Feed Components Research Articles

Identifying behavior change techniques (BCTs) in responsive feeding interventions to prevent childhood obesity-A systematic review.

Complex interventions that include responsive infant feeding components can potentially prevent childhood obesity. To develop a replicable responsive feeding intervention, an understanding of the most effective behavior change techniques (BCTs) and theory is needed. To identify the BCTs and theories used in interventions with responsive feeding components for caregivers of children ≤2 years. PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MIDIRS were searched from inception to May 2023. Studies of obesity prevention interventions with a responsive feeding component were included. BCT Taxonomy Version 1 and Michie and Prestwich theory coding method were applied. Eighteen interventions were identified; the number of BCTs ranged from 3 to 11 (mean = 5.5). The most used BCTs were "Instruction on how to perform a behaviour" (17/18) and "Adding objects to the environment" (13/18), which were commonly used in the nine trials demonstrating higher responsive feeding behaviours and the four trials reporting reduced likelihood of overweight or obesity, or rapid weight gain. Fifteen trials reported use of theory. BCT use was low in interventions with responsive feeding components. BCTs are replicable; their use in interventions, alongside theory, will ensure that key determinants of responsive feeding behavior are included in future obesity prevention interventions.

Effects of Prickly Ash Seed Dietary Supplementation on Meat Quality, Antioxidative Capability, and Metabolite Characteristics of Hu Lambs

In China, the processing of prickly ash (PA) produces a large number of by-products, including prickly ash seeds (PASs), which are rich in bioactive components such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and which may have an important influence on meat quality and muscle metabolites. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of dietary PAS supplementation on the meat quality, antioxidant activity, and metabolite characteristics of lambs. Eighteen 3-month-old Hu lambs (25.66 ± 3.03 kg body weight) were randomly allotted to three different dietary treatment groups. In the three dietary treatments, 0% (basal diet, CON), 3% (CON with 3% PAS, low-dose PAS, and LPS), and 6% (CON with 6% PAS, high-dose PAS, and HPS) PASs were used. Results indicated significant improvements in the HPS group, including reduced cooking loss and increased fat content. The L* and b* 45 min values were significantly lower in the PAS groups than those in the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, dietary PAS supplementation increased in MUFA, PUFA, n-3 PUFA, PUFA/MUFA ratio, NEAA, and FFA compared to the CON group. Furthermore, PAS supplementation significantly improved serum and muscle antioxidant capacity. Metabolomic analyses revealed that increased metabolites, such as tryptophan, leucine, citric acid, adenosine 5′-triphosphate, creatine phosphate, inosine, and α-ketoglutaric acid, were primarily enriched in the biosynthesis of cofactors and nucleotide and purine metabolism pathways. Notably, supplementation with 6% of PASs exhibited the most prominent effect on lamb meat quality in this study. Therefore, the application of PASs as a feed component in lamb production can not only improve meat quality and muscle antioxidant capacity but also save feed costs.

Alteration of the Intestinal Bacterial Community in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): The Role of Animal, Plant, and Microbial Diets

Intestinal bacterial community in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is increasingly recognized as important for aquaculture and fish health. This review summarizes the current knowledge on how various feed components, including animal- and plant-derived ingredients, as well as other feed additives, influence the gut microbiota of rainbow trout. Studies using 16S rRNA gene profiling and metagenomics demonstrate how dietary changes affect the composition, diversity, and functionality of bacterial communities. The findings suggest that there is no single optimal alternative ingredient for fish feeds, but emphasize that the ratio of natural components plays a more significant role in shaping the intestinal bacterial community of trout. This balance is crucial for maintaining diversity, functionality, and overall fish health, thereby promoting growth and disease resistance, while enhancing aquaculture efficiency. The use of popular animal protein derived from the larva of Hermetia illucens increases the amount of Pseudomonadota, but the chitin they contain can prevent the absorption of nutrients. Thus, the development of optimal feed formulas requires careful selection and balancing of various natural ingredients to sustain a healthy microbiota and overall fish well-being.

