Feed Residues Research Articles

Regenerative agriculture through indigenous practice of using remains of livestock feed residues as a manure to boost groundnut productivity

Cow represents Mother Earth, as it is a source of goodness, its milk nourishes all creatures and dung is store house of millions of microorganisms’ acts as source of organic manure and her urine aids in decomposition of crop residues. It’s in practice for millennium but recently due to introduction of chemical fertilizer found to be disappearing in the farming community coupled with reduction in the livestock population. Application of manure prepared from livestock feed for four years resulted in mean groundnut pod yield of 1665 kg/ha as against application of FYM i.e., 1108 and control 818 kg/ha.

Integration of Copperas and <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Seeds as Hybrid Coagulant for Turbidity and Ammonia Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater

The rapid development of the aquaculture industry has contributed to the high amount of nutrients in wastewater that subsequently led to eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Aquaculture wastewater consists of uneaten fish feed, fecal and other excretion or residue of chemicals used. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of hybrid coagulants of Moringa oleifera (MO) and copperas for aquaculture wastewater treatment. In this present study, different formulations of MO and copperas were explored in the coagulation treatment of aquaculture wastewater using a jar test experiment. The FTIR and SEM analysis are used to determine the morphology and surface of MO. This study focuses on the effect of coagulant aids formulation, coagulant dosage, the effect of initial pH and coagulation time on turbidity and ammonia removal in the coagulation of aquaculture wastewater. The finding shows that the highest removal of turbidity and ammonia was obtained with the use of 80% MO and 20% copperas at the condition of initial pH of 6 at 20 min of coagulation time, with the highest percentage removal of 66% and 91%, respectively. The coagulation isotherm of hybrid coagulant 80:20 is well described with the Freundlich isotherm model which describes the surface heterogeneity.

Effectiveness of the improved method of lifelong diagnostics trichurosis of sheep

Today, the most accurate way to diagnose animal helminthiasis is laboratory research. Among them, lifelong coproovoscopy methods play a leading role in the study of the spread of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, particularly trichurosis, and in establishing the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Therefore, a promising research direction includes improving and testing modern methods of coproovoscopy for trichurosis in sheep. The work aimed to determine the diagnostic efficiency of the improved flotation method of coproovoscopy for trichurosis in sheep. In laboratory conditions, the effectiveness of well-known flotation methods and the proposed method of coproovoscopy in diagnosing sheep trichurosis were determined. The leading indicators of the effectiveness of laboratory methods were the indicator of the intensity of trichurous invasion, the coagulation ability of the flotation solution, and the crystallization time of a drop of flotation liquid on a glass slide. It was established that all methods of coproovoscopy used in the experiment have flotation properties relative to Trichuris eggs. However, the improved method of coproovoscopy showed a higher flotation ability concerning Trichuris ovis nematode eggs, where the proposed flotation liquid has pronounced coagulation properties concerning undigested feed residues, and also has a slow crystallization time of droplets on a slide, which is more than 50 min. The improved method uses a combined flotation liquid, whose main components were Ca(NO3)2, C12H22O11, and NaCl. The indicator of the intensity of trichuriasis invasion when using the improved method was 67.0 ± 17.5 eggs in 1 g of feces and exceeded the number of trichuriasis eggs detected by flotation methods using NaCl – by 2.3 times (P ˂ 0.001), C12H22O11 – by 2.1 times (P ˂ 0.001), NH4NO3 – 1.3 times (P ˂ 0.01), C12H22O11 + NaCl – 1.1 times. The obtained data on the effectiveness of the improved method of coproovoscopy allows us to recommend it for introduction into production for effective and accurate laboratory lifelong diagnosis of trichurosis in sheep.

