Feedback Tool Research Articles

Enhancing ESP Learning: Investigating Students' Perspectives on Real-Time Written Corrective Feedback Delivery via Google Docs

The present research aims to investigate the practice of real-time or synchronous written corrective feedback (SWCF) delivery via Google Docs as a platform to deliver feedback, known as a linguistic feedback tool (LiFT) in ESP (English for Specific Purposes) classes, students’ preferences and viewpoints of SWCF. The research employed a qualitative case study involving 15 students from an advanced English correspondence course in a non-English department of a private university in Depok, West Java, Indonesia. Open-ended questionnaires, document analysis, and semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data. The findings revealed that auto-generated and human feedback are used to deliver SWCF via Google Docs, inferring that those features can build students' awareness of language aspects, content, and context in composing professional documents. Direct feedback was delivered more frequently, regarding the learning time efficiency and the students’ ability to identify errors. Further, the students preferred frequent SWCF, direct and indirect feedback, and correcting delivery methods. Finally, they considered that SWCF delivered via Google Docs assists them in improving letter accuracy. Their preferences and viewpoints might allow the lecturer to choose appropriate feedback delivery strategies and material reinforcement. The present research implies a balanced use of auto-generated and human feedback from LiFT in SWCF delivery. Evaluating the effectiveness of SWCF delivery via Google Docs for different levels of achievers in ESP classes might be a potential area of future research. Other LiFTs’ infusion into ESP classes is also worth researching to provide language instructors with alternative applications for SWCF delivery.

Research on Implementation and Management Evaluation System for Protection and Utilization of Traditional Villages:A Case Study of Traditional Chinese Villages in Lingnan Waterfront

The protection and utilization of traditional villages have seen an increase around China since the country issued the catalogue of tra-ditional village protection. However, the effect of the protection and utilization of traditional villages has not been remarkable, as physical decline and constructive failure of traditional villages occur frequently. Consequently, traditional villages are faced with challenges through a lack of evalua-tion and poor construction management. As an important feedback tool, conducting an evaluation can shed light on achievements in implementation of protection and utilization of traditional villages and effectively reveal problems impeding such implementation. Establishing a scientific evalua-tion system for traditional village protection and utilization is of great significance to the sustainable protection and utilization of traditional villages. Currently, China has not introduced an evaluation system for the implementation of traditional village protection and utilization, and only limited re-search has been conducted in this area. Existing studies have emphasized the evaluation of the implementation of protection and utilization but pay only limited attention to the implementation process. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of implementation planning and man-agement, and of relevant studies on this topic, the current study examined the methods used to evaluate the effect of protection and utilization, the protection measures and supervision structures from the perspective of achievements and processes around implementation. Moreover, a case study based on the traditional villages in Lingnan Waterfront was used in the current study, with a focus on the local characteristics of the implementation and management of traditional village protection and utilization. On this basis, an evaluation index system is established, which comprises settlement protection and planning implementation, an active utilization degree, new-old settlement collaboration, protection measures, implementation supervi-sion and management. In Lingnan Waterfront, 44 national-level traditional villages are chosen as samples to examine the implementation and man-agement of traditional village protection and utilization. The results shows that the implementation of traditional village protection and utilization in Lingnan Waterfront poses obvious non-equilibrium challenges. Concerning the implementation of traditional village protection and utilization, there are three levels: Good, moderate and poor. Government policy support, urbanization and industrialization represent important factors that influence the implementation and management of traditional village protection and utilization. For traditional villages that are protected, utilized and managed well, the implementation and management of their protection and utilization are aligned with the early attention paid by the Chinese Government to the situation, as well as the impacts of both industrialization and urbanization. Traditional villages which exhibit moderate implementation and man-agement of protection and utilization are often influenced by industrialization and urbanization in rural areas in the Pearl River Delta. Driven by demolition of old houses and the construction of new housing sites for villagers facing a land shortage, the rural landscape and appearance of villages have undergone different degrees of damage. For traditional villages with poor implementation and management of protection and utilization, the locations of such villages are significantly influenced by urbanization or industrialization in the Pearl River Delta. As traditional villages are attrac-ted by the economic benefits, protection and utilization encounter severe impacts caused by urbanization and the construction of industrial parks in rural areas, and are stuck in a dilemma. Ultimately, the implementation and management evaluation system of traditional village protection and utili-zation is established in the current study based on the case study of Lingnan Waterfront. The results of the study not only deepen the existing body of knowledge on the implementation evaluation of traditional villages, but also provide a reference point for action to address the situation.