Changes in milk productivity and quality of goat milk when including cake and probiotic in the diet

Relevance. One of the solutions to reduce food waste is to try to get the most out of food waste and byproducts. The experiment assessed the milk productivity and milk quality of lactating Nigerian goat goats when using hemp cake on the background of a probiotic substance.Methodology. The research was carried out in 2 stages: in the 1st experiment, the effect on the digestibility of nutritional components of feed was studied as a result of the inclusion of waste from the fat and oil industry in the diet of goats in the amount of 5% hemp (QL) cake, in the 2nd experiment, the enzymatic probiotic drug “Cellobacterin+” (“Biotrof” LLC) was additionally included in the experimental group at a dosage of 10 g/goal /day.Results. According to the research results, it was found that the inclusion of hemp cake in the diet of lactating goat goats did not have a negative effect on milk yield and milk quality, and contributed to a reduction in the cost of its production. The additional introduction of the probiotic drug “Cellobacterin+” into the diet contributed to an increase in milk yield in goats, in the conditions of the Southern Urals, and improved the chemical composition of milk, in particular, increased fat and protein content.

Case-control study on associations of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in swine with feed characteristics and intestinal pathogens

Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) is one of the most common causes of death in fattening pigs worldwide. The objective of this descriptive study was to systematically assess predictors or causal components for the appearance of HBS using case farms (mortality rate caused by HBS ≥ 1.5%) in comparison with control farms (mortality rate caused by HBS ≤ 0.25%), focusing on feed ingredients, feed quality and size, and gastrointestinal pathogens. The inclusion of sugar beet as a feed component in liquid feeding systems was found to be associated (p = 0.03) with farms identified as HBS cases. Another predictive or causal factor found for liquid feeding systems, but only for those using meal, was particle size. A higher percentage of small particles (< 2 mm) in the meal was associated with a higher risk of being an HBS case farm (p = 0.02), while no relevant association was detected for the use of pellets. Sugar beet in the diet was also associated with the incidence of HBS.The microbial quality of the feed in dry feeding systems, specifically the number of total aerobes at the first and last outlet tubes, was associated with a higher incidence of HBS (p = 0.03). Faecal sample analysis showed a difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of B. pilosicoli in the herd category (case vs. control herd). In this descriptive study, five predictive or causal factors were identified for an HBS farm with a mortality rate due to HBS ≥ 1.5%. These included the number of aerobes in dry matter samples from the first and last feeders, the particle diameter of the meal used in liquid feeding systems and sugar beet as a component of liquid feeding rations, and the presence of B. pilosicoli as an infectious agent at animal level. Relevant associations reinforce the findings of the previously published Swiss study that HBS is a multifactorial syndrome involving different aspects of pig production and cannot be attributed to a single cause. Further studies are needed to develop evidenced based causal models for HBS in swine.

Simulation-Based Design for Recycling of Car Electronic Modules as a Function of Disassembly Strategies

Modules (or parts) of a car are a complex functional material combination used to deliver a specified task for a car. Recovering all materials, energy, etc., into high-grade materials at their end of life (EoL) is impossible. This is dictated by the second law of thermodynamics (2LT) and thence economics. Thus, recyclability cannot be conducted with simplistic mass-based approaches void of thermodynamic considerations. We apply, in this paper, a process simulation model to estimate the true recyclability of various SEAT (Volkswagen Group) car parts within the EU H2020 TREASURE project. This simulation model is developed with 190 reactors and over 310 feed components with over 1000 reaction species in the 880 streams of the flowsheet. The uniqueness of the work in this paper is to apply the full material declaration (FMD) and bill of materials (BOM) of all 310 materials in the parts as a feed to the process simulation model to show the parts’ true recyclability. We classified all parts into categories, i.e., copper-rich, steel-rich and plastic-rich, to maximally recover metals at the desired material quality, as well as energy. Recyclability is understood to create high-grade products that can be applied with the same functional quality in these parts. In addition, disassembly strategies and related possible redesign show how much recyclability can be improved. Process simulation permits the creation of alloys, phases, materials, etc., at a desired quality. The strength of the simulation permits any feed from any End-of-Life part to be analyzed, as long as the FMD and BOM are available. This is analogous to any mineral and metallurgical engineering process simulation for which the full mineralogy must be available to analyze and/or design flowsheets. This paper delivers a wealth of data for various parts as well as the ultimate recovery of materials, elements, and energy. The results show clearly that there is no one single recycling rate for elements, materials, and alloys. It is in fact a function of the complexity and material combinations within the parts. The fact that we use a thermochemical-based process simulator with full compositional detail for the considered parts means full energy balances as well as exergy dissipation can be evaluated. This means that we can also evaluate which parts, due complex mixtures of plastics, are best processed for energy recovery or are best for material and metal recovery, with thermochemistry, reactor technology and integrated flowsheets being the basis.