Growth performance and gut health of Murrah buffalo calves fed with developed novel synbi- otic formulation

The present study aimed to develop a novel synbiotic formulation by screening different prebiotics as a substrate for autochthonous Lactobacillus spp. and studying their effects on the gut health and performance of buffalo calves. Ligilactobacillus salivarius BF17 (NCBI GenBank Accession No-MG966326), a potential probiotic previously isolated from Murrah buffalo calves, was chosen and evaluated for the best prebiotic substrate by screening five different prebiotics (fructo oligosaccharides, mannan oligosaccharides, inulin, corn dextrin, and wheat dextrin). Then, 23 neonatal buffalo calves were selected for 90 days and randomly divided into four groups, with five animals in the control group and six each in the treatment group. The groups were as follows: 1) control (CON) fed basal diet alone; 2) prebiotic group (PRE) supplemented with chicory powder (a natural source of inulin) at eight g/d/calf; 3) probiotic group (PRO), supplemented with milk fermented with L. salivarius BF17 having 108 CFU/g/d/calf and 4) synbiotic group (SYN) supplemented with both prebiotic and probiotic. All the calves had ad libitum access to a basal diet, having calf starter (from the second week onwards), green forage (maize and sorghum), and fresh, clean water throughout the experimental period. The calf starter (concentrate mixture) was formulated using quality ingredients comprising maize (28%), bajra (5%), groundnut (10%), soybean meal (15%), mustard oil cake (13%), wheat bran (15%), rice polish (11%), vitamin and mineral premix (2%), salt (1%). The body weight and structural measurements (body length, wither height, heart girth) were recorded fortnightly. Feed intake and residue were also measured during a digestion trial to determine the digestibility of various nutrients. Fecal samples were collected at fort-nightly intervals to analyze fecal pH, lactate, ammonia, and short-chain VFA. Microbiota enumeration of health-promoting (lactobacilli and bifidobacterial) and health-negative (coliform and clostridium) was enumerated by colony-forming method to assess gut health. Results indicated that inulin showed the highest (p<0.05) prebiotic index and prebiotic activity score by FOS, MOS, and dextrins; hence, inulin was chosen for synbiotic formulation with L. salivarius BF17. Chicory root powder was taken as a natural and cheaper source of inulin for animal feeding. The inulin content of chicory powder was estimated using the spectrophotometric method and found to be 57.5%. The final body weight of buffalo calves was higher (p<0.05) in SYN, followed by PRE and PRO, compared to CON. Structural growth measurements were also higher (p<0.05) in all the supplemented groups compared to the control group. A simultaneous increase (p<0.05) in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations and a decrease (p<0.05) in coliforms were observed in the synbiotic and probiotic-supplemented groups. The fecal biomarkers altered favorably, significantly in all the supplemented groups compared to the control group. Overall, it was concluded that inulin was found to be the best prebiotic for synbiotic formulation with Ligilactobacillus salivarius BF17, and supplementation of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic improved the growth performance and gut health parameters in Murrah buffalo calves, however, the results were found to be better in the synbiotic group.

Bioprospecting antiobesity and anticholesterol activity of ethanolic extract of Clidemia hirta leaves grown at Merapi Mountain National Park in a high fat diet-induced obese Swiss Webster mice

Clidemia hirta is one of the invasive species. Its presence is undesirable in conservation areas such as Merapi Mount National Park. Bioprospecting its antiobesity activity could not only be the alternative solution to solve obesity problems but also to control their presence in Merapi Mount National Park. This study aims to determine the antiobesity activity of the ethanolic extract of C. hirta against the Swiss Webster strain male mice induced high-fat diet. Dried leaves were extracted using ethanol 96% with the maceration method for 48 hours. The extract was investigated for its secondary metabolites’ quantification for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, and total polyphenol content. Then the antiobesity test was carried out by dividing six treatment groups consisting of 4 mice. The treatment group was divided into normal control, negative control, positive control (orlistat 60 mg/kg body weight), and extract doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg body weight. The parameter observed was the activity of mice, feces, feed residue, body weight, and total blood cholesterol levels for each group of mice during the treatment for 28 days. The results showed that extracts contained 35.56 ± 1.99 mg QE/g, 2.651 ± 5.10 mg TAE/g, 4.500 ± 0.49 mg GAE/g, 0.305 ± 0.85 mg AE/g. Ethanolic extract of C. hirta leaves showed antiobesity and anticholesterol activity compared to positive control. Clidemia hirta is a potential plant to be developed as a product for antiobesity and anticholesterol.

