterococcus faecium supplementation prevents enteritis caused by Escherichia coli in goats.

The probiotic Enterococcus faecium is a gut microbe with immunomodulatory effects, which has been widely used to prevent diarrhoea in pigs and birds. Escherichia coli is a common pathogen that causes inflammatory bowel disease in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of E. faecium on enteritis in goats. Forty goats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups: control, E. faecium, E. coli, and E. faecium+ E. coli. The changes of physiological indicators and diarrhoea scoring were evaluated on days -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. The pathological examination, inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression and bacterial counts in jejunum and caecum were detected on day 4 and 8. The results showed that body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate and leukocyte counts all increased from the 2nd to the 6th day after feeding with E. coli, and the diarrhoea score was significantly increased. However, E. faecium-pretreated goats had lower body temperatures and fewer leukocytes than E. coli-treated goats on day 2, as well as decreased diarrhoea scores. E. coli treatment caused histopathological damage and morphological changes in the jejunum and caecum, while pretreatment with E. faecium significantly alleviated these injuries. E. faecium pretreatment can reduce the load of E. coli and increase the prevalence of Lactobacillus, thereby balancing the microbiota in the intestine. Furthermore, E. coli-infected goats pretreated with E. faecium showed obvious inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA expression in the jejunum and caecum compared to that in the E. coli treatment group. In conclusion, the addition of E. faecium to goat feed is beneficial for improving clinical symptoms, maintaining intestinal mucosa integrity, balancing the microbiota and decreasing inflammatory responses in E. coli-induced intestinal injury.

Strategy for Providing Feed to Sami Mupu Goat Farmer Group in Wanagiri Village, Buleleng Regency, Denpasar, Bali

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Sami Mupu Goat Farmer Group, Wanagiri Village, Buleleng Regency is a goat livestock group formed since 2016. The number of goats raised is around 400 heads spread in several pens with different locations and each pen contains 25-50 heads. Activities of group members other than farmers as well as ranchers, carrying out traditional and religious activities. The feed given to goats consists of grass and leaves that grow around the location of the pen. The production of forage crops at this time is very abundant because it enters the rainy season. In addition to utilizing fresh forage as animal feed, group members have also made silage feed from forage, but on a small scale due to limited facilities and infrastructure, so the amount is not sufficient for the long term and the supply has not been continuous. During the coffee harvest season, from the coffee processing process produced coffee skins. The amount of coffee skin produced is quite a lot (40-50%), and will usually be stacked under the coffee tree with the intention of fertilizer, but coffee skin is very easy to grow mold because of its high water content and this is very dangerous for coffee plants. Coffee skins are also usually dried and then given to goats as additional feed, without any special treatment. Dried coffee skin is very high in cellulose content, this can reduce its digestibility. With a touch of technology (fermentation) the cellulose content or crude fiber from coffee skins will be lower, digestibility increases and shelf life is longer. Fermented coffee skin can be used as a source of concentrate for goats. According to some references, the need for forage feed for a goat in a day is 10% of its body weight and it is also important to provide concentrate feed as much as 1% of body weight as reinforcement feed. This means, in 1 pen with a number of goats of 25 - 50 heads and an average body weight of 25 kg, farmers must provide forage of about 75 - 125 kg every day. Thus group members must have a supply of feed both forage and concentrates, so that goat feed needs are always met. The solution to the problems faced by partners is to provide knowledge, skills and appropriate technology regarding the strategy of providing goat animal feed, by fermenting coffee skins and making silage so that the quantity and quality increase and can be stored longer. Knowledge is provided through counseling, making short material so that it is easy to understand, improving skills and appropriate technology is carried out by holding direct practice in the field. We also help with materials and equipment needed in the fermentation process and feed production..&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Partial substitution of concentrate with Parkia biglobosa foliage improves feed utilisation and performance of goats