Insect Meal as a Dietary Protein Source for Pheasant Quails: Performance, Carcass Traits, Amino Acid Profile and Mineral Contents in Muscles.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of replacing soybean meal with insect meal on the body weight and the chemical composition of selected muscle groups of common pheasant females and males, including the mineral composition and the amino acid profile of the thigh and breast muscles. The study was conducted on three feeding groups, namely one control and two experimental groups. In the control group, plant feed components were used, which are commonly used to feed pheasants in confined breeding facilities. In the experimental groups, 100 g (group II) and 200 g (group III) portions of insect meal were introduced instead of the plant-protein components. The experiment used a preparation of insect larvae (Hermetia illucens) containing approximately 52% crude protein. The pheasant diet supplementation applied contributed to an increase in the proportion of muscles in the carcasses, with the highest effectiveness obtained for a 20% addition of insect meal. Lower and significant differences were noted in the feed conversion by birds from the experimental groups, as compared to the control group. The chemical composition of the birds' muscles also changed. The experimental groups exhibited higher protein and fat contents and a lower water content. No significant changes in the amino acid profile or the mineral composition of the muscles were noted. The few exceptions concerned the methionine levels in both muscle groups and the isoleucine levels in the breast muscles. In most cases, the mineral composition did not vary significantly (p < 0.05). When supplementing the diet of breeding pheasants for improving meatiness, a 20% addition of insect meal is recommended, which affects the production effect of this trait while reducing feed consumption and maintaining the fatty acid profile.

Теоретические исследования процесса смешивания кормов центробежным смесителем

The article presents theoretical studies aimed at understanding the physical processes occurring in the production of compound feeds using a centrifugal cascade mixer, which open up new horizons in optimizing feed production technology. Special attention in these studies is paid to the analysis of the mixing process, which, as it turned out, is closely interrelated with the principles of operation of the dispenser. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the dispenser and mixer should be considered as a single system, regardless of the mixing mechanism used in the production process. This made it possible to develop a cascade mixer of feed materials of centrifugal type and continuous action, which is an innovative solution in the field of feed production. This mixer provides a homogeneous mixture of loose feed components and can be integrated into production lines for the preparation of both feed and combined mineral briquettes. The key advantage of the proposed mixer is the use of a centrifugal force field, which, unlike the gravity field, provides more efficient mixing. In this case, the process of preparing compound feeds can be represented as a sequence of three key stages: the metered supply of components, the introduction of one component into the composition of another, transportation (removal) of the finished product from the working area of the mixer. The research allowed us to obtain analytical dependences of the components of the centrifugal force on the angular velocity of the rotor and its radius. This allows you to optimize the operating parameters of the mixer to achieve maximum mixing efficiency. During the research, a mathematical model of the spatial motion of a particle in a mixer was developed. The model is presented in the form of Lagrange equations of the second kind, the generalized coordinates of which are the displacement of the particle along the cone and the polar angle of the particle position. This makes it possible to solve the optimization problems of centrifugal mixers according to a given objective function. Thanks to the conducted research, it was possible to develop an innovative mixer that provides a homogeneous mixture of components of loose compound feeds. The use of centrifugal forces in the mixer made it possible to increase the mixing efficiency and ensure that the final product meets the requirements of the formulation. The research results are of great practical importance and can be used to improve feed production technologies. Keywords: COMPOUND FEED, FEED MIXTURE, MIXER, DISPENSER, CENTRIFUGAL MIXER, PARTICLE MOTION IN THE MIXER