Effectiveness of eco enzyme liquid on the growth of Catfish (Pangasius djambal) raised in peat soil fish ponds

Eco enzymes are derived from the fermentation of organic matter, particularly fruit and vegetable peels, offering the advantage of being a versatile natural cleaning solution. They also serve as essential nutrients for plant and algae growth, while converting CO2 into carbon trioxide (CO3), which benefits marine plants and aquatic life. This study aimed to investigate the impact of providing alternative feed/companion in the form of eco enzyme liquid, composed of 90% organic matter from three types of fruit peels and 10% vegetable residues from fern plants, on the growth of Pangasius djambal in conventional fish ponds with peat water. The implementation of 1 litre of ecoenzyme per 100 ml of peat water in the fish ponds led to the enhancement of Pangasius djambal, resulting in increased weight and varying lengths. The correlation coefficient (>1) indicates a strong relationship between fish weight and length, suggesting that the total weight of the fish is directly proportional to its length. Moreover, the water quality standards, including physical, chemical, and biological parameters, in the conventional fish enlargement ponds with peat soil pond water type were well-maintained, preventing contamination from feed residues and fish feces, even after 28 days of fish enlargement.

Effect of different feed nitrogen on nutrient flow, performance, and productivity in the minapadi system

Cultivation with the minapadi method can increase the availability of nutrients and soil organic matter from the decomposition of feed residues and weeds. This system implements environmentally friendly cultivation and creates a sustainable ecosystem because rice plants use fish waste as a source of nutrients, and fish use weeds and pests in rice as a food source. This study aims to find the best feed formula in the minapadi system based on differences in nitrogen content and to analyze the effect of nitrogen from the artificial feed given on nitrogen flow, performance, and productivity in the minapadi system. Using a randomized block design method with four treatments of different feed doses repeated three times to obtain twelve experimental plot units, feed production using local raw materials that are cheap and easy to obtain, soil quality, water, and growth performance are the parameters observed. The results showed that the soil and water quality at the study site was quite good, so the growth performance of rice plants and fish was also good. The treatment of the feed doses given showed that the feed with the highest nitrogen content, namely 9%, gave the best growth performance for rice plants, while 7% nitrogen content gave the best growth for tilapia. The excessive levels of protein are not suitable for fish. However, they are handy for rice plants in the Minapadi system because nutrients that dissolve in water, nutrients from fish feces and urine, and nutrients that are sedimentation on the soil surface, are utilized by rice plants as a nutrient source.

Internet of Things untuk Sistem Pemantauan Kualitas Air pada Kolam Ikan Lele pada Pembudidaya TDR Sultan Adam Banjarmasin

TDR Catfish Farmer Sultan Adam Banjarmasin is a home industry (IRT) engaged in the business of catfish farming located on Jl. Sultan Adam No.17 RT.22, Surgi Mufti, North Banjarmasin. In the management of catfish farming, water quality is an important factor in the success of cultivation where poor water quality can cause fish to be more susceptible to disease. Apart from these needs, the TDR of Sultan Adam Catfish Farmers actually has problems in the process of monitoring pond water quality conditions which are currently carried out manually and periodically by breeders. This process is considered ineffective because it is difficult to determine water quality from the physical condition of the water which changes rapidly due to weather or fish feed residue. The solution offered to solve this problem is to develop a tool that can monitor temperature conditions and the acidity of catfish pond water automatically and in real time. This innovation was developed by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) through the use of the DS18B20 temperature sensor and SS15 pH sensor on the ESP32 WROOM-32D microcontroller. The results of system testing from fuzzy logic calculations at the output of the microcontroller and Matlab and the suitability of expert information in determining pool water quality obtained an average error value of 0.46%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the IoT-based water quality monitoring system in determining water quality is suitable for direct use.

Screening and quantification of antibiotic residues in poultry products and feed in selected areas of Bangladesh.