Abstract This study investigated the response of intake, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, N utilisation and growth performance in goats fed concentrate partially substituted with Parkia biglobosa foliage (PBF). Fifteen goats were randomly assigned to a control concentrate diet (PBF0) which was partially substituted with 25% PBF (PBF25) or 50% PBF (PBF50) on dry matter (DM) basis. Concentrate, TST and non-fibre carbohydrates intakes (linear and quadratic, P&lt;0.001), digestible organic matter (DOM; linear, P=0.001) and urinary N (linear, P=0.039) decreased with increased PBF level. Condensed tannins intake, fibre fractions and cellulose digestibility, faecal N (linear and quadratic, P&lt;0.05) and ruminal pH (quadratic, P=0.001) increased with increasing PBF level. Average daily gain, DM and crude protein (CP) digestibility, N intake and retention (quadratic, P&lt;0.05), organic matter and hemicellulose digestibility, DM and nutrient intakes, energy concentration, ruminally-fermented DOM and microbial protein synthesis (linear and quadratic, P&lt;0.05), and digestible CP and volatile fatty acids (linear, P&lt;0.05) increased as PBF level increased. Feed:gain ratio and total N excretion (quadratic, P&lt;0.05), and ruminal total N and ammonia N (linear and quadratic, P&lt;0.05) decreased in PBF25. It is concluded that PBF is a cost-effective alternative supplement which could reduce the quantity of concentrate for goat feeding by 50%.

Growth performance of goats (Capra hircus L.) on forage legumes mixed with guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus)

Proper feed optimization is vital for the health and growth of goats, with fodder quality being a central factor. This study evaluated the impact of feeding goats guinea grass mixed with various tree legumes on their growth and feed consumption. Nine upgraded goats were used for this research, divided equally among three treatment groups. Each treatment was repeated three times, with one goat per repetition. The experimental treatments included guinea grass paired with Gliricidia (T1), Indigofera (T2), or Ipil-ipil (T3). The results showed that the T2 (Guinea grass + Indigofera tinctoria) combination resulted in the highest feed intake at 29.94kg over five weeks, a finding significant with a p-value of 0.04. Nutrient analysis demonstrated a significant intake of crude protein for T2 with a p-value of 0.038. Moreover, T2 exhibited the most substantial total weight gain (3016.67g) and an average daily gain of 86.19g/day, with p-values of &lt;0.001 and 0.013 respectively. In conclusion, the mix of Guinea grass and Indigofera tinctoria offers the best results in terms of feed intake and goat growth performance. Keywords: Goat feed optimization, guinea grass, Indigofera, Gliricidia, Leucaena

INTEGRATED COCOA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION NETWORK IN NGLANGGERAN TOURISM VILLAGE, GUNUNGKIDUL REGENCY

One of the programs run by the government to support the will of the agricultural sector is the Nglanggeran Agricultural Technology Park (TTP) which is located in the Nglangeran Area, Gunungkidul Regency. TTP Nglanggeran is expected to be able to drive the wheels of the economy in the surrounding are and be able to complete with the global market. Integration of dairy goat cocoa is the management of cocoa waste which can be used as dairy goat feed and dairy goat manure can be used as organic input for cocoa plants to support plant growth and development. In the dissemination of information on the integration innovations ofcocoa goat livestock, of course in cannot be separated from the role of stakeholders and communication process that is established and will centrainly bring up the mastermind in the dissemination of innovation integration of cocoa livestock for dairy goats in the Nglanggeran Region. The aims of this study were to find out the stakeholders communication network of integrated dairy goat cocoa farming in TTP Nglanggeran. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative with a communication network analysis approach. The results showed that actor A1 and actor D2 were actor who were trusted as information providers, information recipients, closeness in providing information to another actor, and liaisons for information regarding of integrated dairy goat cocoa farming innovation. Actor A1 is the head of the farmer group, while actor D2 is a stakeholders of BPTP Yogyakarta. Actor D2 is a stakeholders who plays an active role in socializing dairy goat cocoa integration innovations and actor A1 is a trusted by other actor is disseminating information whitin his group so that actor A1 and actor D2 are used as role models for group members.

Compound enzyme preparation supplementation improves the production performance of goats by regulating rumen microbiota.

Enzyme preparation is one of the widely used additives in ruminant production. However, a suitable method of adding compound enzyme preparation (CEP) to the feeds is still lacking. This study investigated the effect of adding CEP on the diet of goats. Twenty 4-month-old Boer goats were randomly assigned to four groups. The dietary treatments contained different CEPs (Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase amylase, and protease) at the concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75g/kg of feed provided for a period of 56days. Adding CEP in goat feed significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) during the entire test period. The oxidative indices, hormones, and immune cells did not differ significantly among the different groups. CEP significantly increased the content of total volatile fatty acids measured at the end of the experiment on day 56 of the final normal feeding phase. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that CEP increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae in the rumen and g__norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Oscillibacter g__unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae, and g__unclassified_o__Oscillospirales in fecal matter collected on day 56 of the final normal feeding phase. However, CEP decreased the abundance of unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, norank_f__UCG-010, Butyrivibrio, and Saccharofermentans in the rumen. The abundance of Ruminococcaceae in the rumen and propionic acid was positively correlated with ADG. Function prediction showed that carbon fixation, carbohydrate digestion and absorption pathways were significantly enriched in rumen microbiota in the treatment group. The findings indicated that supplementation with 0.5g CEP/kg of feed for 56days significantly improves the production performance of goats without adverse health effects. KEY POINTS: • Feeding with compound enzyme preparation for 56days significantly improved the productive performance but did not affect the antioxidative capacity and immunity of goats. • Supplementing compound enzyme preparation in diet could increase the relative abundance of Ruminococcus to increase the levels of short-chain fatty acids produced. • The most appropriate supplemental amount of compound enzyme preparation per kilogram of the diet was 0.5g.