Human health risk from co-occurring mycotoxins in dairy: A feed-to-fork approach

The presence of multiple mycotoxins in bovine dairy products can lead to potentially harmful health effects. This study examined the risk to human health from multiple mycotoxins in bovine dairy products using a feed-to-fork approach. It conducted a component-based risk assessment, using the toxicity of the most potent mycotoxin as a reference for others. The model also accounted for the influence of varying feed composition on mycotoxin contamination, considering monthly feeding pattern changes in Ireland. The probabilistic risk assessment uses Monte Carlo simulation to capture uncertainty and variability present in the model. The risk characterisation was undertaken using the Margin Of Exposure (MOE) method, where if the MOE was below 10,000, then the population's health was considered at risk. This study investigated the risk to human health from single mycotoxins and a combination of mycotoxins. The results showed that all mycotoxins were of low risk. However, the risk increased when aflatoxin was included in the co-occurring groups. Since 5% of the MOE was less than 10,000, the Irish population (male and female) was at relatively low risk of consuming aflatoxin or other co-occurring mycotoxin-contaminated milk. In comparison, the age group 8-12 years were at a relatively higher risk, with 10% of the MOE less than 10,000. The carry-over rates, the concentration of mycotoxin in feed components and the feeding composition were the most sensitive parameters. An increase in aflatoxin production in feed components can occur under climate scenarios and thus needs to be monitored, preventing any risks from aflatoxin or a combination of co-occurring mycotoxins. This study underscores the need for continuous monitoring and preventive measures, especially in feed components that are sensitive to aflatoxin-producing fungi that may contaminate bovine feed.

Transcriptomic response of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to wounding and Gram-negative bacterial infection

Abstract The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), are of economic interest due to their use as livestock feed component. Unraveling their response to a bacterial infection will allow us to gain a better insight into their biology. In the current study, we used RNA-Seq analysis to unravel the transcriptomic response of BSFL to wounding and infection by a Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5. Five-day-old BSFL were subjected to three treatments, i.e. untreated, PBS-injection, and bacteria-injection (5000 CFU per larva) and samples were collected at three time points (2 h, 6 h, and 13 h) post- treatment. Wounding induced expression of genes encoding recognition molecules and signaling pathway genes such as PGRP-SA, and Relish, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such cecropin, defensin, and attacin. At 2 h, wounding resulted in a significant upregulation of immunity-related genes whereas genes encoding for resilin and cuticle proteins were significantly downregulated. At 6 h, the expression of immunity-related genes reduced in response to wounding whereas their expression increased in infected larvae. At 13 h, the expression of immunity-related genes reduced drastically in response to wounding, while their expression increased significantly in infected larvae. Conversely, the expression of metabolism-related genes, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, was significantly upregulated in wounded larvae at 13 h, while their expression was significantly reduced in infected larvae. Increased investments in immunity-related processes in infected BSF larvae correlated with the downregulation of genes associated with metabolic processes indicative of a trade-off. Various immunity-related genes, including those encoding cecropin, defensin, attacin, and PGRP-SA, were consistently induced only during pathogen infection, indicating their role in immunity against Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we report multiple genes that are significantly upregulated post-bacterial infection in BSFL that may be utilized as biomarkers to monitor insect health in mass production facilities.