Antibiotic residues in livestock farming have been identified as a potential cause of antimicrobial resistance in humans and animals. This study aimed to determine whether antibiotic residues were present in the chicken meat, eggs, feces, and feed collected from all four districts in the Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. To detect antibiotic residues in the collected samples, qualitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used. A total of 230 samples were analyzed for antibiotic residues of commonly used 11 antibiotics. Out of these, 40 meat and 40 feces samples were collected from broilers and layers, 30 egg samples from ducks and layers, and 120 feed samples from broilers and layers from the study area. Thin-layer chromatography was used to screen the presence of antibiotic residues; TLC-positive samples were then subjected to further HPLC analysis to determine the residue concentrations. Thin-layer chromatography analysis revealed that 23.5% of the tested samples contained residues from six different antibiotic classes (tetracyclines, quinolones, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and macrolides). Thin-layer chromatography analysis showed that 35% and 25% of the meat samples were positive for residues from the broiler and layer, respectively. About 15% and 30% of layer and duck egg samples had positive residues, respectively. Out of 120 feed samples analyzed, about 15.8% had various antibiotic residues. In addition, feces samples from broilers and layers had 50% and 35% antibiotic residues, respectively. A total of 2.5% meat and 3.3% egg samples had antibiotic residues above the maximum residue limit (MRL). Based on the findings of this study, the highest percentage of oxytetracycline, followed by doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, were detected in feed samples, and oxytetracycline was detected in meat and egg samples. This study clearly showed the misuse of antibiotics in the poultry sector in Bangladesh. Although antibiotic residues below the MRL level are suitable for human consumption, they may result in antimicrobial drug resistance to pathogens.

Budidaya Hidroponik Pakcoy (Brassica Rapa L) dan Ikan Nila dengan Sistem Aquaponik (Studi Kasus Desa Losari Nganjuk)

Aquaponics is a combined system of fish farming techniques and hydroponic plant cultivation. Fish manure and feed residues are very dependent on the supply of nutrients in the aquaponic system of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture. The level of production of vegetable crops in a certain area is also influenced by the total nutrient input ratio of feed to domestic fish per day. The aquaponic system utilizes optimum water supply for each commodity by utilizing a recirculation system. The type of fish used is fish that live in freshwater, a type of tilapia. Fish farming includes the maintenance of fish, which pays attention to the growth and development of fish. Hydroponics itself is a way of farming without using soil as a medium but using water which contains controlled nutrients containing the essential elements needed for plant growth. The location of this research was conducted in Losari Village, Kec. Gondang, Kab. sleepy. It aims to increase the demand for vegetables, limited land and space, efficiency in land use, and decoration. In addition, this cultivation system allows for increased production of cultivated products with limited land and water sources, and creates its own beauty. (9 pt).

Effect of Rhodopseudomonas palustris as a Bioremediation on Reducing Ammonia and Nitrite Levels of Catfish Nursery Pond Water in District Kebakkramat Regency Karanganyar

Catfish nursery pond water generally contains ammonia and nitrites. Ammonia and nitrite in this fish farming system start with uneaten catfish feed residue, feces, and metabolic products that enter the waters. Utilization of catfish feed which contains high protein can absorbed by fish as much as 20-30% of nutrients. The rest will be excreted in the form of feces. Feces and food scraps that settle in this water contain ammonia and nitrites, which affect the quality of the water. Efforts to maintain water quality are by reducing and disposing of pond water in the river. This is categorized as water pollution. Efforts to control this water pollution are the technique of bioremediation. The aim of bioremediation techniques is to restore the ecological balance in waters by utilizing microorganisms so that a process of degradation of harmful and complex compounds occurs into harmless compounds. The microorganisms used in this study were bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris which can to oxidize and decompose organic matter effectively reducing water quality. This research was conducted to examine the effect of bacterial efficiency Rhodopseudomonas palustris as a bioremediator for catfish pond water waste based on reducing levels of ammonia and nitrite. Testing the ammonia and nitrite levels using a spectrophotometric method with different wavelengths. Observations in this test were carried out for three days under anaerobic conditions and light at a temperature of 33°C. Observations showed that bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris had an effect on reducing nitrite levels 12.65% greater than the control. While the addition of bacteria to the observation of ammonia levels did not have a decreasing effect as indicated by the value F <F crit.