An Analysis of the Goat Value Chain from Lao PDR to Vietnam and a Socio-Economic Sustainable Development Perspective

Goats are produced in Laos on a small scale and most of them are exported to Vietnam, where they receive a price approximately 30% higher than Vietnamese crossbred goats. In 2021, Laos exported 2.2 million dollars in sheep and goats, mostly to Vietnam (2.19 million dollars). Vietnam was also the fastest-growing export market for sheep and goats of Laos between 2020 and 2021, comprising 66.7% of the total exports. This study aims to analyze the goat value chain from Laos to Vietnam and, based on its characteristics, to suggest policy interventions for the socio-economic sustainable development of the chain. This research analyzes a sample of 400 survey interviews of goat chain actors collected during the second and third quarters of 2022, with the support of CommCare software version 2.53.1. The results show that the Lao goat chain has four main functions implemented by four prominent actors: goat-rearing farmers, traders, abattoir owners, and restaurant owners. However, the role of input suppliers is unclear in this chain. Support to the stakeholders has been provided by local authorities and the government, projects and NGOs, technical supporters, and license supporters. There was not any clear evidence of the goat processing industry. Vertical and horizontal linkages between stakeholders exist, but agreements are primarily oral. There is no declaration of leading actors, and a traceability system has yet to be implemented. The increase in Lao goat exports to the Vietnamese market is driven by the high demand from Vietnamese consumers. The commercialization of goats’ yields provides a positive net income in Lao, where all actors benefit, especially traders and restaurant owners. The chain also creates job opportunities and income that improve living standards, especially for disadvantaged groups, such as women, middle-aged people, people with low literacy, and those living in rural areas. For the sustainable development of the chain, this research recommends that the Lao and Vietnamese governments work together to develop more favorable conditions for goat trading, to improve the traceability across the goat chain, to promote goat husbandry and feeding practices, and to foster goat farmer collaboration by sharing goat-rearing experiences.

Accessibility of Goat Feed Sources in Mutiara Pidie District

This study aims to determine the ease or difficulty of obtaining animal feed for goat breeders. The study was conducted between January and December 2021 in Baro Yaman Village, Mutiara District, Pidie Regency, Aceh Province. The method of intentionally sampling breeders (purposive sampling) is a method of taking with a specific purpose, considering that the farmer sample contains the necessary information for the researcher’s study. Respondents were thirty-five (35) breeders with ownership of two to three goats and at least two years of experience in livestock husbandry. Accessibility to the observed feed sources depended on the feed’s origin, the distance to the feed source and travel time, the feed purchase, labor availability, and the time required to search for feed. The research findings are described in detail. The results indicated that the average of the five observed variables, namely the origin of feed, distance and travel time, availability of labor, and time to search for and purchase feed, received a score of 0.78; 0.45; 0.97; 0.95; and 0.86, with a total score of 4.00, which is classified as simple criteria. The study concludes that goat feed sources in the Mutiara District are easily accessible.

Impact of mixing coriander oil with goat feed on the chemical, microbiological and sensory characterizations of bio rayeb milk

This research aimed to investigate the properties of bio rayeb milk that results from goats fed on feed supplemented with different concentrations of coriander oil. The study design included a control treatment (C) and two coriander oil concentrations, a low level of (0.95%) T1 and a high level of (1.9%) T2. A probiotic starter culture, Direct Vat Set (DVS) of lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus in the ratio (1:1) was used to prepare bio rayeb. All treatments were stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks and analyzed on day one and at the end of storage. Results showed that the coagulation time during bio rayeb manufacturing remained consistent at almost 6 h for all batches. However, using a high coriander oil level (1.90%) significantly decreased the apparent viscosity and the content of monounsaturated fatty acids. The DPPH inhibition and the content of monounsaturated fatty acids increased. The electrophoresis chromatogram exhibited a high degree of proteolysis in T2 compared to the control and T1. Microbiologically, yeast, molds, and coliforms were absent in all treatments. Feeding goats on provender supplemented with a low concentration of coriander oil may positively impact the resultant milk's technological and sensorial properties.