Study on the Impact of Utilizing ChatGPT and Other AI Tools for Feedback in EAP Writing Classrooms on the Discursive Writing Performance of English Major Students

This study aims to delve into the impact of utilizing ChatGPT and other AI tools on the discourse writing performance of English major students, as well as to explore their potential value and future prospects in the field of English education. With the continuous development and application of artificial intelligence technology, AI tools have gradually demonstrated their unique advantages and potential in language learning and writing instruction. However, for English major students, how to effectively utilize these technological tools to enhance their discourse writing abilities remains a subject of considerable interest. In the field of language learning, AI technology has made significant strides in vocabulary acquisition, grammar correction, and discourse generation. ChatGPT, as a natural language generation model, possesses strong language comprehension and generation capabilities and is widely used in dialogue generation, text generation, and other areas. In English education, ChatGPT can provide personalized writing guidance and feedback to students, helping them clarify their thoughts and improve their expression skills. Additionally, other AI tools such as speech recognition technology and text-to-speech technology offer more possibilities for students' English learning and writing. However, despite the numerous advantages demonstrated by AI tools in discourse writing instruction for English major students, their application also faces challenges and limitations. For instance, AI tools still have limitations in understanding academic language and specialized terminology, and they cannot fully replace human professional judgment and language application abilities. Furthermore, the widespread adoption and use of AI tools require addressing technical challenges and adaptation issues in teaching practice to ensure their effective application in education. In conclusion, this study will comprehensively explore the actual effects and potential value of AI tools in discourse writing instruction for English major students through a combination of literature review and empirical research methods, providing new insights and guidance for teaching practice and future research endeavors.

Improving inpatient hyperglycaemia in non-critically ill adults in resident wards through audit and feedback

Inpatient hyperglycaemia is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality, number of rehospitalisations and length of hospitalisation. Although the advantages of proper glycaemic control in hospitalised patients with diabetes...

Automated Grading and Feedback Tools for Programming Education: A Systematic Review

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language paradigm, degree of automation, and evaluation techniques. Most papers assess the correctness of assignments in object-oriented languages. Typically, these tools use a dynamic technique, primarily unit testing, to provide grades and feedback to the students or static analysis techniques to compare a submission with a reference solution or with a set of correct student submissions. However, these techniques’ feedback is often limited to whether the unit tests have passed or failed, the expected and actual output, or how they differ from the reference solution. Furthermore, few tools assess the maintainability, readability, or documentation of the source code, with most using static analysis techniques, such as code quality metrics, in conjunction with grading correctness. Additionally, we found that most tools offered fully automated assessment to allow for near-instantaneous feedback and multiple resubmissions, which can increase student satisfaction and provide them with more opportunities to succeed. In terms of techniques used to evaluate the tools’ performance, most papers primarily use student surveys or compare the automatic assessment tools to grades or feedback provided by human graders. However, because the evaluation dataset is frequently unavailable, it is more difficult to reproduce results and compare tools to a collection of common assignments.

The Impact of Social Presence on Online Student Engagement

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to explore the impact of social presence on online student engagement.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of social presence on online student engagement. Preliminary empirical review revealed that the vital role of social presence in online education. It confirms that a strong sense of social presence fosters a connected and engaged online learning community, impacting both cognitive and affective aspects of student engagement. Effective course design, drawing upon theoretical frameworks, and intentional efforts by instructors contribute to enhancing social presence and, consequently, improving the overall online student engagement experience.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Community of Inquiry (CoI) Framework and Transactional Distance Theory (TDT) may be used to anchor future studies on online student engagement. To enhance online student engagement in the context of the study, several key recommendations emerge. Educators should actively promote social interaction within online courses, provide clear expectations and guidelines, incorporate synchronous interactions, implement peer interaction and feedback mechanisms, leverage technology tools for social engagement, offer timely and supportive feedback, monitor and assess social presence, and invest in professional development opportunities for instructors. By following these recommendations, instructors and institutions can create a more interactive and engaging online learning environment, fostering a strong sense of social presence and ultimately improving the overall educational experience for online students.

Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study

This paper presents a study on the impact of ChatGPT as a formative feedback tool on the writing skills of undergraduate ESL students. Since artificial intelligence-driven automated writing evaluation tools positively impact students’ writing, ChatGPT, a generative artificial intelligence-propelled tool, can be expected to have a more substantial positive impact. However, very little empirical evidence regarding the impact of ChatGPT on writing is available. The current mixed methods intervention study tried to address this gap. Data were collected from tertiary level ESL students through three tests and as many focus group discussions. The findings indicate a significant positive impact of ChatGPT on students' academic writing skills, and students’ perceptions of the impact were also overwhelmingly positive. The study strengthens and advances theories of feedback as a dialogic tool and ChatGPT as a reliable writing tool, and has practical implications. With proper student training, ChatGPT can be a good feedback tool in large-size writing classes. Future researchers can investigate the impact of ChatGPT on various specific genres and micro aspects of writing.

Using the Podcast for Feedback: A Qualitative Study

In virtual environments, it is essential for the teacher to structure the learning experience and guide knowledge using various feedback tools. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of using podcasts as a formative evaluation tool. A phenomenological-qualitative methodological strategy was proposed to report the process of a learning experience through the design of cases. To achieve this goal, data collection techniques such as observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentary analysis were employed. The qualitative analysis from the teacher’s perspective revealed the primary areas for improvement in academic writing. In response to this, a process for providing corrective and suggestive feedback was proposed, utilizing comments and podcasts. In particular, the best-performing groups were those that most frequently utilized the multimodal resources for preparing and providing feedback in newsrooms. From the students’ perspective, they valued the feedback process in virtual environments because it allowed them to identify mistakes made in the writing process and improve their writing by considering the teacher’s comments and the criteria of the rubric.

Implementasi Metode Coaching dalam Supervisi Akademik

This study investigates the impact of coaching methods in academic supervision on the improvement of teacher performance and educational quality in schools (Location: Al-Kautsar Kindergarten, Kartika XX-46 Kindergarten Kendari, Dian Ekawati Kindergarten, and Setara Kids Kindergarten). Through interviews, direct observations, and document analysis, the research reveals that coaching serves not only as a feedback tool but also fosters deep relationships and encourages effective two-way communication between school principals and teachers. Direct observation results indicate that teachers engaged in coaching show increased motivation, self-confidence, and tangible changes in teaching practices. Document analysis supports these findings by identifying measurable changes in teaching practices through the implementation of strategies acquired through coaching. These findings align with previous research literature that emphasizes the effectiveness of coaching in the professional development of teachers and the enhancement of learning quality. In conclusion, coaching methods in academic supervision are not just strategies but a holistic approach that brings positive and measurable impacts on teacher performance and the achievement of educational goals in schools.

Abstract WP37: Way Beyond the Call: An Extended Collaborative Feedback Project With EMS

Background/Purpose: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers assess, treat and transport patients to destinations that provide the most appropriate emergency care. EMS provides the first crucial link in the chain of survival for patients suffering from life-threatening conditions. Stroke is a time-sensitive emergent condition which requires urgent evaluation, treatment, and expeditious transport to stroke-specialty centers. We noticed that EMS was not providing us with important information that could impact our initial stroke care. Our 21-month collaborative feedback project was created to provide EMS personnel who frequent our Emergency Department (ED) the tools necessary to administer high-quality, expeditious care. Our goal was to improve information provided to the stroke team and ED upon patient arrival by improving and sustaining three metrics by 20% within a 21-month period, by providing feedback to EMS, which include last known well time (LKWT), caregiver contact information (CCI), and mLAPSS documented (mLAPSS). Methods/Implementation: We collaborated with the Beverly Hills Fire Department (BHFD) educators from July of 2021 through March of 2023, providing a continual feedback loop for all EMS runs with an adjudication of stroke and TIA. Our feedback tool included quality metrics with benchmarks determined by the Los Angeles County EMS Agency, in conjunction with the BHFD educators and our team. We performed chart reviews and extracted data pertinent to each run. We summarized the hospital course and disposition for each patient and the feedback tool was distributed to the EMS providers for review. Data was collected and analyzed over seven quarters (Q3 and Q4 of 2021, Q1-Q4 of 2022, and Q1 of 2023, respectively). Results/Conclusions: Sustained improvements were noted in documentation. We achieved 20% improvement in LKWT (from 78% in Q3-Q4 2021, 98% in Q1-4 2022, 98% in Q1 2023), CCI collected (from 29% in Q3-Q4 2021, 75% in Q1-4 2022, 100% in Q1 2023), and mLAPSS completion was 8% improvement (from 89% in Q3-Q4 2021, 97% in Q1-4 2022, 100% in Q1 2023). An unanticipated result of this project was a halo effect of improved destination decisions from EMS. We will continue to track and trend these metrics and work closely with our colleagues in EMS.