NURSERY OF WHITE SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) WITH BIOFLOC SYSTEM

White shrimp culture (Litopenaeus vannamei) has very good prospects to be developed so that the availability of quality juveniles with a sustainable quantity is very necessary for aquaculture activities. White shrimp nursery has several constraints because in the implementation process it uses high stocking density so the amount of feed needed is higher. The condition of using high feed can have an impact on the quality of aquaculture used. Waste products from metabolism and uneaten feed residues, especially nitrogen waste can be toxic to shrimp. To reduce the risk of toxic waste in shrimp there are several technologies that can be used, one of which is biofloc technology. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate (SR) of white shrimp nursery using biofloc technology. The study was conducted using a permanent ponds container coated with a tarpaulin with a size of 3m x 5m x 1.2m as much as 2 pieces. Each pond filled with seawater with a salinity of 30 ppt as much as 12,000 liters is equipped with 24 aeration points and a microbubble. White shrimp juvenile used Post Larva size 10 with an average weight of 0.01 grams with a stocking density of 1,500 ind/m3(18,000 ind/pond). Maintenance time for 28 days. During maintenance, commercial feed is given at a dose of 100% -5% of the total weight of biomass per day. The results showed an average final length and weight are 5.15 cm and 2.32 gram/ind with a Survival rate (SR) of 89.7%.
 

The effect of military activities on the epizootic situation of ASF in the Sumy region

Using publicly available information from the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection on the cases of African swine fever in Ukraine, the epidemiological situation regarding ASF in the Sumy region was analyzed, taking into account the consequences of military activities. When considering the ways of spreading the virus, the impact of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation on the main risk factors for the spread of the disease was revealed. In our opinion, wild boars, the number of which has increased by 19.3 % in the region over the past year and which is not regulated by hunters due to the hunting ban, remain a particularly dangerous way of spreading the virus. Hostilities, shelling and the movement of military equipment through the ASF-affected regions directly affect the migration processes of disturbed wildlife, which can quickly spread the virus over long distances, spread it within the population and transmit it to the domestic livestock. An important anthropogenic factor in the spread of the disease is the chaotic contamination of military base areas with unprocessed food residues that may contain a viable virus and, together with other fomites, contaminate the environment. Therefore, state anti-epizootic measures and methods of monitoring infectious diseases should be updated to reflect the realities of today. To control the circulation of the ASF virus among wildlife in the Sumy region under the conditions of a ban on monitoring culling, 25 samples of swabs, feed residues and feces from the feeding grounds of three forestries were studied using Real-Time PCR. In 100 % of the samples, no African swine fever virus DNA was detected, which means a negative result. However, the probable absence of the disease within the studied forestries did not prevent the region from having three outbreaks of ASF among domestic animals during 2022, which is a significant deterioration in the epizootic situation compared to the positive case-free year of 2021. Thus, the epidemiological situation regarding African swine fever in the Sumy region remains unfavorable and requires significant attention due to a number of factors that are dangerous and atypical for peacetime and may significantly affect the spread of numerous infectious diseases.

Detection of Heavy Metals and Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Feeds in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

Presence of heavy metals and antibiotics in the poultry feed even in low concentrations is considered as potentially toxic and may cause hazardous effects on animal leading to accumulate in food chain. This study was performed to assess the status of heavy metals and antibiotics residue in different poultry feed samples collected from local markets of Mymensingh and Kishoreganj sadar upazila of Bangladesh. A total of 40 poultry feed samples were analyzed to detect the concentration of three heavy metals- chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and antibiotic residues using thin layer chromatography. A survey was also conducted among 30 feed sellers in the study areas whose knowledge regarding presence of heavy metals and antibiotics residues in poultry feed was evaluated. Survey data showed that about 80% feed sellers were literate whereas 20% were illiterate. Around 23% feed sellers had knowledge about the presence of heavy metals and 90% had about antibiotic residues in poultry feeds and its detrimental public health effects. The average Cr, Cd and Pb contents in poultry feed collected from Mymensingh sadar upazila were 0.402, 1.630 and 18.314 mgkg-1, respectively. The average content of Cr and Cd in feed collected from Kishoreganj sadar upazila were 7.884 and 0.006 mgkg-1, respectively, whereas Pb content was below the detection level in this area. The results from this study showed that Cd and Pb in Mymensingh sadar upazila, Cr in Kishoreganj sadar upazila, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and oxytetracycline in both upazilas were present at alarming levels in most of the feed samples which could be harmful for poultry as well as human health. Therefore, it is suggested to take proper steps for monitoring and regular detection of heavy metals and antibiotic residues in poultry feeds with sources identification as we as community-based awareness among the stakeholder.