Application of natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of plasticizers in laying hen and goat feed

The aim of this study was to develop an ultrasound-assisted extraction based on natural deep eutectic solvents for the analysis of 10 phthalate esters and one adipate in feed for laying hens and goats. For this purpose, 13 different mixtures consisting of choline chloride or betaine with glycerol, lactic acid, propane-1,2-diol, d-(–)-fructose, or butyric acid were tested. For the separation and determination of the target endocrine disruptors, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system hyphenated with a quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer was used. Once the method was validated in terms of matrix effect, linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9950), recovery (64–138%), and limits of quantification (≤29.1 µg/kg), it was applied for the analysis of 6 feed samples and di-n-butyl phthalate, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate were detected (3.26 to 71.57 µg/kg). Finally, the estimated daily intake was determined (0.19–5.88 µg/kg body weight day) to evaluate the potential health hazards associated with feed samples. Additional research is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of animals as well as derived products intended for human nutrition due to the lack of regulations and established toxicological reference values in the field. This is the first application analysing phthalic acid esters in these samples and the first application of deep eutectic solvents for feed analysis.

Inversion of a paradigm: The positive roles of plant phenolics in dairy goat nutrition

The paradigm prevailing in the nineties, based on studies with goats fed tannin-rich browse as sole feed, was that dietary tannins are associated with impaired feed intake, increased fecal loss of N, and impaired NDF digestibility, hence, impaired productivity, with much research aiming at alleviating these negative effects. However, dairy goats fed plant phenolic-rich diets, and supplemented with concentrates will voluntarily ingest diets comprising more than 4% of tannins, without impairment of total feed intake and milk yield. Also, supplementing them with Poly (ethylene-glycol) MW 4000 is not needed. All plant phenolics, including condensed tannins, are partly digested, inferring that phenolic derivatives are absorbed and may reach tissues. In some studies, diets rich in plant phenolics are associated with the production of milk richer in protein and fat, reduced urea content, and improved curdling performance. Feeding goats with plant phenolics-rich diets is generally associated with inhibited bio-hydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids (FA) in the rumen, resulting in decreased saturated FA, increased polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and, in particular C18:3–n3 but also a modified composition of de novo synthesized FA in goat milk that suggest direct action of phenolics on the mammary gland. Knowledge of the absorption of plant phenolics is still scarce for goats but even modest daily intakes seem to be associated with increased phenolic derivatives and anti-oxidative activity in plasma and milk. Dietary phenolic compounds may induce a local effect in the mammary gland and its production units (the mammary epithelium cells) encompassing increased cellular triglyceride and casein contents, and increased ATP production and non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Plant phenolics and their derivatives divert energy to production of milk fat, protein and lactose, with less energy directed to cellular damage control. Dietary plant phenolics are associated with improved goat health and production of healthier milk. In addition, dietary plant phenolics have anti-parasitic properties and are environment-friendly as they decrease gut methane emission and they increase fecal N at the expense of rapidly decomposable urinary N. Therefore, the attitude of scientists towards feeding plant phenolics has evoluted from mostly negative to mostly positive.

Growth Performance, Morphometry, And Carcass Characteristics of Goat Fed with Indigofera (Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.) and Super Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach x Pennisetm Glaucoma L.)

Developing different levels of pasture combinations in goat diets still needs to be well established. Although many farmers have already practiced introducing different kinds of pasture in the goat grazing habits, fewer are into feeding goats with various levels of Indigofera and super Napier grass. The study was conducted to assess the effect of different Indigofera and super Napier combinations on the growth performance, morphometry, and carcass characteristics of goats. The study was carried out using a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) with six treatments replicated four times, where Treatments 1 and 6 served as a control. Tukey HSD test carried out a multi-comparison of means among different treatments. Feeding goats with 100% Indigofera, 80% Super Napier + 20% Indigofera and 100% super Napier significantly resulted in better growth performance of goats, specifically on the final weight (16.93kg, 16.68 kg, and 16.57 kg, respectively) live weight change (3.16 kg, 2.90 kg and 2.67 kg, respectively). Sixty percent super Napier + 40% Indigofera combination significantly affects the feed intake (1.71 kg), while 70% super Napier + 30% Indigofera and 60% super Napier + 40% Indigofera significantly influence the feed efficiency of goat (0.60 and 0.76, respectively). One hundred percent Indigofera likewise influenced the chest perimeter (57.20cm), loin eye area (11.66 cm2), gastrointestinal contents (2.90 kg), hot carcass weight (6.72 kg), cold carcass weight (6.45%), pluck weight (0.68 kg), the weight of total trimmable fats (0.33 kg), percentage weight of total trimmable fats (2.02%) and 70% super Napier + 30% Indigofera also has a significant effect on the percentage rib cut with a cooler shrink (7.62%) after 60 days of experimentation. These results recommend 80% SN+20% Indigofera, 70% SN + 30% Indigofera, and 60% SN + 40% Indigofera.

