Feeding Deterrent Activity Research Articles

Phenolic secondary metabolites from Acorus calamus (Acorales: Acoraceae) rhizomes: the feeding deterrents for Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive pests of various crops cultivated in Thailand. Spodoptera litura larvae, at early stages, attack the leaves and feed on every part of infested crops in later stages. Acorus calamus essential oil contains toxic asarones, which are generalistic cytotoxic compounds. However, the present study is the first attempt to look at safer metabolites from the rhizomes that could deter insect feeding. The objective was to use such compounds as safer residues on crops that would prevent the feeding of herbivorous lepidopterans. Accordingly, phenolic metabolites were isolated and evaluated to establish the feeding deterrence against polyphagous S. litura larvae. Methanol extract of A. calamus, chrysin, and 4-hydroxy acetophenone compounds were the most effective feeding deterrents with FD50 of 87.18, 10.33, and 70.77 µg/cm2, respectively, after 4 h of feeding on treated kale leaves in a no-choice leaf disc assay. Chrysin also reduced carboxylesterase activities (1.37-fold), whereas A. calamus methanol extract reduced glutathione-S-transferase activities (1.44-fold). Some larvae were also seen dead if they consumed the treated kale leaves. Feeding deterrent activity in the methanol extract of A. calamus was due to chrysin and 4-hydroxy acetophenone. The large-scale utilization of such compounds could help develop feeding deterrent strategies in the integrated pest management of lepidopterans.

FEEDING DETERRENCE INDEX OF Momordica cymbalaria FENZL EX HOOK AGAINST COMMON CUT WORM, Spodoptera litura FABRICIUS

Plant secondary metabolites exhibit a wide range of biological activity and may act as feeding and oviposition deterrents, repellents, fumigants, and behavior modifiers. Fruits and tubers of Momordica cymbalaria Hook (Fenzl.) possess anti-ovulatory and abortifacient properties that could be exploited in the management of insect pests. Hence, the feeding deterrent activity of M. cymbalaria leaf, peel (fruit skin), seed and tuber solvent extract against Spodoptera litura Fabr. was studied. Different concentrations of acetone extract of leaf from 0.3% to 0.8%, performed better in deterring S. litura larval feeding. Peel acetone extract showed a strong feeding deterrence (94.83% leaf area protection over the absolute control) at 0.9% concentration followed by medium deterrence at 0.8, 0.7, and 0.6% concentrations (85.62, 77.90, and 67.08 % protection respectively). The hexane seed extract was comparatively oilier and had a distinct rancid smell noticeable in the higher concentrations (0.8, 0.9, and 1%). Tubers did not exhibit any significant leaf area protection below 0.2% concentration. However, 1% tuber acetone extract showed 99.36 percent protection. The effective concentrations of leaf acetone extract for 50 and 95% deterrence were 0.27and 0.84 percent respectively. The effective concentrations of other plant parts were ranked as follows; Seeds>Peels>Tubers.

Development Of Saponin Based Wettable Powder Formulation from Phaleria macrocarpa To Control Pomacea maculate

Apple snail is one of the 100 invasive alien species of the world and saponin proved to be the most effective and promising bioactive compound to manage this pest. This study was conducted to develop a saponin based wettable powder formulation from Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Borel and to evaluate its efficacy against Pomacea maculata Perry undrer laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Results revealed that all prepared saponin based wettable formulations shown molluscicide effects towards P. maculata. However, F4 formulation consisted of Terwet® 157, Terspers® 2700 and Kaolin at proportion of 15:15:70 revealed significantly higher feeding deterrent activities among prepared formulations and it was not significantly different from positive controls niclosamide and tea seed cake. In terms of lethel effects, the shortest LT50 (154 minutes) was recorded in niclosamide followed by 702 minutes in F4 formulation and 728 minutes in tea seed cake. F4 formulation along with positive control tea seed cake was further assessed in glasshouse condition. F4 formulation illustrated shortest LT50 value (750 minutes) with lowest feeding consumption percentage (0.6%) compared to LT50 (784 minutes) and feeding consumption percentage (1.3%) in positive control tea seed cake. Feeding consumption percentage (40.6%) was recorded for negative control water. Results sugest that F4 saponin based wettable powder overall performed better and can be efficiently used to control the apple snails as an eco friendly botanical molluscicide.