The assessment of sustainable aquaculture model to improve the aquatic environment and productivity in the Indonesian coastal area

To study and review the Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture (IMTA) model of the closed system (CSIMTA) and open system (OSIMTA), experiments were carried out to determine their performance in improving the quality of the aquatic environment and productivity in the northern coastal area of Karawang, West Java and the southern coastal area of Bantaeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, respectively. The CSIMTA model experiment used four treatment models: Treatment model T-1 contained tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) only, treatment model T-2 contained tiger prawns and saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), treatment model T-3 contained tiger prawns, saline tilapia, and seaweed (Gracillaria verrucosa), and treatment model T-4 contained tiger prawns, saline tilapia, seaweed, and green mussels (Perna viridis). Meanwhile, the study of OSIMTA was carried out by measuring the physical and chemical parameters of the aquatic environment. The results of the CSIMTA model show that aquaculture containing tiger prawns, saline tilapia, seaweed, and green mussels of the T-4 was more productive and the quality of the aquatic environment was more stable than the other three treatments (T-1, T-2, and T-3). In the T-4, a bio-recycling system worked well where seaweed utilized the liquid waste resulting from the dissolution of feed residues and excrement from saline tilapia and tiger prawns as a nutrient supply for growth. Then, the organic waste was used by the green mussels as a feed source. The bio-recycling system also worked in the OSIMTA.

Awareness of pesticides’ residues in food and feed among students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Jordan

In Jordan, the public is still unaware of the fate and impact of pesticide application. This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes, knowledge and practices of undergraduate students enrolled in various academic departments at the Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Jordan toward pesticides’ residues in food and feed. Students were questioned about their social aspects, and food and feed safety knowledge and resources. Responses have been obtained from 209 responding students. Results indicated that the cross-section through the Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, Jordan appears a satisfactory. The findings show that respondents are very highlyconcerned about human health, food safety, and the risk of environmental pollution, and they have a real desireto reduce the use of pesticides. Respondents had a moderate level of knowledge about food safety, pesticides’ side effects, pesticides’ residues in food or feed, and usage of pesticides in homes and gardens. According to the respondents, the most common way that people are exposed to pesticide residues is by consuming pesticide residues in food. The respondents expressed a moderate level of concern about their attitudes toward organic farming adoption. Correlations between demographic variables and knowledge of food and feed safety, involving a workshop on food/feed safety, care about human health as well as environmental pollution, and looking for information on food/feed safety were reported in the study.

A novel type of biochar from chitinous Hermetia illucens waste with a built-in stimulating effect on plants and soil arthropods

The breeding of insects generates waste in the form of insect excrement and feed residues. In addition, a specific chitinous waste in the form of insect larvae and pupae exuvia is also left. Recent research tries to manage it, e.g., by producing chitin and chitosan, which are value-added products. The circular economy approach requires testing new, non-standard management methods that can develop products with unique properties. To date, the possibility of biochar production from chitinous waste derived from insects has not been evaluated. Here we show that the puparia of Hermetia illucens are suitable for biochar production, which in turn exhibits original characteristics. We found that the biochars have a high nitrogen level, which is rarely achievable in materials of natural origin without artificial doping. This study presents a detailed chemical and physical characterization of the biochars. Moreover, ecotoxicological analysis has revealed the biochars’ stimulation effect on plant root growth and the reproduction of the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida, as well as the lack of a toxic effect on its mortality. This predisposes these novel materials with already built-in stimulating properties to be used in agronomy, for example as a carriers for fertilizers or beneficial bacteria.