Growth Performance of Goat Fed with Indigofera (Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.) and Super Napier (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach x Pennisetm Glaucoma L.)

It still needs to be thoroughly determined how to incorporate various pasture mixes at varying amounts in goat diets. Fewer farmers are feeding goats varied concentrations of Indigofera and super Napier grass, although many have already practiced incorporating different pasture types into the goats' regular grazing routines. The study aimed to determine how various Indigofera and Super Napier combinations affected goat growth, morphometry, and carcass parameters. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used to conduct the trial, with six treatments replicated four times, with Treatments 1 and 6 acting as a control. The Tukey HSD test performed multiple means comparisons across several treatments. Goats that were fed with 100% Indigofera, 80% Super Napier + 20% Indigofera, and 100% Super Napier significantly outgrew their size, as seen by their final weights of 16.93 kg, 16.68 kg, and 16.57 kg, respectively (3.16 kg, 2.90 kg and 2.67 kg, respectively). Combinations of 60% super Napier + 40% Indigofera and 70% super Napier + 30% Indigofera have a substantial impact on the amount of feed consumed (1.71 kg), whereas 60% super Napier + 40% Indigofera has a considerable impact on the goat's feed efficiency (0.60 and 0.76, respectively). Following a 60-day experiment, 100% Indigofera also had an impact on the chest circumference (57.20 cm), loin eye area (11.66 cm2), gastrointestinal contents (2.90 kg), hot carcass weight (6.72 kg), cold carcass weight (6.45%), pluck weight (0.68 kg), the weight of total trimmable fats (0.33 kg), and the percentage weight of total trimmable fats (2.02%). Additionally, 70% super Napier + 30% Indigofera, 80% SN+20% Indigofera, 70% SN + 30% Indigofera, and 60% SN + 40% Indigofera are suggested by these data.

Typology of goat feeding systems in Benin

Typology of goat feeding systems in Benin

Increasing Intensive Management of Goats in the Coastal City of Kendari

This activity is a community service activity carried out to help increase the productivity of goat selling breeders around the coast of Kendari City, especially in the Anduonohu Market area. Implementation of activities carried out in the form of counseling in the form of visits, delivery of material and discussions directly to goat farmer. The material presented was in the form of planting forage as the main source of feed for goats and using reinforcing feed, the need for strong and tidy goat pens, namely a stage model so that they can maintain environmental cleanliness and livestock health, Management of goat manure waste into bokashi fertilizer. The results of the activity show that they understand and are capable of cultivating forage as the main source of feed and know the importance of using forage boosters (concentrates). 2) Farmers know the benefits of using stilt pens to maintain a clean environment and goat health but have not implemented them due to limited funds to build cages. 3) Farmers do not know about the use of EM4 in leftover feed and livestock manure to produce bokashi organic fertilizer in a short time.

Effect of Ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) Leaf Powder Feeding on Growth Performance and Economics of Feeding in Pantja Goats

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaf powder feeding on growth performance and economics of feeding in Pantja goats at Goat Unit, Department of Livestock Production Management, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &amp; Technology, Pantnagar. The study was conducted on a total of sixteen, 6-8 months old kids, which were randomly divided into four groups (T0- Control, T1- 75% Concentrate + 25% ardu leaf powder, T2- 50% Concentrate + 50% ardu leaf powder and T3- 25% Concentrate + 75% ardu leaf powder). Growth parameters were studied by observation of body weight at different time periods viz. 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. The results of the experiment revealed that treatment groups supplemented with ardu leaf powder had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher body weights than the control group. Maximum body weight during whole experimental period was noted in treatment group supplemented with 75% of ardu leaf powder. All the treatment groups fed with ardu leaf powder showed reduction in feed cost as compared to control with minimum feed cost noted in treatment group fed with 75% of ardu leaf powder.