Insecticidal and feeding deterrence activity of selected essential oils against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

The aim of this study was to determine the insecticide potential of essential oils (EOs) of thyme (Thymus vulgaris; Lamiaceae) and ginger (Zingiber officinale; Zingiberaceae) to control cotton leaf worm (Spodoptera littoralis; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under the laboratory conditions. Generally, there was a positive correlation between the magnitude of the above toxic effects and the concentrations of all EOs. Ginger essential oil (GEO) showed more pronounced toxic effects followed by thyme essential oil (TEO). In addition, at the highest tested conc. of 90%, the percentage of mortality for the tested compounds were: thyme (72%) and ginger (81.67%) respectively. Also, at the highest conc. caused higher feeding deterrence (FD %) being 64.44% and 72.08% for TEO and GEO, respectively. Therefore, it concluded that GEO was more potent than TEO against S. littoralis larvae. Also, these essential oils can be an alternative for management of cotton leaf worm and its related species.

Fumigant Toxicity and Feeding Deterrent Activity of Essential Oils from Lavandula dentata, Juniperus procera, and Mentha longifolia against the Land Snail Monacha obstructa

Land mollusks are one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, the management of which depends on synthetic molluscicides. However, many of these molluscicides are harmful to nontarget organisms. Hence, there is a need to develop alternative ecofriendly molluscicides that are less impactful toward nontarget organisms. So, an investigation into the fumigant toxicity and feeding deterrent effect of essential oils (EOs) from Lavandula dentata L. (Lamiaceae), Juniperus procera Hochst. (Cupressaceae), and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. (Lamiaceae) against the land snail Monacha obstructa (Pfeiffer, 1842) (Hygromiidae) was performed. L. dentata EO exhibited the highest fumigant toxicity with LC50 values of 8.68 μL/L air and 7.24 μL/L air after 24 h and 48 h exposure periods, respectively. Its main components were camphor, 1,8-cineole, fenchone, and β-myrecene. The fumigant toxicity of J. procera EO was lower than that of L. dentata, with LC50 values of 25.63 μL/L air and 20.11 μL/L air after 24 h and 48 h exposure periods, respectively. The major constituents of J. procera EO were α-pinene, p-cymene, and β-ocimene. The analysis of M. longifolia EO showed that pulegone, and menthol were the major constituents. However, it displayed no fumigant toxicity up to 50 μL/L air. The three EOs exhibited a strong feeding deterrent effect at sublethal concentrations. The EOs extracted from L. dentata, J. procera and M. longifolia are promising ecofriendly botanical molluscicides against the land snail M. obstructa.

Antifeedant Activity and Biochemical Responses in Spodopteraexigua H\xfcbner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Infesting Broccoli, Brassicaoleracea var. alboglabra exposed to Piperribesioides Wall Extracts and Allelochemicals

BackgroundSpodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a widely occurring insect pest of several crops conventionally controlled by pyrethroids and organophosphates hazardous for the environment and human health. Thus, the alternatives are biocide-based phytochemicals. Accordingly, the Piper ribesioides Wall. (Piperales: Piperaceae) plant, well distributed in the northern regions of Thailand (Nan Province), was used due to its known bioactivity against insects. The objective was to determine the feeding deterrent activity of P. ribesioides extracts and isolated allelochemicals under laboratory conditions and correlate the efficacy under greenhouse conditions after the extracts were applied to S. exigua larvae infesting potted Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (Bailey) Musil plants. Another objective was to look at the impact of spray applications on detoxification enzymes to check the possibility of resistance development against such natural extracts.ResultsEthyl acetate extract deterred feeding of larvae better than other extracts with the concentrations causing 50% feeding inhibition (FI50) of 26.25 µg/cm2 and feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 91.8%, which was slightly lower than the positive control (cypermethrin, FDI = 100%; FI50 0.027 µg/cm2). The most effective feeding deterrent compounds against S. exigua were pinostrobin and pinocembrin with FDI range of 77 to 90% and FI50 values of 14.39 and 19.38 µg/cm2. In the greenhouse, the larvae treated on potted B. oleracea at FI50 concentrations (determined in laboratory experiments), ethyl acetate extract gave the highest mortality of 63.33% within 24 h of first spray and total of 73.33% after 24 h of the second spray. Impact on detoxification enzymes (24 h post-treatment) was determined from survived 3rd instars of S. exigua using spray applications. Inhibition of carboxylesterase (CE) was 1.94-fold after hexane extract treatment. However, ethyl acetate extract inhibited glutathione-s-transferase (GST) 1.30-fold.ConclusionsEthyl acetate extract of P. ribesioides twigs and isolated pinostrobin and pinocembrin compounds were potential antifeedants against S. exigua larvae. The data obtained also showed that such antifeedant levels of treatment could be used in greenhouse or field trials directly as an extract after establishing the efficacy of extracts and the active compounds therein under laboratory conditions.Graphical

Evaluation for Feeding Deterrents Against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray

Using bioactivity-guided isolation of bioactive compounds; deacetylviguiestenin, 4-O-caffeoyl-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylic acid and sandaracopimaradiene-1α,9α-diol were obtained from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray leaves and identified using spectroscopic methods. Their feeding deterrence activity against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) including those of methanol crude extract, fractions, and the essential oil was determined. Results showed that the essential oil of T. diversifolia could not show significant anti-feedant activity at a dose of ˂0.29 μL/mg of flour disks. The solvent crude extract, some fractions and the isolated compounds, however, demonstrated feeding deterrence against S. zeamais. The feeding deterrence index of sandaracopimaradiene-1α,9α-diol was 81.19 ± 5.94% at 0.1% w/w (1 mg/g food) compared to 97.45 ± 0.43% for neemazal extract (10% azadirachtin) (positive control) at 10%w/w (100 mg/g food). The EC50 of deacetylviguiestin, 4-O-caffeoyl-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylic acid and azadirachtin (commercial antifeedant) against S. zeamais were 22140.23 ± 9103.29, 3654.28 ± 2715.09 and 14.59 ± 5.59 ppm respectively. Although these compounds showed less activity against S. zeamais compared to azadirachtin, their anti-feedant activity was significant and are valuable alternatives.

Fumigant and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)

Abstract. Ikawati S, Himawan T, Abadi AL, Tarno H. 2020. Fumigant and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). Biodiversitas 21: 4301-4308. This study aimed to determine the fumigant and antifeedant activity of some plant essential oils against Cryptolestes ferrugineus. Essential oils were extracted from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), zodea (Euodia suaveolens), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). The extraction used the maceration method with n-Hexane as a solvent. The results of the experiments showed that all essential oils have fumigant toxicity. Fumigant toxicity of kaffir lime, citronella grass, zodea, and clove oil; eggs and pupae were more susceptible than adults and larvae, while for cinnamon, pupae and adults were more susceptible than eggs and larvae. Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of all essential oils for eggs larvae, pupae, and adults respectively, for cinnamon were 17, 24, 9, and 12 ppm, for kaffir lime were 12, 17, 8 and 15 ppm, however, on citronella grass were 11, 22, 8, and 14 ppm, for zodea were 16, 22, 10 and 20 ppm, for clove were 11, 24, 7 and 14 ppm. The fifth essential oils showed antifeedant activity in a no-choice test against C. ferrugineus adults. Also, the fifth essential oils significantly reduced the relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), and food utilization (ECI) of C. ferrugineus adults. It shows that the essential oils have great potential as one of the storage pest control components.