Post-operative pain management by nurses in an intensive care unit: a best practice implementation project.

Post-operative pain is the most prevalent type of acute pain. Nurses are the health care professionals who most frequently assess pain, as well as evaluating the patient's response to pain management treatment and monitoring for the occurrence of adverse events. Thus, to improve outcomes and quality of care, the interventions used by nurses should be based on best practices. The aim of this project was to implement best practices in post-operative pain management in an intensive care unit. This evidence implementation project was conducted in a hospital for the surgical treatment of orthopedic diseases and trauma. The project followed the JBI evidence implementation framework. The project used JBI PACES software as well as JBI's Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) audit and feedback tools to develop eight audit criteria for the baseline and follow-up audits. The baseline audit showed that criteria 3 and 6 had low compliance, with few patients having documented plans and goals, and receiving multimodal analgesia in the ICU, respectively. Criteria 7 and 8, which assessed the use of opioids and follow-up by a pain specialist, revealed compliance of 60% and 50%, respectively. Criterion 3 improved from 0% to 20%. Criteria 6, 7, and 8 also improved, rising to 30%, 22.8%, and 50%, respectively. The project improved compliance with best practices in post-operative pain management. Further studies are needed to ensure the project's long-term sustainability.

UK endoscopy trainer survey: perspectives on current endoscopy training delivery, experience, barriers and opportunities

ObjectiveUK endoscopy training is delivered by trainers possessing well developed endoscopy and teaching skills to help learners perform high-quality endoscopy. Train The Trainer (TTT) courses are effective, but additional trainer...

Engaging, motivating, and supporting students through feedback

Learning is iterative. It takes time and effort. Real progress in any subject requires we engage, motivate, and support learners as they take next steps to improve their work. Brent Duckor and Carrie Holmberg show how teachers can use progress guides as a formative feedback tool to re-engage and support students where they are, while keeping the focus on concrete steps they can take to move forward in the learning cycle. Drawing from research and case study evidence, they highlight how students and teachers can move conversations forward in safe and respectful ways. Without relying on graded judgments, the progress guide approach preserves the goals of continuous improvement and recenters learning for all students.

The Use of the Voice Trainer App for Vocal Control in People with a Degenerative Ataxia: A Pilot Intervention Study.

Dysarthria is disabling in persons with degenerative ataxia. There is limited evidence for speech therapy interventions. In this pilot study, we used the Voice trainer app, which was originally developed for patients with Parkinson's disease, as a feedback tool for vocal control. We hypothesized that patients with ataxic dysarthria would benefit from the Voice trainer app to better control their loudness and pitch, resulting in a lower speaking rate and better intelligibility. This intervention study consisted of five therapy sessions of 30min within 3weeks using the principles of the Pitch Limiting Voice Treatment. Patients received real-time visual feedback on loudness and pitch during the exercises. Besides, they were encouraged to practice at home or to use the Voice trainer in daily life. We used observer-rated and patient-rated outcome measures. The primary outcome measure was intelligibility, as measured by the Dutch sentence intelligibility test. Twenty-one out of 25 included patients with degenerative ataxia completed the therapy. We found no statistically significant improvements in intelligibility (p = .56). However, after the intervention, patients were speaking slower (p = .03) and the pause durations were longer (p < .001). The patients were satisfied about using the app. At the group level, we found no evidence for an effect of the Voice trainer app on intelligibility in degenerative ataxia. Because of the heterogeneity of ataxic dysarthria, a more tailor-made rather than generic intervention seems warranted.