Growth performance and proximate composition of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings fed varying inclusion levels of ripe banana (Musa Sapientum) peel

The cost of fish feed is of great concern in fish farming. The growth performance and proximate composition of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed varying inclusion levels of ripe banana peels as a possibility of replacing soybean as a component of the fish feed were evaluated for a period of 12 weeks. 250 C. gariepinus fingerlings were acclimated for 2 weeks and fed to satiation morning and evening. Five isocaloric and nitrogenous diets were prepared from ripe banana peel thus: 0% (Control), 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100) inclusion levels to replace equal weights of soybean, respectively. Some growth parameters such as standard length (SL), total length (TL) and weight were determined on weekly basis. The proximate compositions of the fish in each treatment and control were determined at the end of the experiment. The data generated were subjected to one way analysis of variance and considered significant at P≤0.05. From the results; the weight, SL and TL mean values measured in the control were significantly higher than other treatments in most of the weeks of the experiment. The highest weight in the control was 52.43±10.80g while the highest amongst other treatments was 30.67±6.69g obtained in T75 at the end of the 12 weeks. The ash content, crude fibre and fat contents were mostly significantly in T75 and T100. The highest moisture content (12.88±0.74%) was also obtained in T100. The crude protein content was significantly higher in the control than other treatments with 68.69±0.35% at the end of the 12th week. The results of this research has shown that banana peel can be included up to 75% level of inclusion as possible replacement for soybean in fish meal production and therefore, capable of reducing the cost of fish production incurred by farmer. For optimal performance, the crude protein content should be improved upon by inclusion of other cheap protein sources.

Assessment of Phytochemical Characteristics of Walnut (Juglans regia) Leaves: Determination of Nutritional Value and Quantitative Content of Phenolic Compounds

This study aimed to assess the nutritional value of walnut leaves (Juglans regia), investigate the content of major polyphenolic compounds in walnut leaves, and assess the potential of walnut leaves as a phytogenic supplement to poultry diets. The nutritional composition of dried ground walnut leaves (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin E, b-carotene) was assessed according to generally accepted methods. The quantitative content of individual groups of polyphenols, such as total phenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and juglon, was determined spectrophotometrically. The content of the sum of tannins was determined by the titrimetric method. Walnut leaves contain a high content of b-carotene (295.0 μg/g) and natural antioxidant vitamin E (128.8 μg/g). The protein content was noted at the level of 12.5%, the fiber content - 12.86%. In a significant amount, calcium and phosphorus accumulated in walnut leaves - 2.04% and 0.23%, respectively. The content of the total hydroxycoric acids in terms of chlorogenic acid in walnut leaves was 24.3 mg/g, the total content of phenolic compounds in gallic acid equivalent was 14.4 mg/g, flavonoids in rutin equivalent was 20.2 mg/g, and juglone was 2.72 mg/g. The content of total tannins in walnut leaves was 124.5 mg/g. The high nutritional value of walnut leaves compared to alfalfa meal and the presence of a number of biologically active polyphenolic compounds in a significant amount give grounds to consider this phyto-raw material not only as a valuable feed component, but also as a source of natural antioxidants.

Fee structure and equity fund manager’s optimal locking in profits strategy

We study the effects of fee structures on fund managers’ strategies for locking in profits. Utilizing the optimal stopping time method, we identify two critical portfolio value thresholds that signal when a manager will choose to lock in profits. Fee components such as management fees, self-investment ratios, and high-water marks significantly influence these decisions. Specifically, higher management fees are associated with increased risk aversion, leading to a narrower continuation region, indicating a preference for lower risk. Conversely, performance fees encourage greater risk-taking. We use the S&P 500 Index and NASDAQ Composite index as representatives of managers’ portfolios and apply our model to illustrate how managers adjust their profit-locking strategies in response to their desired rewards.

Apple pomace in feeding of dairy cattle as an element of sustainable agriculture strategy - a review

Abstract This work provides an overview of the knowledge about using apple pomace as milk cattle feed. Utilization of apple pomace as livestock feed is one of the possible alternatives to reduce environmental pollution and overcome the feed deficit. Apple pomace, rich in e.g. polyphenolic compounds, holds potential to be a valuable feed additive for enhancing the antioxidative capacity and overall quality of milk. The research on apple pomace as feed additive for livestock are important due to abundance of apples in Poland, the world’s second-largest apple producer. To promote sustainability in animal feed production the use of agro-food-by products as apple pomace as animal feed component should be considered.