Evaluation of the insecticidal activity of Moringa oleifera seed extract and lectin (WSMoL) against Sitophilus zeamais

The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais is a pest of remarkable economic importance as it attacks stored grains, processed cereals, and industrial foods. In this study, a water extract (WE) from Moringa oleifera seeds and water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) isolated from it were investigated for insecticidal activity against S. zeamais adults. The insects were maintained for 10 days on plates containing an artificial diet composed of wheat flour supplemented with WE (60.0–640.0 mg/g) or WSMoL (0.5–60 mg/g). Mortality rate, insect biomass, and amount of food consumed were recorded. The effects of WE and WSMoL on trypsin-like, α-amylase, and endoglucanase activities from insect guts were also investigated. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and reducing sugars in the WE. Furthermore, the presence of rutin and ellagic acid was confirmed by HPLC. The extract was toxic to S. zeamais (LC50: 214.6 mg/g) while WSMoL caused slight mortality (12.0 ± 2.7%) at the highest tested dose (60 mg/g). The intake of WE exerted moderate to strong deterrent effects. Moreover, WSMoL decreased the relative biomass gain rate and efficiency in the conversion of ingested food but did not exert deterrent action. The WE stimulated α-amylase and endoglucanase activities, while WSMoL stimulated trypsin-like activity from S. zeamais gut. In conclusion, the WE was toxic to S. zeamais probably due to its feeding-deterrent activity, while WSMoL did not cause acute mortality but negatively affected the nutritional physiology of the insects, which can have long-term impacts.

Diterpenes From the Marine Brown Algae of the Genus Dilophus

Brown algae of the genus Dilophus contain plenty of biologically active secondary metabolites with diverse structures. Excellent progress has been made in the discovery of diterpenes with extensive chemical defense activity from this genus. Most of these diterpenes exhibit significant biological activities, such as antifungal, cytotoxic, and feeding-deterrent activities. In the present review, we summarized diterpenes isolated from the brown algae of the genus Dilophus.

Repellent and Feeding Deterrent Activities of Butanolides and Lignans Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora against Tribolium castaneum

Three lignans (1–3) and three butanolides (4–6) were isolated from the lipophilic extract of the Cinnamomum camphora stem bark. The six compounds were identified as (-)-sesamin (1), 9α-hydroxysesamin (2), 9β-hydroxysesamin (3), obtusilactone A (4), isoobtusilactone A (IOA, 5), and isomahubanolide (6) from their spectroscopic data. Four (1, 2 and 5, 6) of them were evaluated for their repellent and feeding deterrent activities against Tribolium castaneum. In this work, the three butanolides (4–6) were confirmed to exist in C. camphora for the first time. Results of bioassays indicated that (-)-sesamin (1), IOA (5), and isomahubanolide (6) displayed certain repellent activities against T. castaneum at 78.63, 15.73, and 3.15 μg/cm2 at 2 h after exposure. Among the three compounds, (-)-sesamin (1) and IOA (5) exerted stronger effects and maintained longer duration of repellency. Furthermore, IOA (5) and isomahubanolide (6) showed good feeding deterrent activity against T. castaneum. IOA (5) was still potently active at low concentrations with the feeding deterrence index (FDI) ranging from 42.85% to 50.66% at 15–1500 ppm. This work provides some evidence for explaining antiinsect properties of the nonvolatile fraction of the C. camphora stem bark and helps promote the development and comprehensive utilization of this tree species.