Effect of Fermented Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on Body Weight, Profil Lipid and Glucose Serum Sprague Dawley Rats Feed High Fat High Fructose Diet

One of the non-communicable diseases that cause death is metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors for the degenerative disease found in people. Red beans are foodstuffs from the class of nuts that have high fiber content and low glycemic index. Red beans also contain flavonoids, polyphenols, resistant starch, and saponins. That compounds have been found to function as anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemia. Red beans fermented is a fermentation product from Rhizopus orizae. Fermentation assumed can improve the nutritional value and health benefits of red beans. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of red beans fermented on body weight, lipid profile, and blood glucose in Sprague Dawley rats with high carbohydrate and high-fat diets. This research is an experimental design with a pre-post test. Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups. The first group was given water and standard feed for 28 days. While groups 2, 3, and 4 were fed a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet for 14 days and then given standard feed and drinking water, red beans fermented, and red beans steamed for 28 days. Weight loss was weighed every week, feed residue was weighed every day, and lipid profiles and blood glucose were measured before and after the intervention. The results showed that red beans and red beans steamed to lose weight, blood glucose, and lipid profiles were significant (p <0.05). Steam red beans have anti-obesity, anti-diabetic and antihiperlipidemia effects that are more effective in improving the condition of metabolic syndrome than the fermentation of red beans.

Peculiarities of the composition of the digestive microbiota in poultry with fodder contamination with glyphosate

Relevance. The gastrointestinal tract in poultry is vulnerable to different irritators from food and water to medicals. That is why the mortality due to diseases of the digestive system may be as much as 30%. It has been established that about 600–900 bacteria species inhabit the poultry gastrointestinal tract. Microflora of healthy organism is a complex and balanced symbiotic microecosystem with normal metabolic characteristics. In addition to normoflora poultry gastroinrestinal tract is populated by opportunistic pathogenic and pathogenic microflora, which may be hazardous to the host.Methods. The issues regarded to establishing limits of different bacteria had been understudied until 2016. “Biotrof+” Ltd. was first to estimate threshold values for different groups of microorganisms under normal and pathological conditions.Results. Experiments proved that one of factors that may affect the structure of poultry microbiome are pesticide residues in feed. The trial on broilers fed with glyphosate showed that the microflora structure was altered by the pesticide significantly: the amount of staphylococci increased 5 times, enterobacteria increased 1,5 times, the amount of beneficial bacteria decreased. Supplementing the glyphosate contaminated feed with probiotic “Probiocid-Ultra” promoted to significant decrease in the opportunistic pathogenic and pathogenic microflora. Compared to the negative control the broilers average live weight fed with probiotic “ProbiocidUltra” was 1,0% higher. That may be the demonstration of the fact that negative effect of pesticide residues on poultry health and productivity can be minimized by supplementing feed with probiotics.

Quality of fish sludge as fertiliser to spring cereals: Nitrogen effects and environmental pollutants

The aim of this study was to contribute to development of organic fertiliser products based on fish sludge (i.e. feed residues and faeces) from farmed smolt. Four dried fish sludge products, one liquid digestate after anaerobic digestion and one dried digestate were collected at Norwegian smolt hatcheries in 2019 and 2020. Their quality as fertilisers was studied by chemical analyses, two 2-year field experiments with spring cereals and soil incubation combined with a first-order kinetics N release model. Cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were below European Union maximum limits for organic fertilisers in all products except one (liquid digestate). Relevant organic pollutants (PCB7, PBDE7, PCDD/F + DL-PCB) were analysed for the first time and detected in all fish sludge products. Nutrient composition was unbalanced, with low nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) ratio and low potassium (K) content relative to crop requirements. Nitrogen concentration in the dried fish sludge products varied (27–70 g N kg-1 dry matter), even when treated by the same technology but sampled at different locations and/or times. In the dried fish sludge products, N was mainly present as recalcitrant organic N, resulting in lower grain yield than with mineral N fertiliser. Digestate showed equally good N fertilisation effect as mineral N fertiliser, but drying reduced N quality. Soil incubation in combination with modelling is a relatively cheap tool that can give a good indication of N quality in fish sludge products with unknown fertilisation effects. Carbon/N ratio in dried fish sludge can also be used as an indicator of N quality.