Investigating the link between psychological entitlement and workplace deviance: moderations and post hoc analysis

PurposeThis study aims to explore the impact of psychosocial entitlement on workplace deviance, particularly in contexts marked by increased job autonomy. Additionally, this study delves into the organizational factors, including perceived support and justice, which play a crucial role in this dynamic.Design/methodology/approachApplying social exchange theory (SET), this study contends that fostering a fair and supportive workplace can deter entitled employees from workplace deviance. This study used time-lagged, multi-source data to analyse the interplay between psychological entitlement and workplace deviance in the presence of job autonomy and to assess the influence of perceived organizational justice and support. This study’s analysis uses SmartPLS for partial least square-structural equation modelling.FindingsThe study’s results indicate an elevated sense of entitlement among employees working autonomously and a heightened propensity for deviant behaviour when psychological entitlement increases. Yet, the data revealed moderating effects of perceived organizational support on the relationship between psychological entitlement and workplace deviance. A post hoc analysis found full mediation effects by psychological entitlement on the relationship between perceived organizational justice and workplace deviance.Research limitations/implicationsTo enhance organizational dynamics, management should prioritize promoting employee perceptions of organizational justice and support through impartial human resource policies, consistent policy implementation, initiatives such as virtual learning, improved mental health benefits and measurement tools for feedback on justice and support measures.Originality/valueAn essential theoretical contribution of this research resides in its extension beyond the conventional application of SET, traditionally associated with reciprocity in the workplace. This study showcases its effectiveness in elucidating the impact of psychosocial factors on reciprocity in organizational dynamics.

The effect of visual feedback-based clinical monitoring application in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

PurposeNo study has addressed the effect of patient-reported outcomes as a visual feedback tool during telerehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a visual feedback-based monitoring application PhysioAnalyst on pain, pain catastrophizing, physical functions, quality of life, usability, satisfaction, and exercise adherence in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP).MethodsA single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 44 CLBP patients. Participants were randomized into two groups: the tele-assessment feedback group (TAFG) (n = 22) and the control group (CG) (n = 22). Participants were assessed before the intervention, at the 4th week and after the intervention. Individuals were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ), Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire (TSQ), and Exercise Adaptation Rating Scale (EARS) via PhysioAnalyst. Individuals in the TAFG group received graph-based visual feedback on assessment data in week 4.ResultsThe improvement in VAS, NHP, ODI, TUQ, TSQ, and EARS of individuals in TAFG was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Only ODI and PCS scores in CG showed significant improvement (p < 0.05). After the graphics-based visual feedback presented to the TAFG, the VAS, NHP-Emotional, NHP-Sleep, NHP-Total, PCS, TUQ, TSQ, ODI, and EARS scores gained more than CG (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe results confirmed the additional contribution of telerehabilitation’s graphics-based visual feedback in pain, pain catastrophizing, disability, quality of life, and exercise participation. Since the importance of continuity in long-term rehabilitation in patients with CLBP is comprehended, feedback to increase patient motivation can be added to telerehabilitation applications.

КОРПОРАТИВНА КУЛЬТУРА АВІАКОМПАНІЙ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

Airlines are required to not only adapt to shifting market conditions and technological improvements, but also to rethink and construct their own corporate culture in order to stay up with the current stage of growth in the aviation industry, which is facing significant upheavals. This is vital in order for airlines to be able to keep up with the current stage of development. In addition to the pandemics-specific challenges that were brought on by COVID-19, and the war in Ukraine, the concurrent socioeconomic crisis brought about an additional focus that was of utmost significance. In order to determine the influence that the pandemic of the coronavirus disease and the war have had on the management of the corporate culture of airlines, the goal of this essay is to investigate the impact. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ways in which corporate culture influences many aspects of airline operations. These aspects include the internal interaction and motivation of employees, as well as the outward image and communications with consumers. Tools for managing airline corporate culture during a crisis include communication platforms, psychological support programs, skills training, leadership development initiatives, and airline employee opinion and feedback tools. These tools help airlines adapt to change during a crisis, maintain a healthy corporate culture, and support their employees. Setting clear goals and regular monitoring of performance indicators are important for timely adaptation of corporate culture management strategies. It is appropriate to use the KPI system of airlines for the development of corporate culture in the conditions of modern challenges. The KPI system is offered as follows: KPI 1: Level of employee engagement; KPI 2: Reducing the level of stress among employees; KPI 3: Level of training and development of employees; KPI 4: Improvement of leadership skills in management; KPI 5: Improvement of corporate culture based on feedback. There is a possibility that the study will be useful to academic scholars, analysts, and businesses. Potential route for further exploration, regarding the development of corporate culture in the face of both exogenous and endogenous unpredictability, is the digitization of the key performance indicator system that is adopted by airlines.