Long-term pure- and mixed-gas performance of carbon molecular sieve membranes derived from a tetraphenylethylene-based ladder polymer of intrinsic microporosity (TPE-PIM) for propylene/propane separation

Continuous long-term evaluation of propylene and propane permeation through narrow slit carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes is essential for an in-depth study of their steady-state separation performance. CMS membranes are characterized by finely tuned ultramicroporous structures, exceptional thermal and chemical stability, and hold great promise for the energy-intensive separation of propylene and propane. However, the gradual changes in their performance over time due to penetrant-induced structural chain rearrangements have often been overlooked. In this study, we prepared CMS membranes using a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) with a highly aromatic tetraphenylethylene (TPE) based building block. The presence of bulky and sterically hindered TPE repeat units renders this polymer an excellent precursor for the fabrication of high-performance CMS membranes. The TPE-PIM-based precursor underwent pyrolysis at temperatures ranging from 550 to 700 °C for 1 h. Pure- and mixed-gas permeation tests were accompanied by various characterization techniques to assess the carbonization state of the CMS materials. The CMS pyrolyzed at 700 °C exhibited a decline in pure-gas C3H6/C3H8 selectivity from an initial value of 300 to 161 at steady state over a 20-day period. Even more notable, under equimolar mixed-gas feed conditions, the isotropic CMS film displayed a substantial C3H6/C3H8 selectivity reduction from 214 to 62 over a 24-day period. This performance decline can be attributed to competitive sorption and very slow dilation kinetics, which led to moderately reduced propylene permeability while significantly enhancing propane permeability. Our study suggests that long-term, continuously performed mixed-gas permeation experiments are essential to assess the ‘steady-state’ performance of CMS membranes for mixtures containing highly sorbing feed components, as observed for propylene/propane separation.

The vehicle of administration, feed or water, and prandial state influence the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin in piglets.

Feed and water components may interact with drugs and affect their dissolution and bioavailability. The impact of the vehicle of administration (feed and water) and the prandial condition of weaner piglets on amoxicillin´s oral bioavailability was evaluated. First, amoxicillin's in vitro dissolution and stability in purified, soft, and hard water, as well as release kinetics from feed in simulated gastric and intestinal media were assessed. Then, pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability were determined in fasted and fed pigs using soft water, hard water, or feed as vehicles of administration following a balanced incomplete block design. Amoxicillin showed similar dissolution profiles in soft and hard water, distinct from the dissolution profile obtained with purified water. Complete dissolution was only achieved in purified water, and merely reached 50% in soft or hard water. Once dissolved, antibiotic concentrations decreased by around 20% after 24h in all solutions. Korsmeyer-Peppas model best described amoxicillin release from feed in simulated gastric and intestinal media. Feed considerably reduced antibiotic dissolution in both simulated media. In vivo, amoxicillin exhibited significantly higher bioavailability when delivered via water to fasted than to fed animals, while in-feed administration yielded the lowest values. All treatments showed a similar rate of drug absorption. In conclusion, we demonstrated that water and feed components, as well as feed present in gastrointestinal tract of piglets decrease amoxicillin´s oral bioavailability. Therefore, the use of oral amoxicillin as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat systemic infections in pigs should be thoroughly revised.

Evaluation of NAD+ precursors for improved metabolism and productivity of antibody-producing CHO cell.