Manilkara Zapota: A phytochemical and pharmacological review

Manilkara zapota is an evergreen tree with various species, and it is cultivated for its delicious fruit. Different parts of the tree have been used for various ailments such as diarrhoea, dysentery and fever in traditional medical practice. Various phytochemical components have been isolated from different parts of this plant. Thus, a brief overview on Manilkara zapota's phytochemical and pharmacological constituents is presented in this work. Polyphenolics are the major group of compounds isolated from this plant. Furthermore, this review covered the wide application of various parts of the plant, such as leaves, fruit and seed. In addition, bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, antitumor, antiarthritis, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and feeding deterrent activity of the plant have been presented in this work. The long-term administration of leaf and pulp extracts has shown promising effect on various metabolic syndrome parameters, thus appearing to be a promising future direction of research in M. zapota.

Two new coumarins from Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum spinifolium and their feeding deterrent activities against Tribolium castaneum

Zanthoxylum species and volatile oils have shown to have insect resistance. The present work was conducted to find alternative botanical source with significant activity on storage pests control. Chemical examination of Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum Hemsl. var. spinifolium Rehder et E. H. Wilson stem bark has led to fifteen coumarins, which including two were novel compounds named 6-(2′,3′-dihydroxy-3′-methylbutyl)-7-hydroxyl-8-(3″-methyl-2″-butenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (7) and 6-(2′-hydroxyl-3′-methyl-3′-butenyl)-7-methoxyl-8-(3″-methyl-2″-butenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (8). All the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. Additionally, dose-dependent feeding deterrent activities of fifteen coumarins against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) were evaluated scientifically. Among them, compound 12 (phellopterin) exhibited stronger feeding deterrent activity (EC50 = 64.00 ppm) than the positive control, toosendanin. While, compound 11 (imperatorin) displayed the same level of feeding deterrent activity as the positive control with median effect concentration of 73.10 ppm. The relationship between chemical structure and effectiveness showed that compounds with epoxy structure or isopentenyl group exhibited higher feeding deterrent activities and might have potential to be developed into novel feeding deterrent reagents or potential lead compounds on storage insect prevention and control.

Molluscicidal and Feeding Deterrent Activity of Crude Plant Extracts on <em>Pomacea maculata</em> Perry

This study was focused on molluscicidal effect and feeding deterrent activity of saponin from five different plant materials; <em>Andrographis paniculata</em>, <em>Entada spiralis</em>, <em>Ficus deltoidea</em>, <em>Furcraea selloa</em> and <em>Ipomoea batatas</em>. Crude plant extracts were prepared from plant powders using methanol. The crude extracts were then tested on <em>Pomacea maculata</em> using five different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm, respectively) against niclosamide (control). After 72 h of exposure, the highest percentage of mortality of 80% was achieved from 15 ppm of <em>F. selloa</em>. Two analyses were conducted to observe the feeding deterrent activity and after 24 h, both analyses demonstrated the feeding deterrent activity in both crude extracts (<em>F. selloa</em> and <em>E. spiralis</em>) similar in niclosamide.

Synthesis and Biological Activity of New 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone Derivatives.

In the synthesis performed in this study, derivatives of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone 1 were obtained using typical reactions of organic synthesis. The bioactivity of the selected compounds was evaluated. 1-(Bromomethyl)-8-tert-butyl-2-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one (5) was characterized by attractant properties against larvae and a weak feeding deterrent activity against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer. This bromolactone was a moderate antifeedant towards Myzus persicae Sulzer. In addition, ethyl (4-tert-butylcyclohexylidene)acetate (2) and bromolactone 5 displayed antibacterial activity. The strongest bacteriostatic effect was observed against Gram-positive strains: Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The bromolactone 5 also limited the growth of Escherichia coli strain.

Fucoxanthin and pheophytin-a from the marine algae Sargassum cinereum: Isolation, characterization and their feeding deterrent activity on Shrimps

Fucoxanthin and pheophytin-a from the marine algae Sargassum cinereum: Isolation, characterization and their feeding deterrent activity on Shrimps

Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of essential oils against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)

Seven essential oils viz., Curcuma aromatica, Hedychium spicatum, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, M. longifolia, Cinnamomum camphora, and Cymbopogon flexuosus were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against the larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Results showed that M. longifolia was most toxic (LC50=1.06 mg mL−1) to second instar larvae of P. xylostella via residual toxicity bioassay followed by C. aromatica (LC50=1.35 mg mL−1) and M. piperita (LC50=1.37 mg mL−1). M. piperita and M. spicata showed promising repellent (RC50=1.33 mg mL−1) and feeding deterrence activity (66.07%) to third instar larvae, respectively.