Effectiveness of Asset-Based Teaching Approach in Enhancing the Reading Proficiency of Senior High Learners

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Asset-based teaching approach in increasing the reading comprehension of graduating senior high students from TVL and HUMSS strands during the School’s District Reading Remediation Reading(SDRRP) at Bulacao National High School, to find out whether, after the intervention program given to them,they were able to apply any of these Asset-based strategies to their reading processes. The data were collected from questionnaires and reading tasks. The statistical techniques used were the mean value and standard deviation. The analysis of quantitative data were lifted from the results of Pre-test and Post-test assessments of the participants and the Teacher-Made Feedback tool adapting the 3-Likert Scale. The findings were that Asset-based teaching approach had a positive effect on the students’ reading proficiency. The students had favorable responses toward the Asset-based reading strategies utilized in skimming, scanning, making predictions and questioning and they could apply these strategies to their reading processes and they helped them to comprehend the text better.

Adaptation and validation of an antibiotic prescribing, peer comparison metric for respiratory tract diagnoses in walk-in clinics: a mixed-methods analysis.

Antibiotic overuse is common across walk-in clinics, but it is unclear which stewardship metrics are most effective for audit and feedback. In this study, we assessed the validity of a metric that captures antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract diagnoses (RTDs). We performed a mixed-methods study to evaluate an RTD metric, which quantified the frequency at which a provider prescribed antibiotics for RTD visits after excluding visits with complicating factors. Seven walk-in clinics across an integrated healthcare system. We included clinic visits during 2018-2022. We also conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with 10 unique providers to assess metric acceptability. There were 331,496 visits; 120,937 (36.5%) met RTD criteria and 44,382 (36.7%) of these received an antibiotic. Factors associated with an increased odds of antibiotic use for RTDs included patient age ≥ 65 (OR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.30-1.51), age 0-17 (1.55, 95% CI 1.50-1.60), and ≥1 comorbidity (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.15-1.29). After stratifying providers by their antibiotic-prescribing frequency for RTDs, patient case-mix was similar across tertiles. However, the highest tertile of prescribers more frequently coded suppurative otitis media and more frequently prescribed antibiotics for antibiotic-nonresponsive conditions (eg, viral infections). There was no correlation between antibiotic prescribing for RTDs and the frequency of return visits (r = 0.01, P = 0.96). Interviews with providers demonstrated the acceptability of the metric as an assessment tool. A provider-level metric that quantifies the frequency of antibiotic prescribing for all RTDs has both construct and face validity. Future studies should assess whether this type of metric is an effective feedback tool.

Digital assistance to support integrated healthcare.

This abstract is devoted to digital assistance as a supportive tool of integrated healthcare. According to the World Health Organization, developing more integrated people-centred care systems has the potential to generate significant benefits to health and healthcare of all people, including improved access to care, improved health and clinical outcomes, better health literacy and self-care, increased satisfaction with care, improved job satisfaction, improved efficiency of services, and reduced overall costs [1]. At the same time, the concept of Digital Health supports the implementation of a person-centred integrative approach in healthcare. The European Commission published a Communication on the digital transformation of health and care, which identified the priorities, including personalised medicine through shared European data infrastructure, allowing researchers and other professionals to pool resources, and citizen empowerment with digital tools for user feedback and person-centred care using digital tools to empower people to look after their health, stimulate prevention and enable feedback and interaction between users and healthcare providers [2].&#x0D; A project to develop a digital assistance platform for long-COVID and associated myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patient healthcare is planned in Latvia. The current main challenge is diagnosis, stratification and monitoring of long-COVID and associated ME/CFS at the point of care, as well as patients’ self-awareness and proper practical navigation within the health system. A technology-grounded solution for m-Health based screening and self-management of ME/CFS will be developed within the patient-centred App model. The objectives of this model are: 1) Patient-centred, societally-oriented, real-time decision-support using an innovative App; 2) Using artificial intelligence to support decision-making on patients and treatment options; 3) Learning opportunities for patients, caregivers and health professionals about the illness. Sustainability of project activities will be supported by integrating of the new databases with the national e-Health and Electronic Health Records (EHRs) systems and national research institutions’ IT systems with the future option to become a base for further developing a common long-COVID and ME/CFS Patients’ Registry.&#x0D; The project intends to actively involve patients and clinicians in the development of a fully-fledged digital assistance platform that will support the development of digital health literacy and the implementation of integrated healthcare principles.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;