In the previous study, the culture medium was treated with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) under the hypothesis that NAD+ regeneration is a major factor causing excessive lactate accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The NAD+ treatment improved metabolism by not only reducing the Warburg effect but also enhancing oxidative phosphorylation, leading to enhanced antibody production. Building on this, four NAD+ precursors - nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide (NAM) - were tested to elevate intracellular NAD+ levels more economically. First, the ability of CHO cells to utilize both the salvage and Preiss-Handler pathways for NAD+ biosynthesis was verified, and then the effect of NAD+ precursors on CHO cell cultures was evaluated. These precursors increased intracellular NAD+ levels by up to 70.6% compared to the non-treated group. Culture analysis confirmed that all the precursors induced metabolic changes and that NMN, NA, and NR improved productivity akin to NAD+ treatment, with comparable integral viable cell density. Despite the positive effects such as the increase in the specific productivity and changes in cellular glucose metabolism, none of the precursors surpassed direct NAD+ treatment in antibody titer, presumably due to the reduction in nucleoside availability, as evidenced by the decrease in ATP levels in the NAD+ precursor-treated groups. These results underscore the complexity of cellular metabolism as well as the necessity for further investigation to optimize NAD+ precursor treatment strategies, potentially with the supplementation of nucleoside precursors. Our findings suggest a feasible approach for improving CHO cell culture performances by using NAD+ precursors as medium and feed components for the biopharmaceutical production.

A study on the impact of diet supplementation of fermented dried seaweed powder (Kappaphycus alvarezii) on healthy cat gut performance, skin and hair coat conditions, and behaviour.

One of the key goals the feed industry emphasizes when exploring the incorporation of novel substances into animal diets is to enhance feed utilization efficiency, to bolster animal health and well-being. Fermented seaweed powder holds promise as a valuable and sustainable component of animal feed, owing to its rich nutrient profile and purported benefits for livestock and aquaculture species. This study provides some interesting and original preliminary data regarding the benefits of supplementing cats' diets with fermented dried seaweed. Using a broad investigative approach to measure and analyse multiple health benefits of feeding fermented dried macroalgae to cats as a nutritional supplement, the results of this 8-week study identified several positive health attributes related to body coat quality, nutrient digestibility, behavioural changes, a healthy gut microbiota ratio, and enhanced immunity. There were no adverse effects observed in the cats after supplementation with the fermented seaweed powder. The sample size in this study with cats should be increased, but this preliminary work showed that the seaweed-supplemented cats exhibited improvements in the measured health parameters over the control cats. As a result of this 8-week trial, key information has been provided regarding future research direction focusing on skin health application which is essential to the overall animal wellbeing.

小麦制粉粒度检测装置供料部件设计与研究

To address the issues of poor timeliness and delayed feedback in traditional wheat milling processes for manual particle size detection, a wheat milling online particle size detection device has been designed. This paper focuses on the design optimization of the key feeding component in the device, which affects the accuracy of particle size detection. The feeding component adopts shaftless screw blades. Through theoretical analysis, the main parameter ranges affecting the throughput capacity of the shaftless screw conveyor are determined. A Box-Behnken experiment is designed to obtain the optimal parameter combination for each factor: outer diameter of screw blades 23.8 mm, inner diameter of screw blades 6.4 mm, pitch 11.2 mm, and blade rotation speed 288.9 r/min. Simulation and test stand experiments are conducted using the above parameter combination. The simulation results show that the average throughput capacity of the feeding component is 2.85 kg/h, while the average throughput capacity of the test stand experiment is 2.84 kg/h, with a coefficient of variation of uniformity of 1.33%. These results indicate that the above parameter combination meets the design requirements for the feeding component in the device.

Feed Components and Timing to Improve the Feed Conversion Ratio for Sustainable Aquaculture Using Starch.

Aquaculture contributes to the sustainable development of food security, marine resource conservation, and economy. Shifting aquaculture feed from fish meal and oil to terrestrial plant derivatives may result in cost savings. However, many carnivorous fish cannot be sustained on plant-derived materials, necessitating the need for the identification of important factors for farmed fish growth and the identification of whether components derived from terrestrial plants can be used in feed. Herein, we focused on the carnivorous fish leopard coral grouper (P. leopardus) to identify the essential growth factors and clarify their intake timing from feeds. Furthermore, we evaluated the functionality of starch, which are easily produced by terrestrial plants. Results reveal that carbohydrates, which are not considered essential for carnivorous fish, can be introduced as a major part of an artificial diet. The development of artificial feed using starch offers the possibility of increasing the growth of carnivorous fish in aquaculture.