Investigation of the electrophilic reactivity of the biologically active marine sesquiterpenoid onchidal and model compounds

The structure of the sesquiterpene onchidal (6), a component of the defensive secretion of the shell-less mollusc Onchidella binneyi, contains a masked α,β-unsaturated 1,4-dialdehyde moiety, the presence of which has been proposed to be the cause of the feeding deterrent activity exhibited by the mollusc. We have found onchidal acts as an electrophile, reacting rapidly with the model nucleophile n-pentylamine forming diastereomeric aminated pyrrole adducts. Somewhat surprisingly, no reaction was observed between onchidal and n-pentanethiol. Structurally simplified n-pentyl 11–13 and cyclohexylmethyl 15–17 analogues of onchidal were prepared and demonstrated similar amine-selective reactivity. Onchidal and analogues reacted with the model protein lysozyme, forming covalent adducts and leading to protein cross-linking. These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the molecular mechanism of biological activity exhibited by onchidal.

Microbial Hydrolysis of Racemic β-Aryl-γ-ethylidene-γ-lactones and Antifeedant Activity of the Products against Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer.

Hydrolysis of (±)-β-aryl-γ-ethylidene-γ-lactones by fungal strain Aspergillus ochraceus AM370 afforded (−)-(S)-γ-ethylidene-γ-lactones 2a–d and (+)-(R)-γ-ketoacids 3a–d. Enantiomeric purity of the unreacted lactones was strictly related to a size of an aryl substituent at C-4 of γ-lactone ring, with the highest ee (77%) obtained for the (−)-(S)-γ-ethylidene-γ-lactone possessing unsubstituted benzene ring (2a) and the lowest one (15%) determined for the (−)-(S)-γ-ethylidene-γ-lactone with bulky 1,3-benzodioxole system (2d). Lactones 2a–d, both racemic and enantiomerically enriched, as well as products of their hydrolysis showed varying degrees of feeding deterrent activity against lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, which depended on the structure of the compound and the developmental stage of the lesser mealworm. In the case of adults, more active were γ-lactones 2a–d, compared with ketoacids 3a–d. Only in the case of lactone 2a was the effect of configuration of stereogenic center on the activity found. Particularly strong deterrents against this stage (T > 180) were racemic and (−)-(S)-γ-ethylidene-γ-lactone with p-methoxysubstituted phenyl ring (2c).

Significant Feeding Deterrent of Berberine from Tali kuning(Tinospora dissitiflora Diels) Against Two Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe

Antifeedant activities of berberine isolated from the chloroform fraction of Tali kuning (Tinospora dissitiflora Diels) were evaluated against two subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, respectively. The chloroform fraction of methanol extracts of Tali kuning and authentic berberine chloride were used for comparison. Three replicates and levels of concentrations, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml, respectively, were employed. Filtepapers treated with three chemical substances were used to evaluate the mass losses of the filter paper consumed by the termites, and filter papers treated only with MeOH were used for control. Mass loss (MS), termite mortality (TM) and antifeedant index (AFI) were used to determine the antifeedant variables. The results indicated that regardless of three chemical substances tested, the MS recorded from C. formosanus Shiraki were 2.87 times higher than those of R. speratus Kolbe, and among three levels concentration, 50 mg/ml gave the lowest MS (2.13%). Authentic berberine chloride gave the highest TM (99%), followed by chloroform fraction (88%) and berberine (73%). Interestingly, all antifeedant variables employed in this study gave AFI values less than 20%, indicating significant feeding deterrent activity against two subterranean termites.